Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the current state of Afrikaans FAL teaching in selected Gr 4 – 6 classes in Western Cape urban schools. This was done by presenting an overview of the literature relevant to FAL teaching and FAL curricula as well as the results from questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with Gr 4 – 6 teachers. This study does not offer a quick-fix solution to the problems in the Afrikaans FAL classrooms, but the researcher believes that the findings will highlight the daily challenges Afrikaans FAL teachers have to face and that all role players will become actively involved in improving the state of Afrikaans FAL teaching in the Western Cape. The relevance of this study lies in the national drive towards the promotion of multilingualism among the general population and especially in education. Feedback from student teachers returning from practice teaching indicated that not enough time is allocated by schools for the instruction of Afrikaans FAL; greatly differing methodologies as well as teaching and learning materials are being used in Afrikaans FAL classes; and learner and teacher Afrikaans proficiency varies from class to class. A theoretical framework for language teaching and learning, a literature study pertaining to first additional language teaching nationally and internationally, and an analysis of South African FAL curricula support the research. Constructivism, social constructivism and teacher knowledge were identified as the underpinning theories for language teaching and learning. The literature study provides an overview of all the major methodologies relevant to FAL teaching and the researcher concluded that there is no single method or approach that will ensure effective FAL teaching, but that teachers should implement an eclectic approach to achieve the best results. This study used a mixed methods approach to generate empirical data; 125 questionnaires, completed by Grade 4 – 6 Afrikaans FAL teachers, provided the quantitative data. For the qualitative strand of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 Afrikaans FAL teachers. The data of these interviews were used as triangulation, to confirm or disconfirm and elaborate on the results of the questionnaires. One of the major factors impacting negatively on the teaching and learning of Afrikaans FAL is the negative attitude towards Afrikaans among many learners and their parents. Teachers are not equipped with teaching strategies and techniques to manage these negative attitudes. The results show that many teachers still follow a teacher-centred approach to teaching, which is an indication that learners are not given enough opportunities to develop their communicative competence through interaction with others. Another factor affecting Afrikaans FAL teaching negatively is that not all schools implement the prescriptions of the various language policies and curricula as they should. The study also investigated the use of appropriate and relevant learning and teaching support materials (LTSM) in the FAL classroom. The results showed that most teachers still mainly use the textbook as teaching resource. There is a dire need for appropriate Afrikaans LTSM for FAL. The expectation is that, in the age of technology we find ourselves in today, learners’ interest will be stimulated through the use of technological teaching aids. Teachers should therefore have access to, and use, a variety of media and technological teaching aids and be able to integrate them effectively into their language teaching. The findings of the study revealed teachers are caught up in traditional language teaching methods and strategies which do not contribute to the enhancement of learners’ proficiency in the target language. The study also closely examined the different types of knowledge that a language teacher should have. The results showed that the teachers’ knowledge of the curriculum, language policies, language teaching and learning theories as well as methodologies is extremely limited. Therefore a new method or approach is needed, which is why this study recommends that the HEIs and the WCED ensure that initial teacher training programmes and in-service training workshops are upgraded and adapted in order to prepare the teachers adequately to implement the prescribed curriculum using appropriate methodologies and strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die huidige stand van Afrikaans Eerste Addisionele Taal (EAT) onderrig in gekose Gr 4 – 6 klasse in Wes-Kaapse stedelike skole te ondersoek en beskryf. Dit is gedoen by wyse van die aanbieding van ’n oorsig van die betrokke literatuur oor EAT-onderrig en EAT-kurrikula, asook die resultate van vraelyste en semigestruktureerde onderhoude met Gr 4 – 6-onderwysers. Hierdie studie bied nie ’n kitsoplossing vir die probleme in die Afrikaans EAT klaskamers nie, maar die navorser glo dat die bevindinge die uitdagings wat Afrikaans EAT-onderwysers daagliks trotseer, sal beklemtoon en dat alle rolspelers aktief betrokke sal raak om die stand van Afrikaans EAT onderrig in die Wes-Kaap te verbeter. Die toepaslikheid van hierdie studie is gesetel in die nasionale klem op die bevordering van meertaligheid onder die algemene pupliek en veral in die onderwys. Studente terugvoer na die praktiese onderwys dui daarop dat nie genoeg tyd aan die onderrig van Afrkaans EAT in skole bewillig word nie en dat daar ‘n groot verskeidenheid onderrigmetodes en onderrig- en leerhulpmiddels in Afrikaans EAT-klasse aangewend word. Leerders en onderwysers se vaardigheid in Afrikaans wissel ook van klas tot klas. Die navorsing is ondersteun deur ‘n teoretiese raamwerk van taalonderrig en –leer, ‘n literatuurstudie van eerste addisionele taalonderrig, nasionaal sowel as internasionaal, asook ‘n analise van Suid-Afrikaanse EAT-kurrikula. Konstruktivisme. sosio-konstruktivisme en onderwyser kennis is geïdentifiseer as die teoretiese begronding vir taalonderrig en –leer. Die literatuurstudie gee ‘n oorsig van al die belangrike en relevante EAT-metodieke. Die navorser het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat nie een enkele metode of benadering effektiewe EAT-onderrig kan verseker nie, maar dat onderwysers ‘n eklektiese benadering behoort te volg om die beste resultate te verseker. Hierdie studie het ‘n gemengde navorsingsbenadering gevolg ten einde empiriese data te genereer. Die kwantatiewe data is ingesamel by wyse van talle vraelyste wat deur Gr 4 – 6 Afrikaans EAT-onderwysers voltooi is. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met 17 Afrikaans EAT-onderwysers gevoer ten einde die kwalitatiewe data in te samel. Die data van hierdie onderhoude is gebruik as tri-angulasie om die resultate van die vraelyste te bevestig of te weerspreek. Een van die belangrikste faktore wat die onderrig en leer van Afrikaans EAT negatief beïnvloed, is baie leerders en ouers se negatiewe houding teenoor Afrikaans. Onderwysers is nie toegerus met die nodige onderrigstrategieë en –tegnieke om hierdie negatiewe houdings aan te spreek nie. Die resultate wys daarop dat baie onderwysers steeds ’n onderwyser-gerigte benadering volg wat daartoe lei dat die leerders nie genoegsame geleentheide kry om hulle kommunikatiewe vaardighede by wyse van interaksie met ander te ontwikkel nie. ‘n Ander faktor wat Afrikaans EAT-onderrig negatief beïnvloed, is die feit dat nie alle skole die voorskrifte van die verskillende taalbeleide en kurrikula implementeer soos van hulle verwag word nie. Hierdie studie het ook die gebruik van gepaste en relevante onderrig- en leerondersteuningsmateriaal in die EAT-klaskamer ondersoek. Die resultate het daarop gedui dat die meeste onderwysers nog steeds die handboek as belangrikste onderrighulpmiddel gebruik. Daar bestaan ‘n geweldige behoefte na gepaste Afrikaanse onderrig- en leermateriaal vir EAT. In die tegnologiese era waarin ons ons bevind, bestaan die verwagting dat leerders se belangstelling gestimuleer sal word deur die gebruik van tegnologiese onderrigmateriaal. Onderwysers behoort dus toegang te hê tot en ‘n wye verskeidenheid media en tegnologiese onderrigmateriaal te kan gebruik en in staat wees om dit suksesvol te integreer in hulle taalonderrig. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie het gewys dat onderwysers vasgevang is in tradisionele taalonderrigmetodes en –strategieë wat nie bydra tot die ontwikkeling van die leerders se vaardigheid in die teikentaal nie. Die verskillende soorte kennis waaroor ‘n taalonderwyser behoort te beskik is ook onder die vergrootglas geplaas. Die resultate het getoon dat die onderwysers se kennis van die kurrikulum, taalbeleid, taalonderrig en –leerteorieë en metodieke uiters beperk is. Daar is dus ‘n behoefte aan ‘n nuwe metode of benadering en daarom beveel hierdie studie aan dat onderwyseropleidingsprogramme en indiensopleidingswerkswinkels opgegradeer en aangepas word deur die Hoëronderwysinstellings en die WKOD om te verseker dat onderwysers voldoende voorberei word om gepaste metodieke en strategieë toe te pas in die implementering van die voorgeskrewe kurrikula.

Suite à l’abandon agricole, le nouveau milieu forestier en développement est souvent peu diversifié en espèces d’arbres de grande valeur économique. La solution qu’est la plantation d’enrichissement sous couvert doit intégrer l’effet d’interception lumineuse des manchons protecteurs contre le broutage. À cette fin, des ouvertures du couvert par bandes larges de 3, 6 et 9 mètres, combinées à deux manchons protecteurs à petites et grandes mailles et à un témoin, sont comparés. L’expérience analyse l’effet niveaux de lumière sur la croissance de plants de bouleaux jaunes et de chênes à gros fruits allant de 8 à 46 %. L’ouverture de 9 mètres a été la plus avantageuse pour la croissance en hauteur et en diamètre du bouleau jaune, et ce pour les deux types de protections. Le protecteur à petites mailles a limité la croissance de l’espèce dans les trois largeurs d’ouvertures. Le diamètre du chêne à gros fruits a été le plus faible dans cette même protection. Avec une lumière accrue, le diamètre du chêne à gros fruits a augmenté ainsi que la longueur moyenne des branches et la surface foliaire du bouleau jaune. La bonne croissance juvénile ou initiale du bouleau jaune en fait une espèce d’intérêt pour l’enrichissement en forêts. Une ouverture intermédiaire d’une largeur de six mètres est envisageable pour réduire les perturbations et les coûts. La protection de type grandes mailles améliore davantage la croissance que l’autre, sous toutes les tailles d’ouvertures. / Following abandonment of agricultural land, regrowth forests typically show a low diversity of tree species. One possible solution, enrichment underplanting, must consider protection against browsing, which hinders sunlight from reaching the seedlings. We examined the effects on growth of three different widths of strip opening (3, 6 or 9 meters) mixed with two protective sleeves (a small mesh and a large one). In the experiment, light levels reaching seedlings of yellow birch and burr oak range from 8 to 46 %PAR. The nine meters strip was the best to promote diameter and height growth of yellow birch, regardless of the protective sleeves used. The small mesh sleeve produced a smaller growth in all the openings, for both species in diameter and only for yellow birch in height. Burr oak diameter was also reduced by the small mesh protection. With increased light, mean length of branches and leaf area for yellow birch increased, as well as diameter for burr oak. Good growth of yellow birch makes it a species of interest for enrichment planting. A strip opening of 6 meters width could be enough to ensure artificial regeneration of yellow birch, while limiting disturbances and reducing costs. Large mesh sleeve would be best to maximize growth.

This dissertation comprises the first study of the poetry of the Portuguese humanist Diogo de Teive (1513-14 – c. 1569). It examines and presents a scholarly edition of the Epithalamium which Teive composed on the occasion of the marriage of Princess Maria of Portugal to Alessandro Farnese in 1565. It also critically explores the work in which the poem was published, the Epodon libri tres (Lisbon, 1565). Because both this and the Epithalamium bring together different strands of Teive’s literary work, Chapter One analyses the development of his literary career, linking it to the ideological and cultural transformations which took place in Portugal from the 1540s to the 1560s, and the author’s attempt to carve his identity and space in the Portuguese literary scene. Chapter Two explores the concepts of ‘imitatio’ and ‘mimesis’ in the Epodon libri tres, shedding light on specific aspects of the Epithalamium. In the eyes of his readers, Teive emerges as a Catholic Horace. This is achieved by means of formal imitation, ‘aemulatio’, and allusion to Horace, a process whereby Teive introduces significant and ideologically motivated differences representative of the impact of Counter-Reformation upon literary writing. The ‘aemulatio’ of Prudentius’s Peristephanon in book II is to be understood in this light. Part Two engages with Teive’s comments on questions of verbal representation in the Epodon libri tres. Chapter Three analyses the Epithalamium from a generic perspective, arguing that it presents instances of generic enrichment, and that these are an example of the appropriation of occasional poetry for the purpose of authorial self-representation. One of the instances of generic enrichment is the incorporation of a didactic passage indebted to the tradition of the ‘speculum principum’, which is analysed in Chapter Four. Part One interprets the rewriting and appropriation of Plutarch and Erasmus as authorising strategies whereby Teive represents himself as an advisor of kings in the Epodon libri tres. Part Two discusses the author’s political thought and opinions, drawing from an analysis of the Epithalamium. Finally, Chapter Five comprises the study of the transmission of the poem, its metrical analysis, edition, translation, and commentary.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Arrière-plan: les cellules tumorales circulantes (CTC) sont détectables dans de nombreux cancers et peuvent être utiles cliniquement pour le pronostic de la maladie, pour mesurer la récidive et pour prédire la sensibilité aux medicaments chimiothérapeutiques. Au cours des dernières années, l’études des CTC dans de nombreux cancers tels que le cancer du sein, du poumon, du côlon et de la prostate a grandement évolué. Alternativement, il y peu d'études à ce sujet concernant le cancer du col de l’utérus (CCU). Objectifs: Notre objectif est d’optimiser le processus d'enrichissement des CTC dans le CCU et la détection moléculaire des biomarqueurs E6 et E7. Matériel et Méthodes: Dans l’optique de mimer la présence de CTC dans le sang, nous avons dilué des cellules cancéreuses CaSki VPH16-positif provenant d’un CCU dans du sang humain prélevé sur des volontaires sains. Les CaSki ont été collectées suite à une centrifugation par densité avec le Ficoll, la lyse des globules rouges (RBC) et la lyse des RBC combinée avec un enrichissement positif et négatif à l’aide de marqueurs de surface cellulaire. Les CTC ont été détectées par la mesure d’expression des oncogènes E6 et E7 du virus du papillome humain (VPH), de la cytokératine 19 (CK19) et de la cycline p16INK4 en utilisant la technique quantitative en temps réel de Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR). Pour valider notre méthode de détection des CTC in vivo, nous avons recruté dix patientes atteintes d’un CCU VPH16 positif et six contrôles sains. Résultats: Dans le modèle de dilutions de cellules CaSki, la lyse des RBC seule ou combinée avec l'enrichissement négatif ou positif suggèrent des limites de détection de 1 CTC par mL de sang pour tous les biomarqueurs moléculaires utilisés. La sensibilité de détection est accrue lors de l'utilisation de l’enrichissement positif et négatif en réduisant le bruit de fond causé par les monocytes sanguins. Contrairement aux oncogènes E6 et E7, les marqueurs CK19 et p16INK4A ont été détectés chez des individus sains, les niveaux d'expression de base appropriés doivent donc être déterminés avec précision par rapport aux patientes CCU. Le gradient de densité par Ficoll a une limite de détection de seulement environ 1000 cellules par mL de sang. Enfin, les CTC ont été détectées dans 2/10 patientes en utilisant le marqueur CK19. Cependant, ces patientes étaient négatives pour les oncogènes E6/E7. Le marqueur p16INK4A était exprimé au même niveau dans tous les échantillons (CCU et normaux). Conclusion: Notre étude suggère que les oncogènes E6 et E7 du VPH16 sont les marqueurs biologiques les plus sensibles et spécifiques en qRT-PCR pour détecter les CTC dans le modèle de dilution de cellules de CCU dans le sang. Chez les patientes atteintes d’un CCU de stade précoce, seulement CK19 a révélé la présence potentielle de CTC, ce qui suggère que ces cellules sont rares à ce stade de la maladie. Mots clés: cancer du col de l’utérus, cellules tumorales circulantes, RT-qPCR, E6 et E7, CK19, p16INK4A, enrichissement immunomagnétique, détection moléculaire. / Background: Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been detected in many cancers and are used in multiple clinical applications including disease prognosis, tumor recurrence prediction and prediction of tumor sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Studies in most major solid cancer(s) (breast, lung, colon and prostate) are progressing rapidly, but there has been very little progress concerning uterine cervical cancer (UCC).Objective: our aim is to optimize enrichment processes and the molecular biomarker-based detection of human circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in uterine cervical cancer (UCC). Material & Methods: To mimic CTCs in patients, we designed an experimental spiking model where the CaSki HPV16-positive UCC cell line was serially diluted and spiked into human blood collected from healthy volunteers. CaSki CTCs were enriched using either Ficoll density centrifugation, red blood cell (RBC) lysis or RBC lysis combined with cell surface markers negative or positive enrichment. CTCs were detected using real-time quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to measure the gene expression of human papillomavirus (HPV) viral oncogenes (E6 and E7), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), or the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4A. Finally, ten HPV16- positive UCC patients and six healthy controls were recruited to validate CTCs detection in vivo. Result: In the spiking model, RBC lysis alone or combined with negative or positive enrichment suggests detection limits close to 1 CTC per mL of blood for all molecular biomarkers used. The sensitivity of detection increased when using positive and negative enrichment probably by reducing the peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived RNA background. Unlike HPV oncogenes, CK19 and p16INK4A were detected in normal individuals, thus appropriate basal expression levels need to be accurately determined compared to cancer patients. Alternatively, Ficoll density gradient had a detection limit of only about 1000 cells per mL of blood. Finally CTCs were detected in 2/10 patients using CK19. None of the patients had E6/E7 transcripts and p16INK4A was expressed at similar level across all samples (cancer and healthy). Conclusion: qRT-PCR of HPV16 E6 and E7 is the most sensitive and specific biomarker used to detect CTCs in the spiking model. In early disease UCC patients, only CK19 revealed the presence of CTCs suggesting that these cells are rare at that stage of the disease. Keywords: uterine cervical cancer, circulating tumor cells, qRT-PCR, E6 and E7 oncoprotein, CK19, p16INK4A, immune-magnetic enrichment, molecular detection.

In the theoretical part, this work deals with the problem of comparison between Feuerstein cognitive function and partial cognitive abilities which are mentioned at the Educational Interpretations of the WISC-III. Research study follows up changes in partial cognitive abilities which could be viewed as a consequence of FIE (Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment) intervention lasting several months. By comparison of pre-test and post-test, which is realized by WISC-III and processed with Educational Interpretations of the WISC- III the study tries to describe impact of the method to child's cognitive functions as well as its school successfulness, self-concept, and behavior. Study also pursues possibility to use factor analysis of WISC-III for planning of the FIE intervention. Information was taken from tests, questionnaires for teachers, videos and records of FIE lessons. Research was realized at the Elementary school in a small town with 1700 inhabitants, nearby to Prague. This was the only school in this town. We noticed more or less significant changes in all areas of interest. In some cases, there was agreement in the test results and teacher's evaluation whereas in other there were differences. KEY WORDS Reuven Feuerstein, modifiability of intelligence, deficits of cognitive functions, mediated...

Subsidiarité de l’action en enrichissement sans cause, vocation subsidiaire du droit commun, demande subsidiaire, subsidiarité de l’obligation des associés de société à risque illimité, etc. : la subsidiarité est récurrente en droit privé. Pourtant, le mécanisme qu’elle met en oeuvre n’est pas clairement perçu. La subsidiarité met de l’ordre dans le droit : elle est une technique de coordination d’éléments concurrents, qui subordonne à la défaillance de l’élément appelé premier l’accès à l’élément qualifié de subsidiaire. Tant que l’élément premier n’est pas défaillant, c’est-à-dire tant qu’il peut produire son effet juridique, l’élément subsidiaire est bloqué. La subsidiarité a pour finalité d’instaurer une hiérarchie entre les éléments concernés : elle affirme la primauté de l’élément premier, vu avec faveur, sur l’élément subsidiaire, qui est une solution de secours. Ce mécanisme trouve une application majeure en matière d’obligation. Une obligation est subsidiaire lorsqu’elle est subordonnée à la défaillance d’une autre obligation ; elle est ainsi affectée d’une condition suspensive. Le débiteur premier est celui dont le paiement normal est attendu, le débiteur subsidiaire celui dont l’intervention est vue comme pathologique. Le débiteur subsidiaire peut opposer toutes les exceptions qui attestent de ce que l’obligation première n’est pas défaillante. Pour agir contre le débiteur subsidiaire, le créancier doit établir cette défaillance, qui est définie de manière variable selon les hypothèses. L’obligation subsidiaire tient une place importante dans les opérations juridiques à trois personnes ; elle permet également de porter un regard nouveau sur la solidarité. / Subsidiarity of unjustified enrichment claims, subsidiarity of the lex fori, subsidiary pleadings, subsidiary obligation of the members of companies with unlimited liability, etc. : subsidiarity is recurrent in private law. However, its mechanism is not clearly understood. Subsidiarity creates order in law. It is a coordination technique of rival elements, which makes access to the subsidiary element subject to the default of the first element. As long as the first element can produce its effect, the subsidiary element is blocked. The purpose of subsidiarity is to create a hierarchy between those elements: it states the primacy of the first element, seen with favor, on the subsidiary element, which is considered a backup. This mechanism is useful in contract law. An obligation is subsidiary when it is subject to the default of another obligation; it matches the pattern of a conditional obligation. Normal payment is expected from the debtor of the primary obligation; the intervention of the subsidiary debtor is seen as pathological. In order to sue the subsidiary debtor, the creditor must prove that the primary obligation is in default. The former can invoke all the exceptions which prove that this event, which can be defined in a variety of ways, has not occurred. The concept of subsidiary obligations is important in legal operations involving three persons, and encourages to reconsider our understanding of solidary obligations.

Die im ökologischen Pflanzenbau oftmals durchgeführte Grundbodenbearbeitung mit dem Pflug wird genutzt, um Unkräuter und Krankheitserreger möglichst wirksam zu regulieren, zusätzlich soll die Mineralisierung von Stickstoff im Boden angeregt werden. Eine intensive Bodenbearbeitung mit dem Pflug birgt jedoch ein erhöhtes Risiko der Bodenerosion durch Wind sowie Wasser, zudem wird die Bildung von Bodenverdichtungen im Wurzelbereich der angebauten Kulturpflanze gefördert. Der Einsatz des Pfluges führt zu einem erhöhten Kraftstoffverbrauch bei den einge-setzten Zugfahrzeugen, zusätzlich steigt der Arbeitszeitbedarf. Der vorliegende Versuch im ökologischen Landbau beschäftige sich mit den Effekten einer reduzierten Bodenbearbeitung mit dem Grubber und Direktsaat im Vergleich zu einer wendenden Bearbeitung mit Pflug auf Ertragsbildung, Unkrautwachstum und Stickstoffflüsse im Fruchtfolgeglied Erbse und Winterweizen. Hierzu erfolgte die Anlage eines Feldversuches am Standort Pinkowitz bei Dresden (Parabraunerde aus Löss, 55 Bodenpunkte) in einer 2- (Erbse) bzw. 3-faktoriellen (Weizen) Spaltanlage in den Jahren 2009 und 2010. Die Körnererbse wurde am 19.04.09 bzw. 08.04.10 nach einer Grundbodenbearbeitung mit dem Pflug bzw. Grubber oder in Direktsaat eingesät. Eine Woche später erfolgte die Einsaat einer Untersaat mit Erdklee zur Gründüngung in der Hälfte der Parzellen. Am 26.10.09 bzw. 23.10.10 wurde Winterweizen analog zu den Saatsystemen zur Körnererbse (Pflug/Grubber/Direktsaat), jedoch im 90 Grad Winkel versetzt zur Einsaat der Erbse, eingesät. In einem Teilversuch wurde mittels 15N-Isotopenanreicherung von Erdklee-sprossmasse die Verfügbarkeit des Stickstoffes aus der Sprossmasse des Erdklees im Winterweizen quantifiziert. Ziel der Versuche war es die Effekte des Anbaus von Erbsen und Weizen bei konservierender Bodenbearbeitung im ökologischen Pflanzenbau im Vergleich zu einer intensiven Bodenbearbeitung zu identifizieren und daraus Strategien für einen verstärkten Einsatz von reduzierter Bodenbearbeitung und Direktsaat abzuleiten.   Es erfolgte die Erhebung der Sprosstrockenmasse von Erbse, Erdklee und Unkraut zu BBCH 20, 65 und 89, sowie vor der Saat des Weizens. Die Sprossmasse des Weizens und des Unkrautes erfolgte zu den BBCH-Stadien 39, 59 und 89 des Weizens. Zusätzlich wurden in beiden Kulturen zur Druschreife eine Beerntung per Hand und ein Kernparzellendrusch durchgeführt. Zeitnah zur Entnahme von Pflanzenproben fand eine Entnahme von Bodenproben zur Bestimmung des Nmin-Vorrates im Boden statt. Zudem erfolgten Erhebungen zur Bodentemperatur, der Lagerungsdichte des Bodens im Saathorizont und der Bodenfeuchte. Aus den gewonnenen Daten konnten mehrere Indizes und Kennzahlen zur Ertragsbildung und Stickstoffversorgung der angebauten Kulturpflanzen errechnet werden. Die Ertragsleistung der Körnererbse war nach einer reduzierten Bodenbearbeitung leicht, jedoch nicht signifikant vermindert. Auch eine Einsaat der Erbse in Direktsaat hatte lediglich in einem Versuchsjahr eine signifikante Minderung des Kornertrages zu Folge. Die Keimung des Erbsensaatgutes war nach Einsaat in Direktsaat beeinträchtigt und die Erbse konnte diesen verminderten Feldaufgang nicht kompensieren. Die verringerte Fähigkeit der Erbse zur Kompensation geringer Feldaufgänge wurde durch eine hohe Unkrautsprossmasse, einen geringen Stickstoffversorgungsindex der Erbse zur Blüte sowie einer hohen Lagerungsdichte des Bodens außerhalb des Säschlitzes verursacht. Um auch unter Direktsaat-bedingungen höhere Kornerträge zu erzielen müssen die genauen Ursachen für den geringen Feldaufgang ermittelt werden, da sich im vorliegenden lediglich Anhaltspunkte wie eine ungenaue Saatgutablege und ein verstärktes Auftreten von Pflanzenkrankheiten dafür ergeben haben. Die Folgekultur Winterweizen war nach einer Saat in Direktsaat im Vergleich zu Pflug und Grubber in der Ertragsbildung massiv beeinträchtigt. Wurde die Vorfrucht Erbse in Direktsaat gesät, zeigte sich ein leicht negativer Effekt auf den Kornertrag des Weizens unabhängig davon, ob die Folgefrucht Weizen nach einer Bodenbearbeitung mit Pflug und Grubber oder in Direktsaat gesät wurde. Eine einmalige Anwendung von Direktsaat bei Erbse war im vorliegenden Versuch auch unter den Bedingungen des ökologischen Landbaus gut möglich, die Ertragsrückgang betrug 13,3 % in 2009 bzw. 26,2 % in 2010. Die Untersaat Erdklee reduzierte das Wachstum des Unkrautes in allen Varianten der Bodenbearbeitung und konkurrenzierte die Deckfrucht lediglich schwach, so dass in 2009 eine Minderung des Kornertrages um 1,1 dt ha-1 in 2010 um 4,6 dt ha-1 verzeichnet wurde. Die Beurteilung der Umsetzungsprozesse des Stickstoffes aus der Erdkleesprossmasse mittels 15N-Spurenanreicherung von Winterweizen über das Aufbringen von angereichertem Erdkleesprossmaterial war in jeder Variante der Bodenbearbeitung sicher möglich. Die Aufnahme von Stickstoff aus der Erdklee-sprossmasse durch den Winterweizen ging mit Rücknahme der Bodenbearbeitungs-intensität zurück, so stammten zur Abreife des Weizens nach einer Pflugsaat 13,0 % des Stickstoffes im Spross des Weizens aus der Sprossmasse des Erdklees, nach Grubber bzw. Direktsaat betrug dieser Anteil 8,6 % bzw. 8,5 %. Die Mineralisierung des Stickstoffes aus der Erdkleesprossmasse hielt jedoch nach konservierender Bodenbearbeitung insgesamt nicht lange an, so dass keine Steigerung der Korn-proteingehalte über eine zusätzliche Bereitstellung von Stickstoff während der Kornfüllungsphase erzielt werden konnte.

The doctoral thesis focuses on the part of criminal proceedings in which the court adjudicates the injured person's private claims which arose in connection with a criminal act (so-called collateral proceedings). The importance of collateral proceedings lies in the fact that by using it the injured party may avoid time-consuming, financially as well as procedurally demanding civil proceedings. However, the institute of collateral proceedings comprises a number of specific issues since a criminal court adjudicates the private claims of the injured party in compliance with substantive law rules being outside of the scope of criminal law (mainly civil law and labour law regulations) but, still, within the framework of criminal proceedings. The basic source of the submitted thesis is the Czech legal order. However, it is not the only one taken into consideration. The doctoral thesis also contains comparative analysis of legal regulation of collateral proceedings from the point of view of the German and Swiss legal orders. Following the analysis of collateral proceedings de lege lata, as well as the comparison with foreign models I am submitting proposals for the improvement of legislation that could be used in connection with the planned recodification of the Czech Criminal Procedure.

O déficit na ingestão de proteína durante o período de rápido desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central resulta em atrasos no desenvolvimento físico e cerebral, com conseqüências para o comportamento de ratos. Estudos mostram que prejuízos causados pela desnutrição podem ser parcialmente revertidos pelo enriquecimento ambiental e pela estimulação táctil. O enriquecimento ambiental aumenta a exploração no labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE), além de reverter alguns danos no cérebro de ratos desnutridos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar, em ratos desnutridos (D) e bem nutridos (C), os efeitos do enriquecimento ambiental (E) e da estimulação táctil (H) durante o período de formação do SNC (8 a 35 dias), através do desempenho no LCE aos 36 e 37 dias de idade. Os ratos foram divididos em dois diferentes grupos de acordo com a dieta: desnutridos (dieta com 6% de proteína) e controles (dieta com 16% de proteína). Também foram subdivididos em grupos conforme a manipulação ambiental: não estimulação (N), ambiente enriquecido (E), e estimulação táctil (H). A manipulação ambiental foi realizada nos períodos de 8 a 35 dias. Após os testes comportamentais os animais foram decapitados e tiveram o hipocampo e córtex occipital extraído para a análise de poliaminas através do método do HPLC, e o sangue foi retirado para a análise de corticosterona plasmática através da técnica de radioimunoensaio. Os dados evidenciaram que os animais D apresentaram menor peso corporal quando comparados com os animais C. A partir da exposição ao LCE, os resultados mostram que D permanecem uma maior porcentagem (p<0,05) de tempo e entram mais nos braços abertos em relação a C. Com relação às diferentes estimulações, os animais DE apresentaram uma menor percentagem (P<0,05) de tempo nos braços abertos quando comparados aos animais DH e animais DN. Os animais C apresentam uma atividade locomotora maior que D (p<0,05), demonstrado pelo maior numero de entradas nos braços fechados. Também foi possível verificar que D possui maiores níveis de corticosterona plasmática comparado a C. Também foi possível verificar que animais N possuem maior quantidade de espermidina (SPD), espermina (SPM) e SPD+SPM no hipocampo quando comparados com animais estimulados, independente da dieta a que foram expostos. Os dados do presente estudo sugerem que tanto a manipulação táctil como o enriquecimento ambiental amenizam as alterações produzidas pela desnutrição no comportamento de exploração dos braços abertos do LCE, além de alterarem a resposta de poliaminas no hipocampo durante a 2ª exposição ao LCE / Low protein ingestion during the brain growth spurt results in physical and cerebral deficits of development with long-lasting consequences for the behavior of rats. It has been show that impairments caused by protein malnutrition can be partially reverted by environmental enrichment and tactile stimulation. Environmental enrichment increases the exploration in the elevated plus-maze (EPM), and reverts some brain impairments produced by malnutrition. The objective of the present study was to compare effects of the environmental enrichment (E) and tactile stimulation (H) in malnourished (D) and well-nourished (C) rats, during the period of development of SNC (8 to 35 days), upon the behavior of rats in EPM at the ages of 36 and 37 days. The rats were divided in two different groups according to the diet: protein malnutrition (6% of protein) and controls (16% of protein). They were also subdivided according to the environmental manipulation: N, E and H. The environmental manipulation was accomplished from 8 to 35 days. After the behavioral tests, the rats were decapitated, and the hippocampus and occipital cortex removed for polyamines analysis by HPLC method, and the blood was collected for analysis of plasmatic corticosterone by radioimmunoassay technique. The results showed that D animals presented lower body weight than C animals. The EPM test showed that D animals enter and stay more time in the open arms than C animals (p<0.05). Regarding the different environmental stimulations, the DE animals presented a lower percentage of time in the open arms when compared to DH and DN animals (p<0.05). The C rats presents increases in the motor activity than D (p < 0.05), as demonstrated by higher number of closed arm entries Regarding the biochemical analysis it was showed higher levels of plasmatic corticosterone concentrations in D as compared to C animals. It was also showed that non-stimulated animals presented higher levels of spermidine (SPD), spermine (SPM) and SPD+SPM in the hippocampus when compared with stimulated ones, irrespective to the diet conditions. The present data suggest that both the tactile handling and the environmental enrichment reduced the behavioral alterations produced by early malnutrition in the exploration of the open arms in the EPM, as well as, altered the polyamines response in the hippocampus during the second trial in the EPM