Developers of reusable software elements, such as libraries, usually have the responsibility to provide comprehensive and high quality documentation to enable eective reuse of those elements. The eective reuse of libraries depends upon the quality of the API (Application Program Interface) documentation. Well established libraries typically have comprehensive API documentation, for example in Javadocs. However, they also typically lack examples and explanations, which may dicult the eective reuse of the library. StackOverow.com (SO) is a Question and Answer service directed to issues related to software development. In SO, a developer can post questions related to a programming topic and other members of the site can provide answers to help him/her solve the problem he/she has at hand. Despite of the increasing use of SO by the software development community, the information related to a particular library is spread along the website. Thus, SO still lacks an organization of its crowd knowledge. In this dissertation, we present a semi-automatic approach that organizes the information available on SO in order to build a kind of documentation for APIs, called cookbooks (recipe-oriented books). The cookbooks generated by the approach are called crowd cookbooks. In order to evaluate the proposed approach, cookbooks were generated for three APIs widely used by the software development community: SWT,LINQ and QT. Desired features that cookbooks must meet were identied and a study with human subjects was conducted to assess to what extent the generated cookbook meet those features. Through the study it was also possible to identify what is the perceived usefulness by the subjects in relation to the use of cookbooks in APIs learning. The results showed that the cookbooks built using the proposed strategy, in general, meet the identied features. Furthermore, most human subjects considered that cookbooks do not have an appropriate format to the learning of APIs. / Desenvolvedores de elementos reusáveis de software, como as bibliotecas, em geral têm a responsabilidade de disponibilizar documentação abrangente e de alta qualidade para permitir o reuso efetivo desses elementos. O reuso efetivo de bibliotecas depende da qualidade da documentação da API (Interface para Programação de Aplicativos). Bibliotecas bem estabelecidas tipicamente têm documentação abrangente, por exemplo em Javadocs. Porém, essa documentação geralmente carece de exemplos e explicações, o que pode dicultar o reuso efetivo da biblioteca. Stackoverow.com (SO) é um serviço de perguntas e respostas (Q&A) direcionado a questões relacionadas ao desenvolvimento de software. No SO, um desenvolvedor pode postar perguntas relacionadas a um tópico de programação e outros membros do site podem disponibilizar respostas para ajudá-lo a resolver o problema que ele tem em mãos. Apesar da utilização crescente do SO pela comunidade de desenvolvimento de software, a informação relação a um biblioteca está espalhada ao longo do site. Assim, o SO ainda carece de uma organização do crowd knowledge nele contido. Nessa dissertação, será apresentada uma abordagem semi-automatizada que organiza a informação disponível no SO para a construção de um tipo de documentação para APIs, conhecido por cookbooks (livros orientados a receitas). Os cookbooks produzidos pela abordagem proposta são chamados crowd cookbooks. Para avaliar a abordagem proposta foram gerados cookbooks para três APIs amplamente utilizadas pela comunidade de desenvolvimento de software: SWT, LINQ e QT. Foram identicadas características desejáveis de cookbooks e realizado um estudo com sujeitos humanos para entender em que grau os cookbooks construídos atendem a estas características. Por meio estudo também foi possível compreender melhor os pers de uso dos cookbooks mais apropriados em relação ao aprendizado de APIs. Os resultados mostraram que os cookbooks construídos pela estratégia proposta, em geral, atendem às características identicadas. Além disso, a maior parte dos sujeitos humanos considerou que cookbooks não possuem um formato adequado ao aprendizado de APIs. / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:56:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leidiane.pdf: 524055 bytes, checksum: e8c7ba289bd55c50477bc6ffa0daa723 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-12 / Given the difficulty of students to interpret a text, this research aims at providing some reflections on the interpretive process in the teaching of Portuguese. Specifically, we discuss the importance of linguistic elements in text interpretation. Among the various language resources, this study addresses the elements that collaborate in the construction of meaning and in the texture in text, focusing on referencing. This process constitutes a discursive activity carried out through the construction and reconstruction of objects of discourse, carried out by individuals in a process of interaction, which means that it carries, among other factors, the interests and views of interlocutors involved in speech (KOCH; ELIAS, 2006). For a refined understanding of the corpus, considering the limits and possibilities of this research, we decided to emphasize, among the possible elements for referencing in Portuguese, the non-coreferential retrieval operations, since they are conceived as a form of manifestation of the text producer (KOCH, 2005). We assume that the approach of this language resource in the teaching of Portuguese can help students in textual interpretation, in view of its role in the process of extracting relevant information from text. Aiming at diagnosing the use of referencing strategies, we analyze answers for comprehension questions of students from the 5th grade of a public school in Cascavel (Paraná, Brazil). Firstly, we examine the students interpretation of two versions of the fable The fox and the grapes, without a previous approach of the linguistic strategy proposed. Secondly, we examine the students interpretation of two versions of the fable The wolf and the lamb, after approaching non-coreferential anaphora. We found that, by using this kind of anaphora in their responses, students evinced their choices for highlighting features or characteristics of the referent, and thus evaluate it according to their beliefs and views. We found that students used strategies to reconstruct the referent, demonstrating comprehension of the texts read. We conclude that such linguistic mechanism is much more than just a retrieval resource, but it constitutes a mark and evidence of a strategy used in producing the utterance, which portrays the recategorization of objects of discourse. This process has relevant argumentative value, since the selection of certain types of non-coreferential anaphora is based on a number of discursive factors and reflects the speaker s communicative purposes. For this study, the main theoretical frameworks come from Kleiman (2009), Koch (2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009), Koch and Elias (2006), Mondada and Dubois (2003), and others. / Tendo em vista a dificuldade que os alunos sentem ao interpretar um texto, a presente pesquisa tem por objetivo refletir acerca do processo interpretativo no ensino de Língua Portuguesa. Mais especificamente, discutimos sobre o valor que elementos linguísticos exercem no instante da interpretação textual. Dentre os vários recursos linguísticos existentes, este trabalho aborda elementos que colaboram na construção dos significados e na tessitura do texto, focalizando, então, o processo de referenciação. Tal processo configura uma atividade discursiva, que ocorre por meio da construção e reconstrução de objetos de discurso, realizada por sujeitos num processo de interação, o que significa dizer que carrega, dentre outros fatores, os interesses e os pontos de vista dos interlocutores envolvidos no discurso (KOCH; ELIAS, 2006). A fim de promover, considerando os limites e as possibilidades desta investigação, uma compreensão mais precisa do corpus, dentre os elementos referenciais possíveis na língua portuguesa, optamos por focalizar as retomadas não correferenciais, tendo em vista serem concebidas como uma forma de manifestação do produtor do texto (KOCH, 2005). Partimos da hipótese de que a abordagem desse recurso linguístico no ensino de Língua Portuguesa pode auxiliar o aluno na interpretação textual, tendo em vista o seu papel no processo de extração de informações relevantes do texto. Para efeito de sondagem, tomamos como corpus de análise respostas interpretativas produzidas por alunos do 6º ano de uma escola pública de Cascavel-PR. Em um primeiro momento, verificamos como esses alunos interpretaram duas versões da fábula A raposa e as uvas, sem ter sido antes trabalhada a estratégia linguística proposta. Em um segundo momento, observamos como interpretaram duas versões da fábula O lobo e o cordeiro, após estudo das anáforas não correferenciais. Constatamos que, ao usar tais anáforas em suas respostas, os alunos deixaram transparecer suas escolhas com a finalidade de destacar traços ou características do referente e, assim, avaliá-lo, segundo suas crenças e seus pontos de vista. Nessa direção, observamos que os alunos realizaram estratégias de reconstrução do referente, demonstrando compreensão dos textos lidos. Concluímos, então, que tal mecanismo linguístico é muito mais do que simples um recurso de retomada, mas é marca e evidência de estratégia do sujeito na produção do enunciado, que vem retratar a recategorização de objetos de discurso. Tal processo é revestido de valor argumentativo relevante, pois a seleção de certas anáforas não correferenciais é feita a partir de uma série de fatores discursivos e mediante as finalidades comunicativas do falante. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, os principais referenciais teóricos adotados são Kleiman (2009), Koch (2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009), Koch e Elias (2006), Mondada e Dubois (2003), dentre outros autores.

Due to the increasing online commerce in Sweden there are more and more companies who are focusing on their online business and more and more customer are buying clothes online. This means that there has been a transition from the physical store form to the online commerce. Based on this development in the market it aroused an interest in studying customer service, online. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study customers experience of customer service from clothing companies within the online industry in Sweden. This carries out by studying if customers experience that they are being encouraged to customer service, what kind of customer service they prefer and the reasons for it. Therefore, we initially make an introductory study of some of the websites belonging to the following clothing companies: H&M, Gina Tricot, Nelly, Boozt, Ellos and Bubbleroom. The main empirical study consists of 15 participants who are divided into three focus groups. To be able to analyse the collected material, three theories are applied: The Customer Contact Theory, Customer Service Life Cycle theory and Social Presence Theory. In terms of the results we alltogether, observe that the participants experience that companies are encouraging customers to use customer service, mainly through different options available on their website, instead of direct contact over the phone. It is also generally shown that the participants prefer screen-based customer service rather than telephone-based customer service. This study is written in the Swedish language. / På grund av den ökande näthandeln i Sverige fokuserar allt fler företag på sin online verksamhet och allt fler kunder handlar kläder online där det har skett en övergång från den fysiska butiksformen till online handeln. Utifrån denna utveckling på marknaden väckte det ett intresse att studera kundservice online. Syftet med denna undersökning är att undersöka konsumenters upplevelse av kundservice som erbjuds av företag som bedriver online handel inom klädbranschen i Sverige. Detta sker genom att studera om konsumenter upplever att de uppmuntras till kundservice, vilken form av kundservice de föredrar och vad som står bakom detta. Därmed görs det först en inledande studie av en del webbsidor som tillhör klädföretag inom online handeln, närmare bestämt: H&M, Gina Tricot, Nelly, Boozt, Ellos och Bubbleroom. Den huvudsakliga empiriska studien består av 15 deltagare fördelat på tre fokusgrupper. För att analysera det insamlade materialet tillämpas tre teorier: The Customer Contact Theory, Customer Service Life Cycle Theory och Social Presence Theory. När det gäller resultatet observerar vi sammantaget att deltagarna upplever att företag uppmuntrar kunder att använda kundservice, främst genom olika alternativ som finns tillgängliga på deras webbsida istället fördirekt kontakt via telefon. Det visar sig även generellt sett att kunder föredrar skärmbaseradkundservice framför telefonbaserad kundservice.

No / Marketers desire to utilise electronic word of mouth (eWOM) marketing on social media sites. However, not all online content generated by marketers has the same effect on consumers; some of them are effective while others are not. This paper aims to examine different characteristics of marketer-generated content (MGC) that of which one lead users to eWOM. Twitter was chosen as one of the leading social media sites and a content analysis approach was employed to identify the common characteristics of retweeted and favourited tweets. 2,780 tweets from six companies (Booking, Hostelworld, Hotels, Lastminute, Laterooms and Priceline) operating in the tourism sector are analysed. Results indicate that the posts which contain pictures, hyperlinks, product or service information, direct answers to customers and brand centrality are more likely to be retweeted and favourited by users. The findings present the main eWOM drivers for MGC in social media.

German text / Gelebte Ökumene wird, als Zeichen christlicher Glaubwürdigkeit, in unserer postmodernen und postsäkularisierten Gesellschaft gefordert. Die dogmenorientierten Bemühungen zur Ökumene scheinen in die Krise geraten zu sein. Es bedarf es der Suche nach Grundlagen für ökumenische Spiritualität, für die sich der Schöpfungsglaube, als von den großen Konfessionen geteiltes Glaubensgut, anbietet. Um Schöpfungstheologie und -spiritualität als zusammengehörige Elemente wahrnehmen zu können, wird in dieser Dissertation das Weltanschauungsmodell Wrights verwendet, welches durch Waaijmans Aspekt der Umformung ergänzt wird. Konfessionell geprägte Schöpfungstheologien werden in den Kategorien Story und Antworten auf weltanschauliche Schlüsselfragen analysiert. Dies bildet die Basis für eine Synthese, im Sinne der Hermeneutik des differenzierten Konsenses, zu einer ökumenischen Schöpfungstheologie. Konfessionelle Schöpfungsspiritualitäten werden in den Kategorien Symbol und Praxis dargestellt und in einem emergent-synthetischen Entwurf, auf der Basis der ökumenischen Schöpfungstheologie, zu Perspektiven für ökumenische Schöpfungsspiritualität weiterverarbeitet. Die so aufgezeigte schöpfungstheologisch-ökumenische Weltanschauung, bietet eine mögliche Grundlage für ökumenische Spiritualität. / Christian Spirituality, Church History & Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Spirituality)

This dissertation deals with the issue of reading skills of pre-school aged children, their abilities to understand the text being read out to them and answer the questions related to the text meaningfully, but also to ask individual questions. It addresses a possible usage of some methods of critical thinking for this age group in the field of nursery schools. The dissertation is based on the fact that the role of the pre-school education is irreplaceable in this respect. The theoretical part concentrates on the problems related to answering the questions and asking them, on the development of cognitive processes and speech, growth of self- confidence and self-assurance as an important precondition for a pre-school child's expressing and the creation of a positive pedagogical communication in the class. It offers opportunities to use some methods of the programme called " By Reading and Writing to Critical Thinking " (RWCT) at nursery schools. The practical part of this dissertation introduces a programme based on working with the texts of different genres intended for the pre-school age. In individual lessons it is verified whether the chosen methods from the RWCT programme are suitable and if the questions asked, and the request for asking them, correspond to the abilities of pre-school aged...

German text / Gelebte Ökumene wird, als Zeichen christlicher Glaubwürdigkeit, in unserer postmodernen und postsäkularisierten Gesellschaft gefordert. Die dogmenorientierten Bemühungen zur Ökumene scheinen in die Krise geraten zu sein. Es bedarf es der Suche nach Grundlagen für ökumenische Spiritualität, für die sich der Schöpfungsglaube, als von den großen Konfessionen geteiltes Glaubensgut, anbietet. Um Schöpfungstheologie und -spiritualität als zusammengehörige Elemente wahrnehmen zu können, wird in dieser Dissertation das Weltanschauungsmodell Wrights verwendet, welches durch Waaijmans Aspekt der Umformung ergänzt wird. Konfessionell geprägte Schöpfungstheologien werden in den Kategorien Story und Antworten auf weltanschauliche Schlüsselfragen analysiert. Dies bildet die Basis für eine Synthese, im Sinne der Hermeneutik des differenzierten Konsenses, zu einer ökumenischen Schöpfungstheologie. Konfessionelle Schöpfungsspiritualitäten werden in den Kategorien Symbol und Praxis dargestellt und in einem emergent-synthetischen Entwurf, auf der Basis der ökumenischen Schöpfungstheologie, zu Perspektiven für ökumenische Schöpfungsspiritualität weiterverarbeitet. Die so aufgezeigte schöpfungstheologisch-ökumenische Weltanschauung, bietet eine mögliche Grundlage für ökumenische Spiritualität. / Living ecumenism is vital today in our postmodern and postsecularised society, in order for us to have credibility as Christian Church. Dogma-oriented attempts to establish ecumenical accord appear to be in a crisis. It is now necessary to search for a foundation of an ecumenical spirituality, and it seems that belief in creation is particularly suitable since it is shared by the established churches. In order to understand creation theology and spirituality as interdependent elements, this dissertation will apply Wright's worldview model, complemented by the aspect of transformation as identified by Waaijman. Denominational creation theologies will be analysed in the categories Story and Answers to Key Worldview Questions. This will provide the basis for a synthesis, in the sense of the hermeneutics of the differentiated consensus, for an ecumenical creation theology. Denominational creation spiritualities will be presented in the categories Symbol and Practice and developed in a step further, through an emergent synthesis related approach and on the basis of an ecumenical creation theology, to present perspectives for an ecumenical creation spirituality. The thus described worldview based on creation and ecumenical theology offers a potential foundation for an ecumenical spirituality. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M. Th. (Christian Spirituality)

La prise de décision est un mécanisme qui fait intervenir les structures neuronales supérieures afin d’effectuer un lien entre la perception du signal et l’action. Plusieurs travaux qui cherchent à comprendre les mécanismes de la prise de décision sont menés à divers ni- veaux allant de l’analyse comportementale cognitive jusqu'à la modélisation computationnelle. Le but de ce projet a été d’évaluer d’un instant à l’autre comment la variabilité du signal observé («bruit»), influence la capacité des sujets humains à détecter la direction du mouvement dans un stimulus visuel. Dans ces travaux, nous avons éliminé l’une des sources potentielles de variabilité, la variabilité d’une image à l’autre, dans le nombre de points qui portaient les trois signaux de mouvements cohérents (gauche, droite, et aléatoire) dans les stimuli de Kinématogramme de points aléatoires (KPA), c’est-à-dire la variabilité d’origine périphérique. Les stimuli KPA de type « V6 » étaient des stimuli KPA standard avec une variabilité instantanée du signal, et par contre les stimuli KPA de type « V8 », étaient modifiés pour éliminer la variabilité stochastique due à la variabilité du nombre de pixels d’un instant à l’autre qui portent le signal cohérent. Si la performance des sujets, qui correspond à leur temps de réaction et au nombre de bonnes réponses, diffère en réponse aux stimuli dont le nombre de points en mouvement cohérent varie (V6) ou ne varie pas (V8), ceci serait une preuve que la variabilité d’origine périphérique modulerait le processus décisionnel. Par contre, si la performance des sujets ne diffère pas entre ces deux types de stimuli, ceci serait une preuve que la source majeure de variabilité de performance est d’origine centrale. Dans nos résultats nous avons constaté que le temps de réaction et le nombre de bonnes réponses sont modulés par la preuve nette du mouvement cohérent. De plus on a pu établir qu’en éliminant la variabilité d’origine périphérique définit ci-dessus, on n’observe pas réellement de modification dans les enregistrements. Ce qui nous à amené à penser qu’il n y a pas de distinction claire entre la distribution des erreurs et les bonnes réponses effectuées pour chacun des essais entre les deux stimuli que nous avons utilisé : V6 et V8. C’est donc après avoir mesuré la « quantité d’énergie » que nous avons proposé que la variabilité observée dans les résultats serait probablement d’origine centrale. / Decision-making is a mechanism that primarily involves supraspinal neural structures to perform a link between the perception of the signal and action. Several studies that seek to understand the mechanisms of decision-making are conducted at various levels ranging from cognitive behavioral analysis to computational modeling. The purpose of this project was to evaluate how moment-to-moment variability of the sensory stimuli observed, influences the ability of humans to detect the direction of motion in a visual stimulus. In this work, we eliminated one of the potential sources of variability, namely variability from one visual image to another of the number of points which carried three different motion signals (coherent left, coherent right, and random) in Random-dot Kinematogram (RDK) stimuli, i.e a source of variability of external origin. “V6” stimuli were standard RDK stimuli with instantaneous (i.e., moment-to-moment) signal variability, whereas “V8” stimuli were modified to eliminate the stochastic variability due to variability in the number of points, which carried the coherent signal from image frame to image frame in the RDK stimuli. If the performance of the subjects, as measured by their reaction times and the number of correct answers, differs in response to the stimuli of which the number of points moving coherently varies (V6) or does not vary (V8) from moment to moment in the visual stimulus, this would be a proof that the variability of peripheral origin would modulate the decision-making process. On the other hand, if the performance of the subjects does not differ between the two types of stimuli, this would be a proof that the major source of variability of performance is of central origin. In our results we found that the strength of coherent movement modulates the reaction times and the number of correct responses of subjects. However, eliminating the variability of peripheral origin defined above, had little significant effect on the performance of the subjects. There is no clear difference between the distribution of reaction times or between errors and correct answers for each test performed between both V6 and V8 stimuli. Finally, after measuring the amount of motion energy in the RDK stimuli, we could propose that: the origin of the observed variability in the results would primarily be of central origin.

The design of cultural centre is situated in part Kozia Hôrka( well-known city swimming pool), in its advantage takes natural scenery and calm atmosphere of place. Into action of performance brings a message in form of body of reservoir, function of centre is divided into small parts placed in area Kozia Hôrka. Orientation of objects comes mainly from local natural ispirations. Complex is multifunctional in concept, counts with several sorts of culture - sports events. Whereby the main function of swimming pool is preserved and added for higher comfort of inhabitants. Architecture of objects comes from idea of floating leaf on water level and body of reservoir. Objects stylizely illustrate this idea. The design takes the game of solids of organic and strictly ortogonal shapes. Two mutual opposites, in interaction. Objects smoothy and with respect encroach the environment, which is enough marked by human. Simplicity in used materials ( glass, steel, wood ) give transparency and purity to whole solution.