Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-11-08T13:52:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ACUMULAÇÃO DE METAIS TRAÇO EM SEDIMENTOS DE ÁREAS ADJACENTES AO PORTO DE NITERÓI. ENSEADA DE SÃO .pdf: 1544733 bytes, checksum: 5fc97bdd3c28bc3f1ec6b23326c68231 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T13:52:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ACUMULAÇÃO DE METAIS TRAÇO EM SEDIMENTOS DE ÁREAS ADJACENTES AO PORTO DE NITERÓI. ENSEADA DE SÃO .pdf: 1544733 bytes, checksum: 5fc97bdd3c28bc3f1ec6b23326c68231 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / A área da Enseada de São Lourenço, localizada no sudeste da Baía de Guanabara (RJ), abriga o Porto de Niterói e diversos estaleiros, além de receber aporte de esgotos domésticos e possíveis influências de fontes difusas do entorno da baía, tornando esta área contaminada por metais-traço. Este estudo mostra os resultados encontrados numa avaliação de acumulação de Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn em testemunhos curtos coletados em três estações de amostragem nesta enseada. Foram avaliadas suas possíveis correlações com granulometria e com concentrações de carbono orgânico total (COT), enxofre total (S), ferro (Fe) e manganês (Mn), parâmetros indicadores de processos geoquímicos. Fatores de enriquecimento (FEs) em relação a níveis naturais e inventários (estoques dos metais por área de sedimento) foram calculados e uma comparação com os valores orientadores internacionais adotados na Resolução CONAMA 344/2004 foi realizada. Os inventários (que sempre mostraram maior acumulação na estação mais externa) e os FEs (que mostraram tendências variadas entre as estações) indicaram níveis elevados de contaminação para Cu, Pb e Zn, enquanto as concentrações de Ni e Cr não atingiram valores preocupantes. Para Cr, Cu, Pb e Zn as concentrações mais elevadas foram encontradas na estação na área mais externa da enseada, onde as concentrações de Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb e Zn tiveram correlação com o Fe. Na estação da área interna da enseada, o Pb teve correlação com o Mn. O COT e o S geralmente não pareceram afetar diretamente a distribuição dos metais-traço, mas serviram como indicadores do gradiente de influência marinha sobre a qualidade dos sedimentos, que afeta os processos biogeoquímicos que retêm os metais. A comparação das concentrações de Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb e Zn com critérios de qualidade dos sedimentos internacionais adotados pela legislação brasileira (Resolução CONAMA 344/2004) mostrou que as concentrações de Zn, Cu e Pb ocorrem em valores que geram preocupação ambiental para atividades humanas na área, como o gerenciamento da disposição do sedimento, no caso deste ser dragado. / The whole São Lourenço harbour area is located in the southeast of Guanabara Bay (RJ – Brazil). Furthermore, it also houses “Porto de Niterói” (Niterói Harbour), which is the only cargo harbour in Niterói and other several shipyards. Apart from receiving domestic sewage discharges and possibly other unknown contribution sources from the Bay’s surrounding area, the Bay is contaminated by trace metals. This study shows the results of an accumulation evaluation as follows: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in short cores collected from three different sample stations in that harbour. Possible correlations involving indicating parameters of geochemichal processes such as granulometry, Total Carbon Concentrations (TOC), total sulphur (S), iron (Fe) and manganese (Mg) were evaluated. Enrichment factors (EFs) in relation to background and inventories (metal storage per sediment area) were calculated, and a comparison with international sediment quality values adopted by a local jurisdiction (Resolução CONAMA 344/2004) was conducted. The inventories which always showed the highest accumulation were collected from PN3 Station and the EF showed different trends among the stations. Both the inventories and the EF presented high levels of Cu, Pb and Zn contamination. On the other hand, Ni and Cr concentrations did not reach worrying levels. Higher concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were found at the station which was located at the external part of the harbour. There, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn concentrations presented a correlation with Fe. At the station located at the internal area of the harbor, Pb had a correlation with Mn. TOC and S did not seem to affect directly trace–metal distribution, but they were used as a marine influence gradient indicator to sediment quality, which affects biogeochemical processes that retain metals. The concentration comparison of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn levels with international sediment quality criteria adopted by the Brazilian jurisdiction (Resolução CONAMA 344/2004) showed that Zn, Cu and Pb concentrations generate environmental concerns related to human activities, such as the management of dredged sediment, if such sediment dredging occurs in the studied areas.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-02-20T15:41:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Tatiana.pdf: 566030 bytes, checksum: 62e1cb6cc4c14e38f8541ff8477ed25c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T15:41:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Tatiana.pdf: 566030 bytes, checksum: 62e1cb6cc4c14e38f8541ff8477ed25c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Com o desenvolvimento industriais de regiões costeiras, tornou-se necessário o estudo de metais em áreas não impactadas, como a Baía de Ilha Grande, devido a carência de estudos nestes sistemas por serem comparados as áreas impactadas. No presente estudo dois testemunhos foram coletados; um a enseada de Abrão em Ilha Grande e o outro na porção Leste na Baía de Sepetiba, Rio de Janeiro. / With the industrial development of coastal regions, it became necessary to study metals in non-impacted areas, such as Ilha Grande Bay, due to the lack of studies in these systems because the impacted areas were compared. In the present study, two samples were collected; one the Abrão cove in Ilha Grande and the other in the eastern portion in Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro.

Multiple health issues are associated with obesity and numerous factors are causative of the disease. The role of genetic factors is well established, as is the knowledge that dietary and sedentary behavior promotes weight gain. Although there is strong suspicion towards the role of epigenetics as a driving force toward disease, this field remains l in the context of obesity. DNA methylation correlation networks were profiled from blood samples of 69 adolescents of two distinct weight-classes; obese (n=35) and normal-weight (n=34). The network analysis revealed major differences in the organization of the networks where the network of the obese had less modularity compared to normal-weight. This is manifested by more and smaller clusters in the obese, pertaining to genes of related functions and pathways, than the network of the normal-weight. Consequently, this suggests that biological pathways have a lower order of coordination between each other in means of DNA methylation in obese than normal-weight. Analysis of highly connected genes, hubs, in the two networks suggests that the difference in coordination between biological pathways may be derived by changes of the methylation pattern of these hubs; highly connected genes in one network had an intriguingly low connectivity in the other. In conclusion, the results suggest differential regulation of transcription through changes in the coordination of DNA methylation in overweight and normal weighted individuals. The findings of this study are a major step towards understanding the role of DNA methylation in obesity and provide potential biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting obesity.

Abstract Community assembly results from a combination of deterministic and stochastic mechanisms, whose relative effects can vary in response to environmental heterogeneity, connectivity, disturbance regimes and anthropogenic stressors. Understanding how community assembly mechanisms vary in response to environmental changes and connectivity is crucial for the management and conservation of river ecosystems. In this thesis, I tested the effects of connectivity and natural flow disturbances on riverine invertebrate communities by assessing assembly mechanism changes in response to (I) habitat connectivity, (II) seasonal flow intermittency and (III) inter–annual hydrological variability. I also conducted a field experiment to test for (IV) the effects of human–induced nutrient enrichment on community assembly of microorganisms (diatoms and aquatic fungi) and stream ecosystem functioning under different environmental settings. Invertebrate community assembly changed gradually with habitat connectivity. While limited dispersal resulted in higher community variability in the most isolated streams, mass effects caused community homogenization in the most connected ones. Natural and human induced disturbances lead to changes in the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic factors but often through different, or even opposite, mechanisms depending on the natural background of the ecosystem and organism type considered. For instance, seasonal drying and high–flow periods in intermittent Mediterranean rivers promoted deterministic and stochastic assembly processes respectively, whereas environmental sorting and stochastic processes respectively dominated during high and low flow years in boreal streams. Diatom and fungal communities responded differently to nutrient enrichment, with detrital processes and fungal communities responding more in naturally acidic than in circumneutral streams. The results of this thesis highlight the complexity of community assembly mechanisms: they tend to be highly context dependent and temporally variable. Therefore, stream bioassessment and conservation will benefit from explicitly incorporating connectivity and natural disturbance regimes. Assessing the interactive effects of connectivity and disturbances at the river network scale would provide a greater understanding of community assembly mechanisms and river ecosystem functioning. / Tiivistelmä Eliöyhteisöjen koostumus heijastelee determinististen ja stokastisten mekanismien vuorovaikutusta. Niiden suhteellinen merkitys vaihtelee suhteessa yhteisöjen kytkeytyneisyyteen sekä luontaisiin ja ihmisen aiheuttamiin häiriöihin. Yhteisöjen säätelymekanismit vaihtelevat jokiverkoston eri osissa ja tietoa tästä vaihtelusta tarvitaan jokiekosysteemien hoidon kehittämiseksi. Tässä tutkielmassa testasin elinympäristöjen kytkeytyneisyyden ja luontaisten häiriöiden (virtaamavaihtelut) vaikutuksia jokien selkärangatonyhteisöihin. Suoritin myös kenttäkokeen, jossa testattiin ihmisen aiheuttaman rehevöitymisen vaikutuksia mikro–organismeihin (piilevät, mikrobit) ja ekosysteemitoimintoihin erilaisissa ympäristöoloissa (luontaisesti happamat vs. neutraalit purot). Selkärangattomien yhteisökoostumus muuttui asteittain jokiverkostossa. Yhteisökoostumuksen vaihtelu oli suurinta eristäytyneimmissä latvapuroissa, kun taas isommissa, uomaston keskivaiheilla sijaitsevissa koskissa voimakas levittäytyminen eri suunnista (ns. massatekijät) aiheutti yhteisöjen rakenteen homogenisoitumista. Kuivuusjaksot ja niitä seuraavat korkean virtaaman jaksot edistivät determinististen prosessien merkitystä Välimeren alueen joissa, kun taas boreaalisissa puroissa Pohjois–Suomessa äärevät virtaamaolot, erityisesti poikkeuksellisen kuivat kesät, edistivät satunnaismekanismien vaikutusta. Perustuottajat (piilevät) ja hajottajat (akvaattiset sienet) vastasivat eri tavoin ravinnelisäykseen. Sienten hajotustoiminta nopeutui ravinnelisäyksen myötä, mutta vain luontaisesti happamissa puroissa. Tämän opinnäytetyön tulokset korostavat yhteisön kokoonpanomekanismien monimutkaisuutta: ne ovat usein erittäin tilanneriippuvaisia ja ajallisesti vaihtelevia. Siksi jokien ekologisen tilan arvioinnissa tulisi huomioida tutkimuspaikkojen kytkeytyneisyys jokimaisemassa.

Global change phenomena, such as forest disturbance and land-use change significantly affect elemental balances as well as the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. Inappropriate land management often causes nutrient losses and finally soil degradation and loss of soil functioning. Especially in tropical ecoregions, soil degradation by nutrient losses is widely abundant. Soil microorganisms are the proximate agents of many processes performed in soils and are regarded as sensitive bio-indicators. However, the incorporation of microbial responses to the definition of critical soil conditions is not intensively developed. In the present thesis, several data analyses of the relationships between ecosystem disturbance and land-use change (natural forest, pastures of different ages, secondary succession) and a diverse set of soil ecological characteristics in the tropical mountain rainforest region of southern Ecuador were compiled. In particular, it was tested whether soil microbial biomass and community functioning were sensitive to land-use change effects. Furthermore, an information-theoretic approach was applied to find the factors that regulate soil microbial biomass and community function. Finally, in a nutrient enrichment experiment the above- and belowground responses to N and P additions were examined. The tested research questions and results were linked to the theory of ecological stoichiometry in order to connect the research to a sound and unifying scientific basis. Soil and microbial stoichiometry were affected by both land-use change and soil depth. After forest disturbance, significant decreases of soil C:N:P ratios at the pastures were fol-lowed by increases during secondary succession. Microbial C:N ratios varied slightly in response to land-use change, whereas no fixed microbial C:P and N:P ratios were observed. Shifts in microbial community composition were associated with soil and microbial stoichiometry. Strong positive relationships between PLFA-markers 18:2n6,9c (saprotrophic fungi) and 20:4 (animals) and negative associations between 20:4 and microbial N:P point to land-use change affecting the structure of soil food webs. Significant deviations from global soil and microbial C:N:P ratios indicated a major force of land-use change to alter stoichiometric relationships and to structure biological systems. Data analysis reveals a strong impact of land-use change on soil microbial biomass, C-mineralization, gross-NH4-consumption and –production rates. According to the results of the IT-approach, combined models better describe effects of land-use change on soil microorganisms than single explanation models. Microbial resources and soil chemical environment were important pre-dictors for soil microbial biomass and community functioning. Little is known about the environmental drivers of the catalytic properties of EHEs (e.g., pH, nutrients) and their functional link to the structure of soil microbial communities. The activities of the six hydrolytic enzymes were tested. Microbial production of AP responded to the low P status of the sites by a higher investment in the acquisition of P compared to C. Three major drivers of enzyme activities were found to be significant for enzyme production: 1.) Microbial demand for P regulated the production of AP, provided that N and C were available. At the natural forest site the two-fold higher specific activity of AP pointed to a high microbial P-demand, whereas the production of AP was constrained by the availability of N and DOC after pasture abandonment. 2.) Microbial biomass that was controlled by pH and resource availability was the main driver for CBH, BG and NAG activities. 3.) Substrate induction due to increased litter inputs of herbaceous plant species seemed to regulate AG and XYL activities during secondary succession. The enzymes’ affinity to substrate, as a potentially critically enzyme kinetic parameter is understudied. The data analysis suggests that microbial communities adapted to environmental changes, demonstrated high flexibility of extracellular enzyme systems and selected for enzymes with higher catalytic efficiency compared with pure cultures. Under in situ conditions, enzyme-specific environmental drivers of the Km, e.g., the pH for XYL, the C:N ratio for AP, and the C availability for NAG were found. The data demonstrated that the higher substrate affinity of XYL and AP was associated with more abundance of Gram(-) bacteria. The catalytic efficiency of enzymes decomposing cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch positively correlated with the relative abundance of Gram(-) bacteria. The turnover rate of the tested substrates was three to four times faster at the young pasture site compared with the longterm pasture and secondary succession sites. Nutrient inputs by atmospheric deposition are known to affect terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about how N and P co-limited ecosystems respond to single nutrient enrichment. In this work the susceptibility of above- and belowground ecosystem compo-nents and of their linkages in an N and P co-limited pasture to N- and P-enrichment was assessed. It was tested if the plants´responses can be explained by the concept of serially linked nutrients introduced by Ågren (2004). In this concept, the control of the growth rate by one nutrient is assumed to depend on the control of a different cellular process by another nutrient. The responses of shoot and root biomass and C:N:P stoichiometry of the grass Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) to moderate N, P, and N+P application over five years were investigated. In addition, the effects of nutrient enrichment on soil nutrient pools, on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as well as on microbial biomass, activity, and community structure were tested. In order to evaluate the importance of different factors explaining microbial responses, a likelihood-based information-theoretic approach was applied. The application of N+P increased aboveground grass biomass. Root biomass was stimulated by P-treatment. Grass C:N:P stoichiometry responded by altering the P-uptake or by translocating P from shoot to root. In particular, root C:N and C:P stoichiometry decreased in P- and in N-treatment. Extractable fractions of soil C, N, and P were significantly affected by nutrient enrichment. P application increased the biomass of Gram-positive bacteria and the abundance of AMF, however, results of the IT-approach suggested indirect effects of nutrient enrichment on microbes. The responses of the N and P co-limited pasture to particular nutrient enrichment support the concept of serially linked nutrients. The present study provides evidence for the fundamental importance of P for controlling resource allocation of plants in responses to nutrient enrichment. Resource allocation of the grass rather than direct effects of nutrient additions drives changes in AMF, microbial biomass, community structure, and activity. / Seit dem Übergang vom Holozän zum Anthropozän greift der Mensch immer stärker in globale und regionale Stoffkreisläufe ein. Durch die Zerstörung von Naturwäldern und Landnutzungswandel werden die Strukturen und die Funktionen der Ökosysteme stark verändert. Unangepasste Landnutzung führt zu Nährelementverlusten, die mittel- bis langfristige zur Bodendegradation und zur Reduktion von Bodenfunktionen führen. Solche Veränderungen sind insbesondere in den Tropen zu beobachten. Bodenmikroorganismen spielen in den Stoffkreisläufen eine zentrale Rolle. Zudem sind sie sensitive Bioindikatoren für den Zustand von Ökosystemen. Im Gegensatz dazu, werden die Bodenmikroorganismen noch nicht ausreichend für die Zustandsbewertung von Ökosystemen verwendet. In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden verschiedene Datenanalysen zu den Beziehungen von Landnutzungswandel (Naturwald, Weiden verschiedener Alter, sekundäre Sukzession) und den Eigenschaften der Bodenmikroorganismen in einer tropischen Bergregenwaldregion Süd-Ecuadors zusammengefasst. Ein besonderer Fokus lag darauf zu prüfen, ob die mikrobielle Biomasse und die Funktionen die von der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaft geleistet werden (z.B. Enzymaktivitäten) durch den Landnutzungswandel beeinflusst werden. Ein informations-theoretischer Ansatz wurde verwendet um verschiedene Erklärungsansätze der steuernden Faktoren vergleichend zu testen. Darüber hinaus wurden in einem Weidedüngungsexperiment die Reaktionen der ober- und der unterirdischen Ökosystemkomponenten auf die Anreicherung mit N und P getestet. Um die Ergebnisse auf eine breite wissenschaftliche Basis zu stellen wurde die Untersuchungen in den Kontext der Theorie die Ökologischen Stöchiometrie eingeordnet. Die C:N:P Stöchiometrie im Boden und in den Mikroorganismen veränderte sich durch den Landnutzungswandel und mit der Bodentiefe. Mit der Weideetablierung nahmen die C:N:P Verhältnisse im Boden deutlich ab, stiegen dann nach dem Verlassen der Weiden im Zuge der sekundären Sukzession wieder an. Das mikrobielle C:N Verhältnis variierte nur leicht, dagegen zeigten das C:P und N:P Verhältnis deutliche Veränderungen durch den Landnutzungswandel. Mit diesen Veränderungen in der Boden- und Organismenstöchiometrie waren auch Veränderungen in der Struktur der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften verbunden. Deutliche positive Beziehungen existierten zwischen den saprotrophen Pilzen und den Protozoen. Die steigenden Mengen von Protozoen waren wiederrum mit sinkendem mikrobiellen N:P verbunden. Diese Muster weisen auf Veränderungen in den Bodennahrungsnetzten durch Landnutzungsänderungen hin. Sehr deutliche Abweichungen von globalen Mustern der C:N:P Stöchiometrie deuten darauf hin, dass der Landnutzungswandel signifikanten Einfluss auf die C:N:P Stöchiometrie ausübt. Der Landnutzungswandel beeinflusste auch die mikrobielle Biomasse, die Basalatmung, sowie die mikrobielle Aufnahme und Produktion von NH4-N im Boden. Dabei zeigten kombinierte Erklärungsansätze die adäquateren Beschreibungen der Muster. In den kombinierten Modellen zur Erklärung der mikrobiellen Biomasse und der mikrobiellen Leistungen überwogen Prädiktoren der mikrobiellen Ressourcen und der bodenchemischen Umwelt. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen lag auf der Erfassung der Effekte des Land-nutzungswandels auf die Aktivität von extrazellulären Bodenenzymen. Bisher ist wenig darüber bekannt, welche Faktoren die katalytischen Eigenschaften steuern und beispielsweise, ob es Zusammenhänge zur mikrobiellen Gemeinschaftsstruktur gibt. Um diese Fragen näher zu beleuchten wurden sechs hydrolytische Enzyme basierend auf MUF-Substraten untersucht. Die mikrobielle Produktion von AP stand dabei in Zusammenhang mit dem niedrigen P-Status der untersuchten Böden. Das wurde besonders durch die hohe AP Produktion im Vergleich zu BG belegt. Im Allgemeinen konnten drei verschiedene Mechanismen festgestellt werden, die die Produktion der untersuchten EHEs vermutlich steuerten. 1.) Der P-Bedarf der Mikroorganismen regulierte die Produktion von AP, vorausgesetzt, dass ausreichend N und C zur Enzymsynthese zur Verfügung standen. 2.) Die Höhe der mikrobiellen Biomasse hat sich als wichtiger Faktor für die Produktion von CBH, BG und NAG gezeigt. Das deutet auf die konstitutive Produktion dieser Enzyme hin. 3.) Die substratinduzierte Produktion von Enzymen ist vermutlich entscheidend für die Aktivität von AG und XYL. Die Berücksichtigung der Enzymkinetiken, insbesondere der Michaelis-Menten-Konstante lieferte weitere Aufschlüsse über relevante Faktoren. Im Allgemeinen so scheint es, haben sich die mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften an die starken Umweltgradienten, die durch den Landnutzungswandel erzeugt worden angepasst. Im Vergleich zu den verfügbaren Daten aus Reinkulturen, wiesen die mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften der untersuchten Böden in der Regel eine deutlich höhere katalytische Effizienz auf. Auch für die Michaelis-Menten-Konstante sind die Faktoren enzymspezifisch. So ist für die Km von XYL der Boden-pH-Wert, für AP das C:N Verhältnis und für NAG die DOC-Menge entscheidend. Darüber hinaus haben sich deutliche Beziehungen zwischen der Menge an Gram(-)-Bakterien und der Substrataffinitäten von XYL und AP ergeben. Je höher die Gram(-)-Abundanz, desto höher war die Substrataffinität der Enzymsysteme. Gegenüber alter und degradierter Weiden, war der Umsatz der untersuchten Substrate im Oberboden der aktiv genutzten Weide drei- bis vierfach erhöht. In einem 5-jährigen Düngeexperiment in der Bergregenwaldregion der Anden Süd-Ecuadors wurden die Reaktionen des auf dieser Fläche N/P co-limitierten Grases (Setaria sphacelata), der Arbuskulären Mykorrhiza (AMF) sowie der Bodenmikroorganismen auf moderate N, P und N+P-Düngung untersucht. Die Zugabe von N+P erhöhte die oberirdische Biomasse (+61%) wohingegen die Wurzelbiomasse durch die Zugabe von P (+45%) anstieg. Die C:N:P Verhältnisse weisen auf veränderte P-Aufnahme oder Translokation von P in die Wurzeln hin. Im Besonderen verengte sich das Wurzel C:N and C:P in der P- und der N-Zugabe. Die aus dem Boden extrahierbaren C, N und P-Fraktionen wurden deutlich beeinflusst. Die Zugabe von P stimulierte die Biomasse Gram-(+)-Bakterien (+22%), die Abundanz der AMF (+46%) und die Brutto-N-Mineralisierung. Die Auswertungen deuten darauf hin, dass die Nährstoffanreicherung indirekt über die Veränderungen der Graswurzeln auf die Bodenorganismen wirkte. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen, dass N und P in den Reaktionen von co-limitierten Pflanzen eng miteinander verbunden sind. Vor allem aber steuert P grundlegend die Allokation von Ressourcen und wirkt damit auf andere Ökosystem-komponenten, z.B. auf die Struktur und Aktivität der Bodenmikroorganismen.

Dans ce travail, nous avons introduit le concept sous-jacent de PUFEM et la formulation de base lié à l'équation de Helmholtz dans un domaine borné. Le processus d'enrichissement de l'onde plane de variables PUFEM a été montré et expliqué en détail. L'idée principale est d'inclure une connaissance a priori sur le comportement local de la solution dans l'espace des éléments finis en utilisant un ensemble de fonctions d'onde qui sont des solutions aux équations aux dérivées partielles. Dans cette étude, l'utilisation des ondes planes se propageant dans différentes directions a été favorisée car elle conduit à des algorithmes de calcul efficaces. En outre, nous avons montré que le nombre de directions d'ondes planes dépend de la taille de l'élément PUFEM et la fréquence des ondes à la fois en 2D et 3D. Les approches de sélection de ces ondes planes sont également illustrés. Pour les problèmes 3D, nous avons étudié deux systèmes de distribution des directions d'ondes planes qui sont la méthode du cube discrétisé et la méthode de la force de Coulomb. Il a été montré que celle-ci permet d'obtenir des directions d'onde espacées de façon uniforme et permet d'obtenir un nombre arbitraire d'ondes planes attachées à chaque noeud de l'élément de PUFEM, ce qui rend le procédé plus souple.Dans le chapitre 3, nous avons étudié la simulation numérique des ondes se propageant dans deux dimensions en utilisant PUFEM. La principale priorité de ce chapitre est de venir avec un schéma d'intégration exacte (EIS), résultant en un algorithme d'intégration rapide pour le calcul de matrices de coefficients de système avec une grande précision. L'élément 2D PUFEM a ensuite été utilisé pour résoudre un problème de transmission acoustique impliquant des matériaux poreux. Les résultats ont été vérifiés et validés par la comparaison avec des solutions analytiques. Les comparaisons entre le régime exact d'intégration (EIS) et en quadrature de Gauss ont montré le gain substantiel offert par l'EIE en termes de temps CPU.Une 3D exacte Schéma d'intégration a été présenté dans le chapitre 4, afin d'accélérer et de calculer avec précision (jusqu'à la précision de la machine) des intégrales très oscillatoires découlant des coefficients de la matrice de PUFEM associés à l'équation 3D Helmholtz. Grâce à des tests de convergence, un critère de sélection du nombre d'ondes planes a été proposé. Il a été montré que ce nombre ne pousse que quadratiquement avec la fréquence qui donne lieu à une réduction drastique du nombre total de degrés de libertés par rapport au FEM classique. Le procédé a été vérifié pour deux exemples numériques. Dans les deux cas, le procédé est représenté à converger vers la solution exacte. Pour le problème de la cavité avec une source de monopôle située à l'intérieur, nous avons testé deux modèles numériques pour évaluer leur performance relative. Dans ce scénario, où la solution exacte est singulière, le nombre de directions d'onde doit être choisie suffisamment élevée pour faire en sorte que les résultats ont convergé.Dans le dernier chapitre, nous avons étudié les performances numériques du PUFEM pour résoudre des champs sonores intérieurs 3D et des problèmes de transmission d'ondes dans lequel des matériaux absorbants sont présents. Dans le cas particulier d'un matériau réagissant localement modélisé par une impédance de surface. Un des critères d'estimation d'erreur numérique est proposé en considérant simplement une impédance purement imaginaire qui est connu pour produire des solutions à valeur réelle. Sur la base de cette estimation d'erreur, il a été démontré que le PUFEM peut parvenir à des solutions précises tout en conservant un coût de calcul très faible, et seulement environ 2 degrés de liberté par longueur d'onde ont été jugées suffisantes. Nous avons également étendu la PUFEM pour résoudre les problèmes de transmission des ondes entre l'air et un matériau poreux modélisé comme un fluide homogène équivalent. / In this work, we have introduced the underlying concept of PUFEM and the basic formulation related to the Helmholtz equation in a bounded domain. The plane wave enrichment process of PUFEM variables was shown and explained in detail. The main idea is to include a priori knowledge about the local behavior of the solution into the finite element space by using a set of wave functions that are solutions to the partial differential equations. In this study, the use of plane waves propagating in various directions was favored as it leads to efficient computing algorithms. In addition, we showed that the number of plane wave directions depends on the size of the PUFEM element and the wave frequency both in 2D and 3D. The selection approaches for these plane waves were also illustrated. For 3D problems, we have investigated two distribution schemes of plane wave directions which are the discretized cube method and the Coulomb force method. It has been shown that the latter allows to get uniformly spaced wave directions and enables us to acquire an arbitrary number of plane waves attached to each node of the PUFEM element, making the method more flexible.In Chapter 3, we investigated the numerical simulation of propagating waves in two dimensions using PUFEM. The main priority of this chapter is to come up with an Exact Integration Scheme (EIS), resulting in a fast integration algorithm for computing system coefficient matrices with high accuracy. The 2D PUFEM element was then employed to solve an acoustic transmission problem involving porous materials. Results have been verified and validated through the comparison with analytical solutions. Comparisons between the Exact Integration Scheme (EIS) and Gaussian quadrature showed the substantial gain offered by the EIS in terms of CPU time.A 3D Exact Integration Scheme was presented in Chapter 4, in order to accelerate and compute accurately (up to machine precision) of highly oscillatory integrals arising from the PUFEM matrix coefficients associated with the 3D Helmholtz equation. Through convergence tests, a criteria for selecting the number of plane waves was proposed. It was shown that this number only grows quadratically with the frequency thus giving rise to a drastic reduction in the total number of degrees of freedoms in comparison to classical FEM. The method has been verified for two numerical examples. In both cases, the method is shown to converge to the exact solution. For the cavity problem with a monopole source located inside, we tested two numerical models to assess their relative performance. In this scenario where the exact solution is singular, the number of wave directions has to be chosen sufficiently high to ensure that results have converged. In the last Chapter, we have investigated the numerical performances of the PUFEM for solving 3D interior sound fields and wave transmission problems in which absorbing materials are present. For the specific case of a locally reacting material modeled by a surface impedance. A numerical error estimation criteria is proposed by simply considering a purely imaginary impedance which is known to produce real-valued solutions. Based on this error estimate, it has been shown that the PUFEM can achieve accurate solutions while maintaining a very low computational cost, and only around 2 degrees of freedom per wavelength were found to be sufficient. We also extended the PUFEM for solving wave transmission problems between the air and a porous material modeled as an equivalent homogeneous fluid. A simple 1D problem was tested (standing wave tube) and the PUFEM solutions were found to be around 1% error which is sufficient for engineering purposes.

The thesis deals with monetary remedies in intellectual property infringement suits, focusing on industrial property rights. On the background of enacting of the czech Act number 221/2006 Sb. which implements the directive 2004/48/EC of the European parliament and of the Council, the thesis compares these two texts with each other and also with the proposal for the directive KOM(2003) 46 final in their relevant parts. By doing this, it evaluates the directive and the czech act as the directive's implementation. This evaluation represents the secondary aims of the thesis. Comparison, analysis of factual articles and interviews with relevant experts practicising in the area show that by setting the damages as double the "customary" royalties, the czech Act in his § 5 ods. 2 represents a sanction, which confirms the hypothesis of the prevailance of an analogy between the czech provison and the punitive damages in american law. This fact creates scope for the hypothesis of existance of further analogies, the verification of which is the central aim of the thesis. Therefore, the second part of the thesis analyzes american provisions of the United States Code concerning copyright, trademark and patent law, and related caselaw. This is compared both to the directive and the proposal for it, moreover to the czech copyright Act number 121/2000 Sb. and in particular to the czech Act number 221/2006 Sb. The third part supplements the analysis of relevant czech court decisions. The second and third part identify similar and distinct elements of the provisions and reveal analogies in seemingly different institutes. Differences are spotted in the construct used to achieve the punitive function, furthermore between the terms "customary royalty" and "reasonable royalty" and also between the terms "bezdôvodné obohatenie", "infringer's profits" and "unjust enrichment". Conversely, an analogy is identified between the discretionary power of american courts to increase proven damages or determine statutory damages and the czech institute of "primerané zadosťučinenie" (appropriate satisfaction). The prevailance of prohibition of double recovery is another existing analogy between the american and czech law.

Cette thèse porte sur l’impact de l’usage de la sémantique dans le processus de la classification supervisée de textes. Cet impact est évalué au travers d’une étude expérimentale sur des documents issus du domaine médical et en utilisant UMLS (Unified Medical Language System) en tant que ressource sémantique. Cette évaluation est faite selon quatre scénarii expérimentaux d’ajout de sémantique à plusieurs niveaux du processus de classification. Le premier scénario correspond à la conceptualisation où le texte est enrichi avant indexation par des concepts correspondant dans UMLS ; le deuxième et le troisième scénario concernent l’enrichissement des vecteurs représentant les textes après indexation dans un sac de concepts (BOC – bag of concepts) par des concepts similaires. Enfin le dernier scénario utilise la sémantique au niveau de la prédiction des classes, où les concepts ainsi que les relations entre eux, sont impliqués dans la prise de décision. Le premier scénario est testé en utilisant trois des méthodes de classification: Rocchio, NB et SVM. Les trois autres scénarii sont uniquement testés en utilisant Rocchio qui est le mieux à même d’accueillir les modifications nécessaires. Au travers de ces différentes expérimentations nous avons tout d’abord montré que des améliorations significatives pouvaient être obtenues avec la conceptualisation du texte avant l’indexation. Ensuite, à partir de représentations vectorielles conceptualisées, nous avons constaté des améliorations plus modérées avec d’une part l’enrichissement sémantique de cette représentation vectorielle après indexation, et d’autre part l’usage de mesures de similarité sémantique en prédiction. / The main interest of this research is the effect of using semantics in the process of supervised text classification. This effect is evaluated through an experimental study on documents related to the medical domain using the UMLS (Unified Medical Language System) as a semantic resource. This evaluation follows four scenarios involving semantics at different steps of the classification process: the first scenario incorporates the conceptualization step where text is enriched with corresponding concepts from UMLS; both the second and the third scenarios concern enriching vectors that represent text as Bag of Concepts (BOC) with similar concepts; the last scenario considers using semantics during class prediction, where concepts as well as the relations between them are involved in decision making. We test the first scenario using three popular classification techniques: Rocchio, NB and SVM. We choose Rocchio for the other scenarios for its extendibility with semantics. According to experiment, results demonstrated significant improvement in classification performance using conceptualization before indexing. Moderate improvements are reported using conceptualized text representation with semantic enrichment after indexing or with semantic text-to-text semantic similarity measures for prediction.

La subrogation est un mode privilégié de transmission des créances en assurance maritime. Elle met en présence les principaux acteurs du commerce maritime : l'assuré, l'assureur et le tiers responsable. La subrogation de l'assureur maritime a toujours bénéficié d'une faveur particulière se traduisant par la souplesse des textes juridiques aussi bien pour la subrogation légale qui s'exerce de plein droit par le seul fait de la loi, que pour la subrogation conventionnelle qui procède de la volonté des parties. Cependant, face aux exigences procédurales des juridictions, le contentieux de la subrogation tend davantage vers un durcissement. Dès lors, la question se pose de savoir s'il existe d'autres alternatives pour l'assureur maritime ? Le recours à l'arbitrage constitue une bonne solution au regard de la souplesse des sentences rendues en la matière. Aussi, la jurisprudence judiciaire fait état d'une grande évolution qui porterait les assureurs vers des moyens de droit commun, entre autres, la cession de créance, la répétition de l'indû et l'action "de in rem verso" pour pallier l'incertitude du contentieux de la subrogation. Sur le plan du droit international privé, il n'y a pas de règle spécifique à la subrogation de l'assureur maritime. Mais, les Règlements Rome I et Rome II édictent des mécanismes de conflits de lois applicables aux relations contractuelles et extra contractuelles. Ils désignent la loi qui régit la subrogation / Subrogation is a privileged mode of transmission of claims in marine insurance. It brings together key players in the maritime trade: the insured, the insurer and the third party responsible. Subrogation of the underwriter has always enjoyed a special favor resulting flexibility of legal texts both for subrogation exerted automatically by the fact of the law, for contractual subrogation which proceeds the will of the parties. However, faced with the procedural requirements of the courts, litigation of subrogation tends more toward a cure. Therefore, the question arises of whether if there are other alternatives to the underwriter? The arbitration is a good solution in terms of the flexibility of awards made in the matter. Also, judicial jurisprudence reported a great change that would insurers to ordinary means, among other things, the assignment, the repetition of the undue and action "de in rem verso" to overcome the uncertainty of litigation of subrogation. In terms of private international law, there is no specific rule of subrogation of the marine insurer. However, the Regulations Rome I and Rome II enact conflict mechanisms applicable to contractual and extra-contractual. They designate the law that governs subrogation

L’hôpital public est une organisation qui connait de nombreuses transformations pour favoriser l’efficacité et l’efficience des soins. De nouvelles organisations du travail sont mises en place accompagnées de nouvelles règles de gestion comme la tarification à l’activité (T2A), qui vise à optimiser l’offre de soins tout en permettant un financement par les activités hospitalières. Ces évolutions ont des impacts potentiellement négatifs sur la gestion des ressources humaines. Aujourd’hui, les professionnels hospitaliers en particulier les soignants, majoritairement féminins, doivent faire face à une augmentation de l’activité hospitalière, à la pression du temps, aux contraintes horaires etc.Ces difficultés, que rencontrent les soignants au travail, débordent dans la sphère privée faisant aujourd’hui de la conciliation vie privée-vie professionnelle l’un des principaux enjeux de la qualité de vie au travail des soignants. Les difficultés à concilier vie privée-vie professionnelle peuvent être à l’origine d’une baisse de la satisfaction et de l’implication. A l’inverse, une bonne conciliation peut favoriser le développent de la satisfaction et de l’implication au travail et un enrichissement entre les sphères de vie professionnelle et personnelle. Cette recherche,sur les déterminants et les conséquences du conflit et de l’enrichissement travail-famille, repose sur une étude qualitative et quantitative. Les résultats mettent en évidence le rôle des conditions de travail (exigences de travail et autonomie au travail) et l’importance des ressources organisationnelles (soutien organisationnel, temps suffisant, horaires adaptés) et familiale (soutien familial) dans la survenance du conflit et dans le développement de l’enrichissement travail-famille. En outre, le conflit et l’enrichissement travail-famille peuvent jouer un rôle dans l’implication organisationnelle et la satisfaction des soignants. D’un point de vue managérial, notre recherche fait apparaître la nécessité pour l’hôpital, soucieux d’offrir des soins de qualité, d’améliorer le bien-être de ses professionnels et d’investir dans la qualité de vie au travail qui pourrait bien être un facteur d’attractivité des hôpitaux publics dans un contexte de nombreux de départs en retraite. / Public hospital has undertaken many transformations in order to favour the effectiveness and the efficiency of care. The implementation of new forms of work organisation has been accompanied by the introduction of new governance rules like the “tarification à l’activité” (the pricing based on activity, T2A) which aims at optimizing healthcare provision while allowing the hospital to fund its activities. These changes potentially have negative impacts on human resources management. Nowadays, healthcare workers (predominantly women) have to face an increase in hospital activities, pressure of time, schedule constraints (time restriction) etc.The difficulties that are facing healthcare workers in their job also affect their private life.Therefore, today, reconciling work and family life is one of the main issues of healthcare workers’ quality of work-life. Difficulties in achieving a balance between work and family life can lead to a decrease in the level of job satisfaction and commitment. Conversely, a good work-life balance can encourage job satisfaction, work commitment, and work-life enrichment.The purpose of this research is to study the determinants and consequences of the work-family conflict and enrichment.This research uses a qualitative and a quantitative approach.The results indicated the role of working conditions (work demands and autonomy) and the importance of organizational resources (organizational support, sufficient time, flexible schedules) and family support in the occurrence of the conflict and in the development of enrichment.Besides, work-family conflict and enrichment can play a role in healthcare workers’ satisfaction and organizational commitment.From a management perspective, our research indicated the need for the hospital that is concerned with providing quality care, to improve the well-being of its healthcare workers and invest in the quality of work life. This could be a factor that would make public hospitals attractive in a context of large number of retirements.