This study attempts to shed light on the efficacy of crowdsourcing as a means of translating web content in Canada. Within, we seek to explore and understand if a model can be created that can estimate the effectiveness of crowdsourced translation as a means of bridging the Canadian Linguistic Digital Divide. To test our hypotheses and models, we use structural equation modeling techniques coupled with confidence intervals for comparing experimental crowdsourced translation to both professional and machine translation baselines. Furthermore, we explore a variety of factors which influence the quality of the experimental translations, how those translations performed in the context of their source text, and the ways in which the views of the quality of the experimental translations were measured before and after participants were made aware of how the experimental translations were created.

L'historiographie qui porte sur le travail rémunéré des femmes au Québec remonte à une trentaine d'années. Les études se penchent presqu'exclusivement sur des cas montréalais. L'historiographie des régions québécoises se concentre surtout sur le développement économique et industriel des petites villes et des campagnes. Cette étude vise à mieux connaître l'histoire des travailleuses en région, et particulièrement à Shawinigan. Comment la dynamique de petite ville industrielle de Shawinigan a-t-elle façonné la vie de travail des femmes entre 1945 et 1963 ? Nous avons choisi de prendre comme exemple les employées de bureau de la Shawinigan Water and Power, l'entreprise fondatrice de Shawinigan et l'un des employeurs les plus influents de la petite municipalité. Pour répondre à cette question, nous avons eu recours aux journaux d'entreprise et à divers documents des archives d'Hydro-Québec, aux journaux locaux de l'époque ainsi qu'à des entrevues avec six anciennes employées de la Shawinigan Water and Power. Dans les années cinquante, la ville de Shawinigan jouit encore d'un certain prestige même si l'économie locale, basée sur l'industrie lourde et le textile, est sur le point de s'effondrer. La vie communautaire est très dynamique et les activités culturelles et sportives multiples. La population shawiniganaise est majoritairement canadienne-française et catholique. On compte toutefois une élite anglophone protestante très influente. Les possibilités d'emplois offertes aux femmes demeurent réduites mais les sources démontrent que plusieurs d'entre elles peuvent choisir ou non de se marier, devenir propriétaire et voyager. Des femmes mariées et des mères choisissent aussi de continuer à occuper un emploi rémunéré. La Shawinigan Water and Power a utilisé de nombreuses pratiques paternalistes et de corporate welfare capitalism dans la gestion de son entreprise. Ces pratiques se sont révélées fort efficaces puisque les employés, bien que syndiqués, étaient peu militants au sein de la compagnie-mère. Cette culture d'entreprise, ainsi que les relations entre les cadres anglophones et les employés francophones, ont grandement influencé la vie quotidienne des travailleuses. Même si leur accès à des promotions demeurait réduit, certaines employées ont su se réaliser au travail. Elles ont également développé une culture propre marquée par la camaraderie et l'entraide. Ces constatations nous amènent donc à conclure que malgré la petite taille de la ville de Shawinigan, ce qui implique souvent un milieu plus conservateur, et le nombre réduit de modèles proposés aux femmes, certaines Shawiniganaises des années cinquante ont pu mener une vie de travail bien remplie et enrichissante. Les employées de la Shawinigan Water and Power, qui travaillaient en anglais et côtoyaient des anglophones, ont également pu découvrir une autre culture et un autre mode de vie. Cette influence, différente de celle de leur milieu familial, les a amenées à développer de nouveaux modèles de vie. Tenaillées entre deux cultures, les Shawiniganaises ont développé un mode de vie moins conservateur. précurseur de la Révolution tranquille qui était sur le point d'éclore au Québec. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Histoire, Québec, XXe Siècle, Shawinigan, Shawinigan Water and Power, Femmes, Travail de bureau, Paternalisme, Corporate welfare capitalism.

In this thesis I investigate connections between modern Anglophone and Francophone Caribbean fiction between the 1950s and the present. My study brings into focus literary representations of inter-related histories and cultures and problematises the fragmentation of Caribbean studies into separate academic disciplines. The disciplinary compartmentalisation of Caribbean studies into English studies on the one hand and French and Francophone studies on the other has contributed to a reading of Caribbean literature within separate linguistic spheres. This division is strikingly reflected in the scarcity of any sustained literary criticism that acknowledges cultural and literary interpenetration within the archipelago. My comparative study of selected Anglophone and Francophone Caribbean fiction allows me to account for the ethnic, cultural, linguistic and historical diversity of Caribbean societies while, at the same time, foregrounding their inter-relatedness. Through a series of specific case studies the thesis illuminates ways in which theoretical concepts and literary tropes have travelled within the archipelago. Through a close reading of selected narrative fiction I will contextualise and analyse significant underlying linguistic, ethnic and cultural links between the various Caribbean societies which are largely based on the shared history of slavery, colonialism and decolonisation processes. The themes of migration, transformation and creolisation will be at the centre of my investigation. Chapter One establishes the historical and literary-critical framework for this thesis by engaging with key developments in Anglophone and Francophone Caribbean writing from the 1920s until the present. My comparison of the most influential trends in both Anglophone and Francophone Caribbean literature and criticism from the discourse of négritude to postcolonial studies seeks to highlight connections between these two linguistically divided fields of study. The analysis of Caribbean fiction in Chapters Two to Four pursues such theoretical, stylistic and thematic links further. Chapter Two challenges the conception of postwar Antillean and West Indian writing produced in the metropolis as distinct literary canons by drawing attention to thematic connections between the two traditions. Through the comparison of The Lonely Londoners by Samuel Selvon and La Fête à Paris by Joseph Zobel it argues that these continuities represent a wider trend in ‘black European’ writing. Chapter Three examines concepts of cultural identity which have been central to Anglophone and Francophone Caribbean literature and criticism during the last two decades. Specifically it focuses on the notions of hybridity, créolité/creoleness and créolisation/creolisation which it discusses in relation to Robert Antoni’s novel Divina Trace and Patrick Chamoiseau’s Texaco. The final chapter focuses on Shani Mootoo’s and Gisèle Pineau’s representations of specific female experiences of trauma which are related to reiterated colonial violence. Their fictional portrayal of suppressed memories can be read in light of recent critical debates about a collective remembrance of the history of slavery and colonialism.

La période de l'Union des Canadas est surtout connue – aux points de vue politique et idéologique – sous l'angle des deux principaux groupes politiques de cette période chez les Canadiens français : les réformistes et les rouges. En effet, c'est sur ces deux groupes que s'est majoritairement penchée l'historiographie. Ainsi, l'on retient des premiers leur acceptation de l'Union, l'alliance avec les réformistes du Haut-Canada dans le but d'obtenir le gouvernement responsable, leur adhésion au libéralisme économique et leur alliance avec l'Église catholique ultramontaine. De leur côté, les seconds sont connus pour leur rejet de l'Union, leur anticléricalisme, le libéralisme démocratique et leur anticolonialisme, qui a conduit certains d'entre eux à préconiser l'annexion aux États-Unis à la fin des années 1840. Entre ces deux groupes durant l'Union, il ne semble pas y avoir eu d'alternatives valables pour les Canadiens français dans l'historiographie. Ceux qui n'ont pas adhéré aux visions de l'un de ces deux groupes sont perçus comme des marginaux ou des individus qui ont erré. C'est notamment le sort réservé à l'homme qui est l'objet d'étude de ce mémoire : Denis-Benjamin Viger. Le portrait d'ensemble qui ressort de ce dernier dans les ouvrages consacrés à la période de l'Union est plutôt négatif, en grande partie à cause du rôle qu'il a joué au sein du Conseil exécutif de Charles Metcalfe, de 1843 à 1846. En retraçant le parcours politique et idéologique de Viger depuis le début du XIXe siècle, notre étude vise à faire toute la lumière sur cet épisode controversé. Il en ressort un portrait beaucoup plus nuancé du personnage, qui a occupé le poste politique le plus important chez les Canadiens français durant près de trois années. Inspiré par divers courants idéologiques tels que l'humanisme civique des Anciens, le conservatisme d'un Edmund Burke ou d'un Joseph de Maistre, le libéralisme catholique de Félicité de Lamennais, de même que par le courant nationalitaire européen, Denis-Benjamin Viger rejette l'Union dans les années 1840, mais prône tout de même la participation politique des Canadiens français pour que ceux-ci œuvrent de l'intérieur afin de défaire un état de fait qu'il considère « contre-nature ». C'est dans cette optique qu'il met progressivement sur pied une stratégie originale qui réussit durant quelque temps à ébranler l'unité des réformistes de Louis-Hippolyte LaFontaine et qui perdurera dans une version édulcorée durant toute la période de l'Union des Canadas : la double majorité. Ainsi, par ses idées et son action politique dans les années 1840, Denis-Benjamin Viger proposait une autre vision du présent et de l'avenir pour les Canadiens français. C'est cette vision que nous analysons dans ce mémoire. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : histoire politique, Union des Canadas, Denis-Benjamin Viger, double majorité, nationalisme.

L'informatique est un champ d'étude relativement jeune, mais suffisamment développé pour être devenu une discipline distincte. Ce mémoire analyse le développement de la discipline informatique au Québec, au niveau de l'enseignement et de la recherche universitaire. Cette étude utilise les archives de trois universités québécoises, ainsi que des bases de données sur les publications et le financement de la recherche. La naissance de l'informatique remonte à la Deuxième Guerre mondiale aux États-Unis. Au Canada, cette discipline s'est développée d'abord à l'Université de Toronto, pour ensuite émerger à l'Université de Montréal et à l'Université McGill dans les années 1960. L'analyse des archives de l'Université de Montréal, de l'Université McGill et de l'Université du Québec à Montréal, a permis de constater qu'il existe une différence dans l'émergence de la discipline informatique entre les universités francophones et anglophones. L'émergence de l'informatique dans les universités francophones s'est faite davantage dans un but académique et axé sur la recherche, alors que dans les universités anglophones, le but consistait surtout à répondre au marché du travail. Dans les universités francophones et anglophones, le développement de l'enseignement s'est par la suite fait dans le but de combler plus adéquatement les besoins de l'industrie informatique. L'étude des bases de données sur les publications ainsi que le financement de la recherche a permis de constater que les fonds de recherche ont augmenté considérablement avec le développement de l'industrie informatique. Finalement, l'étude a permis de voir que, dans les années 1970, le développement de la discipline informatique dans les universités a largement été influencé par le milieu industriel. Cette influence s'est accentuée, dans les années 1980, par la volonté des gouvernements fédéral et provincial d'investir dans ce domaine prometteur. ______________________________________________________________________________

This study attempts to shed light on the efficacy of crowdsourcing as a means of translating web content in Canada. Within, we seek to explore and understand if a model can be created that can estimate the effectiveness of crowdsourced translation as a means of bridging the Canadian Linguistic Digital Divide. To test our hypotheses and models, we use structural equation modeling techniques coupled with confidence intervals for comparing experimental crowdsourced translation to both professional and machine translation baselines. Furthermore, we explore a variety of factors which influence the quality of the experimental translations, how those translations performed in the context of their source text, and the ways in which the views of the quality of the experimental translations were measured before and after participants were made aware of how the experimental translations were created.

The study investigates the interface between the variables - language attitude and language use in a development context, and attempts to determine the contribution of language to Rwanda's post-conflict development, reconstruction and reconciliation. It examines the language attitudes and language use patterns of 53 students from Rwanda's public universities focusing on how students, who are all Rwandan citizens, view the role of Kinyarwanda, French, English and Kiswahili languages in twelve core areas of post-conflict development. Although post-conflict development is socio-economic, previous historical and political factors affecting Rwanda's violent past play a role as new forms of linguistic categorization - Anglophone and Francophone - emerge which may be used to camouflage previous ethnic categorizations that have had disastrous effects in Rwanda. Further, social categorizations laden with salient features of linguistic identity may influence the implementation of the post-conflict development programmes, and also affect the pace and pattern of reconciliation in Rwanda. Conclusions are based on eclectic sources: quantitative, qualitative, historical and participatory, with patterns of analysis established from secondary and historical data. The study is also grounded in the Communication Accommodation Theory that rests on issues of divergence and convergence during interaction where emerging language identities dovetail with language attitudes and language use, resulting in an interface that influences the implementation of Rwanda's post-conflict development programmes. Additionally, it is argued that the African languages such as Kinyarwanda and Kiswahili, should be considered as vehicles for Rwanda's post-conflict development, although Kinyarwanda, the home language, has in the past really not served an intranational unifying function. On the other hand, Kiswahili, unlike Kinyarwanda, has no divisive myths and identities that would inhibit post-conflict development; it is an important language in the East and Central African region where post-conflict Rwanda will play a positive and active role, and would be a language to be positively developed. / African Languages / D.Litt et Phil. (African Languages)

xi, 180 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This dissertation examines the relationship between British and American conceptualizations of the Anglophone Caribbean and the way that Anglophone Caribbean fiction writers and filmmakers tend to represent the region. Central to my project is the process of reexportation, whereby Caribbean artists attain success at home by first achieving renown abroad. I argue that the primary implication of reexportation is that British and American conceptualizations of the Anglophone Caribbean have had a determining effect upon attempts by Anglophone Caribbean fiction writers and filmmakers to represent the region. Chapter I introduces the dissertation. Chapter II, "The 'Double Audience' of Samuel Selvon and The Lonely Londoners ," concerns Trinidadian author Samuel Selvon, who--along with George Lamming, Derek Walcott, and V. S. Naipaul--is cited as being among the most important and influential of the West Indian authors who began publishing in the 1950s. Although I consider all of Selvon's ten novels in that chapter, my main concern is The Lonely Londoners (1956), Selvon's best known and perhaps most pivotal and misread novel. Chapter III, "Contrapuntally Re-reading Perry Henzell's The Harder They Come, " features a reevaluation of the Jamaican filmmaker's 1972 motion picture, which in many complex ways remains the Caribbean film. Chapter IV, " Pressure and the Caribbean," focuses on Trinidadian filmmaker Horace Ove's Pressure (1975), which I deliberately treat as a Caribbean film although it is still best known as Britain's first feature-length dramatic movie with a "black" director. Vital secondary texts include selected works by Edward Said, Mikhail Bahktin, and Richard Dyer, as well as Kenneth Ramchand, Keith Warner, and D. Elliott Parris. The three existing book-length analyses of Selvon's fiction are the main voices with which the Selvon chapter is in discourse. David Bordwell's work in cinematic narrative theory and Marcia Landy's contribution to the study of British genres are essential to the frameworks through which I read the cinematic primary texts. / Adviser: Gordon Sayre

This thesis explores South African author K Sello Duiker's The Quiet Violence of Dreams (2001) as a narration of personal and national trauma. This narration of trauma, as a disruption of the past in the present, provides insight to an imagination of recursive temporality. Through the temporal insights trauma introduces, it understands a shared history which is outside of modern, linear progression, a history which is always happening, not needing to prove itself but begging to be witnessed. It is this imagination of a collective, recursive history which translates, in the text, towards a decidedly decolonial witnessing.

The social sciences have developed robust bodies of scholarship on expertise and professionalism, yet literary analyses of the two remain comparatively sparse. I address this gap in Boundaries of Knowledge by examining recent Anglophone fiction and showing that expertise and professionalism are central concerns of contemporary authors, both as subject matter in fiction and in their public identities. I argue that the novelists studied use and abuse expertise and professionalism: they critique professions as participant observers, and also borrow the mantle of expert credibility to bolster their own cultural capital while documenting the pitfalls of expertise in their fiction. My first chapter shows how acquired technical knowledge and professionalism are the central concerns of Ian McEwan’s Saturday. In the novel, Henry Perowne’s professionalism is the site from which various ethical and political debates radiate. Perowne—depicted as a rather heroic expert in comparison to the other novels studied in the dissertation—is disturbed by a total outsider in the form of Baxter, a man with no prospects or future, professional or otherwise. McEwan aligns himself more closely with Perowne: in part through extensive research for Saturday, he has developed a reputation as a public figure who straddles the “two cultures” of the sciences and humanities, a reputation that exists in a synergistic relationship with his particular brand of realist fiction, which emphasizes hard work and professional credibility. Next, I demonstrate how Zadie Smith’s On Beauty reveals a deep suspicion of academia, which in the novel serves to cut disciplinary experts off both from the world outside campus and from an appreciation of the subjects they study. Smith’s academic professionals are well-intentioned but unable to look beyond field-specific boundaries to appreciate their objects of study (and unintentionally harm outsiders along the way). Larger issues such as race are always present but at the margins of the interpersonal drama that plays out between the novel’s numerous characters. I read Smith herself as reluctantly accepting academic life, teaching at New York University while maintaining a qualified distance from American academia in articles and interviews. Chapters one and two are broadly about the advantages and drawbacks of expert knowledge, respectively. In my third chapter, Abdulrazak Gurnah offers the most circumspect view of experts yet with a fear of a “summarizing” expert or colonizer of knowledge that is only resolved by the arrival of a more authentic Zanzibari expert. In an analysis of Gurnah’s By the Sea, I show how professional networks--the United Kingdom’s immigration and refugee system, the colonial education system in Zanzibar, and the professoriate--raise questions about who is entitled to and capable of narrating people’s lives. These questions dovetail both with the novel’s shifting narrative form and with the concerns of Gurnah’s own work as a scholar of literature. Beginning with McEwan and ending with Gurnah, Boundaries of Knowledge travels from the most socially and economically secure, elite experts to those left behind by contemporary professionalism. My title reflects this troubled landscape of expert knowledge and professionalism: who knows what, the benefits and drawbacks of the accompanying cultural capital, and the barriers between various fields, sets of knowledge, and finally people.