First, we consider different kinds of representation of uncertainty and the meth- ods for updating each of them by conditioning. We focus on the generic frame- work of (conditional) plausibility spaces, since it generalises all the introduced representations. Further, we select three frameworks and list the properties that need to be added to a conditional plausibility space in order to recover each of these frameworks. The main goal of this work, however, is to show how public announcement on single-agent plausibility models, ranking structures, and pos- sibility structures realised by their corresponding update mechanisms, can be embedded into the framework of conditional plausibility spaces. At the very end we briefly illustrate a general update model using plausibility measures. Keywords: belief revision, dynamic logic, epistemic logic, plausibility space, pub- lic announcement, uncertainty, update.

1 Abstract The diploma thesis will focus on television as a constantly evolving medium and the question whether the present TV audience is still a viewer and is suitable for the classic mass media, or that television is so close to the new media that it would be more convenient to talk about its "users ". Based on the assumption that society's access to television has changed over the years of its existence, we will archaeologically investigate television from the perspective of several leading media theorists over the past decades. We will examine first of all how the interface between the television medium and the viewer has changed, and especially the possibilities that television offers to its audience. At first, we will focus on the perspective of Marshall McLuhan, the theme of the remedation of the authors Jay D. Bolter and Richard Grusin. Subsequently, we will focus on the research direction of media archeology, based on the work of Michael Foucault's Archeology of Knowledge, and will examine the television and the discourse it is part of. We will focus on the ideas of writers such as Jussi Parikka, Siegfried Zielinski, William Uricchio and Axel Bruns. The work of Lva Manoviche and others will also appear. Particular attention will be paid to the gradual development of television as a medium and its...

This study examines whether there is a difference in the impact on the cumulative average abnormal return (CAAR) when announcing merger and acquisitions for companies that are members and companies that are non-members of UN Global Compact. Furthermore, the study examines the development of CAAR by dividing the acquiring companies in the financial-, industrial-, and high-technology industries. To examine this, a quantitative method with an event study is applied. In total, CAAR is examined for 204 acquisitions where 102 acquisitions are announced by companies that are connected to UN Global Compact 10 principles. All of the acquisitions have been announced between the period 2009-01-01 to 2019-12-31. The hypotheses regarding differences in abnormal returns in the financial, industrial and high-technology industry have been tested in a significance tests and presented in tables and graphs. The results of the study shows that companies that are members, regardless of industry, are negative affected by the announcement of merger and acquisitions. Furthermore, there is differences in how CAAR for members and non-members are affected by the announcement of acquisitions depending on the industry in which the companies are located. The conclusion is that non-members present the highest values of CAAR in all industries but significance can only be showed in the industrial industry. Significance can be showed for members in all industries. / Denna studie undersöker om det föreligger skillnad i påverkan på den genomsnittliga kumulativa abnormala avkastningen (CAAR) vid tillkännagivande av företagsförvärv för företag som är medlemmar respektive icke medlemmar i UN Global Compact. Vidare undersöker studien utvecklingen i CAAR genom att dela in de förvärvande företagen inom finans-, industri- och högteknologiska branschen. Metoden som valts ut är en kvantitativ metod där en eventstudie tillämpas. Totalt undersöks CAAR för 204 stycken förvärv, där 102 stycken förvärv är utannonserade av företag som är anslutna till UN Global Compacts tio principer. Alla förvärv har utannonserats mellan perioden 2009-01-01 till och med 2019-12-31. För att undersöka ställda hypoteser har tabeller och diagram upprättats där signifikans har blivit säkerställd genom ett signifikanstest. Resultaten av undersökningen visar att företag som är medlemmar, oberoende av bransch, påverkas negativt med anledning av tillkännagivande av förvärv, där påverkan även statistiskt kan säkerställas med en signifikans på 90%. Vidare påvisas skillnader i hur medlemmar respektive icke medlemmars CAAR påverkas av tillkännagivande av förvärv beroende på vilken bransch företagen befinner sig inom. Slutsatsen blir att icke medlemmar uppvisar högst värden av CAAR inom samtliga branscher men signifikans kan endast påvisas inom industribranschen. För medlemmar kan signifikans påvisas inom samtliga branscher.

Essay one investigates registered insider sales as stated in the final prospectus filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to test managerial market timing ability during the Seasoned Equity Offering (SEO) process. Using a comprehensive sample of 1,051 SEOs between 1997 and 2005, the findings suggest that the initial market reaction and the long-run post-issue performance of issuers are negatively related to C-level executive insider sales, but unrelated to sales by non-executive insiders. Overall, the findings are consistent with the notion that executive insiders are aware of the mispricing in their firm’s securities and successfully time their sales by participating in the secondary components of SEOs. The implication is that SEOs with C-level executive sales are overvalued relative to both SEOs without insider sales and SEOs with only non-executive insider sales. In the second essay, we compare shareholder wealth effects of dual-class and single-class Seasoned Equity Offerings (SEOs) between 1997 and 2005. While there is no difference in pre-issue stock performance or the initial market reaction to the SEO announcements, dual-class issuers significantly underperform single-class issuers in the post-issue years. The mean three-year underperformance of dual-class firms relative to single-class is a significant 28.93% (30.45%) in buy-and-hold raw (abnormal) stock returns, and robust to alternative model specifications. We document that this relative long-run stock underperformance is related to differences in the impacts of post-issue capital expenditures and acquisitions for dual and single-class issuers. Similarly, post-issue corporate cash holdings also contribute less to the shareholder wealth for dual-class firms.

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Bakgrund och problem: Utvecklingen inom bilindustrin går mot att allt fler miljöbilar ser dagens ljus. Företag verksamma på en marknad där konkurrensen är hög, som bilindustrin, tvingas till ett innovativt beteende för att inte prestera sämre än sina konkurrenter. Att introducera innovationer på en marknad är förknippat med stor risk och potentiellt höga kostnader, särskilt om innovationen misslyckas. Utifrån detta har följande frågeställning utvecklats:  - Finns det ett samband mellan annonsering av miljöbilar och aktieavkastning?  För begränsa och konkretisera frågeställningen har följande underfråga formulerats:  - Har annonseringar av miljöbilar en direkt (kortsiktig) påverkan på företags abnormala aktieavkastning?  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera om det existerar ett samband mellan annonsering av innovationer i bilindustrin och aktieavkastning.  Metod: Studien har en deduktiv ansats där hypoteser tagits fram utifrån tidigare forskning och teorier. Studien utgår från en eventstudiemetodik där ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt tillämpats för insamlingen av data. Urvalet består av 20 börsnoterade bilföretag som har annonserat en eller fler miljöbilsmodeller under perioden 1 januari 2017 - 31 december 2021.  Resultat och slutsats: Studiens resultat kunde inte påvisa någon signifikant abnormal avkastning i samband med annonsering av en ny miljöbil. Detta styrker den effektiva marknadshypotesens validitet. Resultatet tyder på att annonseringen i sig inte är tillräcklig för att marknaden ska reagera. Investerares värdering tenderar att ändras över tid, vilket ger upphov till vidare forskning om miljöbilars påverkan på företags kassaflöde på lång sikt. / Background and issue: The trend in the automotive industry today is clear, eco-friendly cars are about to replace cars powered by fossil fuels. Companies operating in the very competitive automotive industry are forced to innovate in order to outperform their competitors. At the same time, there is a great risk when introducing innovations, as these can constitute a large cost for companies, especially if the innovation fails. Based on this, the following question has been raised:  - Is there a relationship between announcements of eco-friendly cars and stock return?  To limit and concretize the question, the following sub-question has been formulated:  - Do announcements of eco-friendly cars have a direct (short-term) impact on company's abnormal stock returns?  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to analyze if there is a relationship between the announcements of innovations in the automotive industry and stock return.  Methodology: This study has a deductive approach where hypotheses, based on previous research and theories, have been developed. The study is based on an event study methodology where a quantitative approach has been applied to accumulate data. The sample consists of 20 car companies listed on the stock exchange, and that announced one or more eco-friendly car models during the period January 1, 2017 - December 31, 2021.  Results and conclusion: The results could not establish any significance from the measured abnormal returns in conjunction with the announcement of new eco-friendly cars. This confirms the validity of the efficient market hypothesis. Furthermore, the results can be interpreted as requiring more than just the announcement for a reaction to be visible. Investors valuation tend to change over time, which provides evidence for further research on the effect that eco-friendly cars have on company's cash flow in the long term.

Companies spend trillions of dollars on mergers and acquisitions (M&A) every year, and tens of thousands of new M&A deals are announced every year. However, despite the huge costs, only 10% to 30% of the M&As announced, get finalized (Christensen et al., 2011).There is extensive research conducted on why M&As fail, and their implications for the companies involved in the transaction. However, these large deals do not only impact the firms directly involved in the deal.  Microsoft, one of the world’s most influential companies, made on the 18th of January 2022 an acquisition announcement regarding its intent to acquire Activation Blizzard, one of the world’s largest game studios. The announcement made headlines all over the world and resulted in protests from competitors of the two companies. One of these competitors, Sony, experienced a 13% drop in stock price due to the acquisition announcement.  This thesis investigates the effect of acquisition announcements on the stock return of competitors to the target company. The study is examining the competitors stock return during the month leading up to the announcement, as well as the stock return during the month following the announcement. The authors have taken inspiration from a previous study “Acquisitions: A curse or blessing for direct competitors? The impact of target ownership structure” conducted by Mataigne et al. (2021).  By reviewing over 700 market reactions to acquisition announcements over a 10-year period, the authors were able to statistically test the differences in mean stock return. The authors were able to conclude that acquisition announcements have a negative impact on the stock return of competitors, and thereby answer the proposed research question: “What is the effect of acquisitions announcements on the stock returns of target company’s competitors in Sweden?”. Competitors to the target firm of an acquisition will experience the most significant change in their stock returns in the time period close to the announcement, after which the reaction will stabilize. The empirical findings of the study contribute to the field of knowledge using Behavioral Finance, the Efficient Market Hypothesis, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Stakeholder Theory, the Mitchell Model, and various market valuation methods.  Evidently, theories as part of the Behavioral Finance scope, such as the Efficient Market Hypothesis, provide support to the findings following the acquisition announcement. Theories such as the Stakeholder Theory and the Mitchell Model have helped identify competitors' stakeholder role to show how various events and organizations affect them as stakeholders in the market.  This study, which utilizes over 60.000 datapoints from daily price data for its analysis, takes a deductive approach within the positivist paradigm framework. The data is statistically tested using paired t-tests.

The hospitality industry, with its dynamic business environment, has experienced unprecedented disruption and reconfiguration due to the emergence and success of sharing economy firms and online travel agencies. This turbulence calls for effective governance structures that can motivate managers to act in their shareholders' best interests. Despite the importance of effective corporate governance for firm performance and the topic receiving extensive scholarly attention in the management and finance literatures, there seem to be several gaps and mixed findings in the hospitality academic field. To facilitate scholarly advancement, identify gaps in the current knowledge base, and provide direction for future research, in the first essay I undertake a systematic review of research on corporate governance in the hospitality literature. Based on 115 peer-reviewed articles published since 1961, I identify 21 themes explored by scholars, and find that topics related to institutional ownership, executive compensation determinants, board size, and merger and acquisition (MandA) outcomes are commonly examined, whereas topics related to family ownership, debt, and regulation/law are seldom explored. This review contributes to the literature by taking stock of what we know and offering a one-stop-shop for scholars to understand and extend corporate governance literature published in the hospitality field. While evidence in the general business literature suggests that targets, instead of acquirers, are better off after the acquisition, limited studies in the hospitality industry have shown that both bidders and targets are better off after the merger, suggesting that MandAs are more successful in the hospitality industry than in other industries. In the second essay, I empirically examine whether this is indeed the case and what may explain the potential discrepancy in merger performance. Using a comparative study design and a comprehensive sample over 41 years, I find that overall acquirers gain from MandAs, and hospitality MandAs outperform non-hospitality MandAs. Bidders in the hospitality industry are more likely than non-hospitality bidders to acquire large, related targets, using an all-cash mode of payment. Except for industry relatedness, relative size, cash payment, and unlisted target are all positively related to merger performance. This study contributes to the literature by identifying several factors that can explain the differences in MandA performance between hospitality and non-hospitality firms. Despite the fact that MandAs are frequently pursued as a growth strategy in the hospitality industry, their effect on chief executive officer (CEO) compensation has not been systematically examined. Considering that CEO compensation is an important topic related to firm performance, management, and social responsibility, in the third essay I examine the relationship between MandAs and CEO compensation in a sample of hospitality firms consisting of 1,514 firm-year observations over a period of 27 years. The regression analyses find that CEO compensation is significantly higher in the year after large acquisitions; well-governed firms identified via tenure, the Entrenchment-index, and board independence pay their CEOs higher post-acquisition than poorly-governed firms; the fraction of equity-based compensation is unrelated to MandA propensity; and the fraction of cash-based compensation is negatively related to MandA propensity. The additional analyses indicate that CEOs are rewarded for positive stock returns but not penalized for negative stock returns, and even more so in well-governed firms after acquisition. This study finds that MandAs and corporate governance are determinants of CEO compensation and the form of CEO compensation matters to acquisition decisions in hospitality firms. The findings are of importance for shareholders and the board of directors to design compensation plans that align the interests of managers and shareholders. / Doctor of Philosophy / The hospitality industry, with its dynamic business environment, has experienced unprecedented disruption and reconfiguration due to the emergence and success of sharing economy firms and online travel agencies. This turbulence calls for effective governance structures that can motivate managers to act in their shareholders' best interests. Despite the importance of effective corporate governance for firm performance and the topic receiving extensive scholarly attention in the management and finance literatures, there seem to be several gaps and mixed findings in the hospitality academic field. To facilitate scholarly advancement, identify gaps in the current knowledge base, and provide direction for future research, in the first essay I undertake a systematic review of research on corporate governance in the hospitality literature, and find that topics related to institutional ownership, executive compensation determinants, board size, and merger and acquisition (MandA) outcomes are commonly examined, whereas topics related to family ownership, debt, and regulation/law are seldom explored. This review contributes to the literature by taking stock of what we know and offering a one-stop-shop for scholars to understand and extend corporate governance literature published in the hospitality field. In the second essay, I empirically examine whether MandAs are more successful in the hospitality industry than in other industries and what may explain the potential discrepancy in merger performance. I find that overall acquirers gain from MandAs, and hospitality MandAs outperform non-hospitality MandAs. Bidders in the hospitality industry are more likely than non-hospitality bidders to acquire large, related targets, using an all-cash mode of payment. Except for industry relatedness, relative size, cash payment, and unlisted target are all positively related to merger performance. This study contributes to the literature by identifying several factors that can explain the differences in MandA performance between hospitality and non-hospitality firms. In the third essay I examine the relationship between MandAs and CEO compensation in a sample of hospitality firms, and find that CEO compensation is significantly higher in the year after large acquisitions; well-governed firms identified via tenure, the Entrenchment-index, and board independence pay their CEOs higher post-acquisition than poorly-governed firms; the fraction of equity-based compensation is unrelated to MandA propensity; and the fraction of cash-based compensation is negatively related to MandA propensity. The additional analyses indicate that CEOs are rewarded for positive stock returns but not penalized for negative stock returns, and even more so in well-governed firms after acquisition. This study finds that MandAs and corporate governance are determinants of CEO compensation and the form of CEO compensation matters to acquisition decisions in hospitality firms. The findings are of importance for shareholders and the board of directors to design compensation plans that align the interests of managers and shareholders.

隨著台灣加入世界貿易組織(WTO)及國際資本市場進一步地整合，國際融資工具如海外存託憑證及海外可轉換公司債近年來備受企業的喜愛，成為企業進行海外市場擴張的一大利器。尤其近二、三年來台灣更掀起發行海外可轉換公司債的籌資風潮。本研究目的在了解此現象對公司價值的影響及市場投資人相關的反應。 本文針對1993至2001年間台灣上市、上櫃公司成功發行的61檔國內可轉換公司債及35檔海外可轉換公司債進行實證研究，主要結論如下： 1. 宣告發行時的訊息效果方面，ECB發行公司不論是宣告發行前後一週或二週的股價累積異常報酬都顯著為正，但CB發行公司卻不然，前者優於後者。 2. 發行海外可轉換公司債及國內可轉換公債發行公司特性差異方面，不論是二獨立樣本T檢定、Mann-Whitney U 檢定及Logistic檢定，結論皆一致：公司規模愈大，轉換溢價幅度愈高、市場利率差愈高的公司愈易傾向發行海外可轉換公司債。此外，二種發行公司發行前的營運績效並無顯著不同。 3. ECB和CB宣告發行時價格效果的不同，和「與國內籌資相比，發行海外可轉換公司債有較高的融資空間」的假設無關，融資空間假設不成立；但和「與國內籌資相比，發行海外可轉換公司債的融資成本較低」的假設有關，融資成本假設成立。 4. 投資人對公司轉換溢價隱含的對未來股價成長的信心及未來資金成本的降低才是解釋宣告發行時價格效果的因子。 5. 投資人給予海外可轉換公司債相對較高的短期價格反應確實表現在海外可轉換公司債發行公司長期較佳的營運績效上。 / With Taiwan’s entrance to the World Trade Organization (WTO) and further integration among international capital markets, international financing tools, such as Global Depositary Receipt (GDR) and European Convertible Bond (ECB) have become popular. For the past few years especially, companies in Taiwan have heavily used ECB as their leading financing tools. This study focuses on how investors in Taiwan response to the issue of ECB and CB. Using 61 CB and 35 ECB samples from Taiwan companies during 1993 and 2001, this study comes to the conclusions as follows: 1. Companies that issue ECB have higher announcement effects than companies that issue CB. 2. Companies with larger size, higher conversion premiums, and higher interest spreads tend to issue ECB instead of CB. There is no significant difference between the pre-issue performance between ECB and CB companies. 3. The hypothesis that “ECB companies have higher debt capacities than CB companies” is not verified. However, the hypothesis that “ECB companies have lower cost of capital than CB companies” is supported. 4. The conversion premium that signals companies’ confidence for the stock price and lower cost of capital in the future is the main factor to explain the announcement effects of ECB and CB. 5. In comparison to CB companies, ECB companies have better post-issue performance which can be supported by their better announcement effects.

Notre travail s’inscrivant dans le cadre de la psychologie de la santé s’intéresse aux effets de l’annonce d’un diagnostic de trouble démentiel sur la qualité de vie de la personne âgée, au sein d’un service de consultation mémoire à Bourg-en-Bresse (France). Nous posons le postulat que la manière d’annoncer un diagnostic pourrait conditionner le vécu de la maladie. Notre étude traite des réactions des patients à la suite de cette annonce.Nous avons constitué plusieurs groupes de patients permettant d’étudier les effets de l’annonce selon différents critères : le niveau d’atteinte cognitive, le type d’attachement, le type d’annonce faite par le médecin, le temps de l’annonce. Ainsi, un groupe a été constitué de personnes âgées dites transversales (c’est-à-dire rencontré une fois au début, lors de leur annonce ou au cours de leur suivi médical), puis un autre groupe dit longitudinal (rencontré depuis leur annonce puis tous les 3 mois pendant presque 2 ans pour les suivis les plus longs) , et enfin un groupe contrôle , nous permettant de servir de référence afin de comprendre les réactions des patients. Afin de compléter nos données issues des précédents groupes, nous avons également rencontré les aidants de certaines personnes âgées impliquées dans le processus diagnostic afin d’étudier leur réaction face à l’annonce et enfin, avons rencontré 3 groupes de personnes gravitant autour de l’annonce (médecins généralistes, gériatres et un groupe de famille) afin d’étudier leur discours et représentations de l’annonce diagnostic.Les résultats nous montrent:- Au niveau statistique: seules les réactions des aidants sont significatives dans leur utilisation plus prononcée du coping actif : planification et dans l’utilisation de mécanisme défense mature.- D’un point de vue statistique descriptif et qualitatif, on observe que des indicateurs de processus résilients (estime de soi et qualité de vie) sont présents chez nos sujets ayant reçu un diagnostic de trouble démentiel lorsque leur déclin cognitif était mesuré au-dessus de 24/30 au MMS et que leur déclin cognitif n’est pas trop rapide. Nos sujets longitudinaux nous apprennent qu’il est important pour développer un processus résilient après une annonce diagnostique d’un trouble démentiel de pouvoir avoir :- La perception de se sentir utile pouvant être reliée en partie au regard que perçoit la personne de ‘l’autre sur son trouble démentiel.Le couple aidant patient nous apporte l’information qu’il est important d’accompagner les remaniements d’attachement qui peuvent s’effectuer à la suite de l’annonce et au cours de l’évolution de la maladie afin de sécuriser l’aidant, ce qui aidera à sécuriser le patientNotre étude conclut qu’un parcours résilient est possible malgré le trouble démentiel et peut être entravé ou favorisé par le parcours diagnostic. L’éducation thérapeutique ( ETP) qui se développe depuis quelques années dans le cadre des maladies chroniques comme le diabète et de manière plus timide et peu structurée, dans le domaine des troubles démentiels ; pourrait au regard des indicateurs de résilience identifiés dans notre étude , servir de tuteur de résilience au couple patient-aidant. L’ETP par un accompagnement multidisciplinaire, permettrait de développer une autonomie relative du patient face à sa maladie en le rendant plus acteur de son parcours et cela offrirait un cadre sécurisant pour les différents acteurs du processus diagnostic et pour l’aidant. / Our work in the field of health psychology focuses on the effects of the announcement of a diagnosis of dementia on the quality of life of the elderly in Bourg en Bresse ( France). We postulate that the manner in which announcement is made,could influence people’sexperience of the disease. Our study tries to examine the reactions of patients following this announcement.Several patient groups were developed for the study the effects of the announcement based on several criteria : cognitive impairment levels, attachment type, physician announcement style, timing of the announcement.Thus, a first group consisted of elderly people, referred to as the cross-sectional group ( that is to say, they were met once at the beginning at the time of their announcement or during their medical follow-up). A second group was the longitudinal group ( met at their announcement and then met every 3 months for almost 2 years for the longest follow-up) and the final control group, serving as a reference in order to understand the reactions of the patients.In order to complement the data from the previous groups, we also the caregivers of certain elderly people involved in the diagnostic process in order to study their reactions facing the announcement. Finally, we met with 3 groups of people also implicated in the announcement ( general practitioners, geriatricians and a family group) to study their language and impressions concerning the diagnostic announcement.The results show :- From a statistical point of vie, only the reactions of caregivers are significant in their more prevalent use of active coping : planning and in the use of mature defense mechanisms- Frome a statistical, descriptive and qualitative point of view, we observe that resilience indicators ( self-esteem and quality of life) are present in our subjects diagnosed with dementia when their cognitive decline is measured above 24/30 on the MMS and their cognitive decline is not too rapid.- Our longitudinal subjects show us that in order to be able to develop resilience after a diagnostic announcement of dementia, it is important to have :- A feeling of usefulness which can be linked, in part, to the way the person thinks other perceive his or her dementia disorder.