In this era where global sustainability is challenged, environmental education plays a vital role in building environmental awareness. Other roles of environmental education include the promotion of responsible citizenship and the fostering of environmental advocacy in children. As a way to strengthen these goals of environmental education, this thesis explores the dynamic uses of music to compound on the fields impact. I argue that the benefits of music outlined suggest music’s power to heighten environmental sensitivity from a young age. I use narratives from the environmental education, music, education, and psychology discourses to demonstrate the theoretical advantages of music in conjunction with environmental education. I also conduct my own research with Pitzer’s Leadership in Environmental Education Partnership, to put the theories into action. As a result, I find music to be an antecedent to the development of environmental sensitivity; music is not only instrumental in promoting environmental citizenship, but can be a way to achieve an environmental revolution by inspiring communities to mobilize for change.

<p>Society-induced changes to the environment are altering the effectiveness of existing management strategies for sustaining natural and agricultural ecosystem productivity. At the watershed scale, natural and agro-ecosystems represent complex spatiotemporal stochastic processes. In time, they respond to random rainfall events, evapotranspiration and other losses that are spatially variable because of heterogeneities in soil properties, root distributions, topography, and other factors. To quantify the environmental impact of anthropogenic activities, it is essential that we characterize the evolution of space and time patterns of ecosystem fluxes (e.g., energy, water, and nutrients). Such a characterization then provides a basis for assessing and managing future anthropogenic risks to the sustainability of ecosystem productivity.</p><p>To characterize the space and time evolution of watershed scale processes, this dissertation introduces a mean field approach to watershed hydrology. Mean field theory (also known as self-consistent field theory) is commonly used in statistical physics when modeling the space-time behavior of complex systems. The mean field theory approximates a complex multi-component system by considering a lumped (or average) effect of all individual components acting on a single component. Thus, the many body problem is reduced to a one body problem. For watershed hydrology, a mean field theory reduces the numerous point component effects to more tractable watershed averages resulting in a consistent method for linking the average watershed fluxes (evapotranspiration, runoff, etc.) to the local fluxes at each point.</p><p>The starting point for this work is a general point description of the soil moisture, rainfall, and runoff system. For this system, we find the joint PDF that describes the temporal variability of the soil water, rainfall, and runoff processes. Since this approach does not account for the spatial variability of runoff, we introduce a probabilistic storage (ProStor) framework for constructing a lumped (unit area) rainfall-runoff response from the spatial distribution of watershed storage. This framework provides a basis for unifying and extending common event-based hydrology models (e.g. Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) method) with more modern semi-distributed models (e.g. Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, the Probability Distributed (PDM) model, and TOPMODEL). In each case, we obtain simple equations for the fractions of the different source areas of runoff, the spatial variability of runoff and soil moisture, and the average runoff value (i.e., the so-called runoff curve). Finally, we link the temporal and spatial descriptions with a mean field approach for watershed hydrology. By applying this mean field approach, we upscale the point description with the spatial distribution of soil moisture and parameterize the numerous local interactions related to lateral fluxes of soil water in terms of its average. With this approach, we then derive PDFs that represent the space and time distribution of soil water and associated watershed fluxes such as evapotranspiration and runoff.</p> / Dissertation

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:20:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LETICIA GUEDES NOBREGA.pdf: 759282 bytes, checksum: a19fdc1e8bacf8e0ecad11d19abfe99a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-15 / The present study had as objective to functionally analyze the problem behaviors presented by two people with the psychiatric diagnosis of major depression. Both participants were women, one of whom was married and the other single. The participants reported receiving this diagnosis since adolescence. To perform the evaluation of antecedents and consequences of depressive reports, were employed strategies of indirect functional assessment, direct and experimental with the use of the outlining of multiple conditions. Through this outlining four main conditions were manipulated: attention condition, demand, lonely and control. The attention condition was subdivided into three subconditions: attention-comment, physical contact-attention and attention-sign of disapproval. To intervene in problem-behaviors of the participants, it was opted to use an intervention program using the alternative differential reinforcement. For this purpose was employed the outlining of reversal-replication in ABAB format followed by follow-up. Thus, the objective was to reduce problem-behaviors, while new desired behaviors were installed. The results suggest that the social attention reinforcer that has been manipulated in the different conditions have exerted control over depressive reports of both participants, whose frequencies have decreased throughout the treatment program. These findings were discussed in terms of the importance of the use of functional assessment process for classes of problem-behaviors in people with diagnoses of depression. / O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar funcionalmente os comportamentos-problema apresentados por duas pessoas com o diagnóstico psiquiátrico de depressão maior. Ambas as participantes eram do sexo feminino, sendo que uma delas era casada e a outra solteira. As participantes relataram ter recebido esse diagnóstico desde a adolescência. Para a realização da avaliação dos antecedentes e consequentes dos relatos depressivos foram empregado as estratégias de avaliação funcional indireta, direta e experimental com o uso do delineamento de múltiplas condições. Por meio desse delineamento foram manipuladas quatro condições principais: condição de atenção, demanda, sozinho e de controle. A condição de atenção foi subdividida em três subcondições: atenção-comentário, atençãocontato físico e atenção-sinal de reprovação. Para intervir nos comportamentos-problema das participantes optou-se por usar um programa de intervenção com o uso do reforçamento diferencial alternativo. Para essa finalidade foi empregado o delineamento de reversão-replicação no formato ABAB seguido por follow-up. Assim, objetivou-se reduzir os comportamentos-problema, enquanto novos comportamentos desejados fossem instalados. Os resultados sugerem que o reforçador atenção social que foi manipulado nas diferentes condições exerceu controle sobre os relatos depressivos de ambas as participantes, cujas frequências diminuíram ao longo do programa de tratamento. Esses achados foram discutidos em termos da importância do uso do processo de avaliação funcional para classes de comportamentos-problema de pessoas com diagnósticos de depressão.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-09-26T20:49:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIO CÉSAR ALVES.pdf: 1018235 bytes, checksum: 15f547efb031a109bdccb1752c168466 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-26T20:49:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JULIO CÉSAR ALVES.pdf: 1018235 bytes, checksum: 15f547efb031a109bdccb1752c168466 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / The present study assessed and treated bizarre verbal responses of three participants diagnosed with schizophrenia and was based on theoretical and practical fundamentals of Behavior Analysis. In order to do so we analyzed the control exerted by antecedent and consequent events on verbal responses of the participants, who were all female, with ages varying between 48 and 63 years. The participants were interned in a mental health institution. A functional assessment process was conduced using indirect and direct observation and functional (experimental) analysis. The functional analysis involved the manipulation of environmental events across four conditions: attention, control, demand escape and alone, being that the attention condition was subdivided in three other conditions in which disapproving, reverse and stare were manipulated. For the demand condition a task that could be avoided or delayed was presented. In order to assess the sensorial stimulation each participant was left alone in a room. One condition with high density schedule of reinforcement served as control. When treating bizarre verbal responses we used DRA (Differential Reinforcement of Alternative behavior) and the verbal discrimination controlled by an alternated treatment experimental design and a follow-up. The results show that the occurrences of measured responses increased in attention conditions and decreased in demand and control conditions. In alone condition the responses never occurred. It is evident that social attention is a powerful reinforcer for bizarre verbal responses. Based on the data collected throughout the study, we concluded that the control of responding exerted by the antecedent events offer a more satisfying description of the control exerted by consequences. Regarding the treatment, the data show that the frequency of the bizarre verbal responses decreased and the appropriate ones increased. It is worth highlighting that the presence of different antecedent conditions changed the likelihood of occurrence of bizarre verbal responses, which justifies the analysis of the control exerted both by antecedent and consequent events upon inappropriate responding of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. / O presente estudo avaliou e tratou das respostas verbais bizarras de três pessoas com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia a partir dos fundamentos teóricos e práticos da análise do comportamento. Para essa finalidade foi analisado o controle exercido pelos eventos antecedentes e consequentes sobre as respostas verbais das participantes, do sexo feminino, cujas idades variaram entre 48 a 63 anos. As participantes se encontravam internadas em uma instituição de saúde mental. Usou-se o processo avaliação funcional por observação indireta, direta e a análise funcional (experimental). A análise funcional envolveu a manipulação de eventos ambientais em quatro condições principais: atenção, controle, fuga de demanda e sozinho, sendo que a condição de atenção foi subdividida em três subcondições com o desaprovar, o inverter e o encarar manipulados. Para a condição de demanda, foi oferecida uma tarefa que poderia ser retirada ou adiada. Para avaliar a estimulação sensorial, cada participante foi deixada sozinha na sala. Uma condição com esquema denso de reforçadores serviu como controle. Para tratar as respostas verbais bizarras foi empregado o DRA (reforçamento diferencial de comportamentos alternativos) e a discriminação verbal controlados pelo delineamento de tratamentos alternados seguido de follow-up. Os resultados apontaram que as ocorrências das respostas ocorreram principalmente nas condições de atenção, sendo que nas condições de demanda e controle, poucas foram às emissões destas respostas. Já na condição sozinho, a frequencia foi zero. Ficou evidenciado ser a atenção social um potente reforçador para as respostas verbais bizarras. Com base nos dados deste estudo, conclui-se que o controle do responder exercido pelos eventos antecedentes melhor elucida o controle exercido pelos eventos consequentes. Em relação ao tratamento os dados apontaram que as frequências das respostas verbais diminuíram e as apropriadas aumentaram. Destaca-se que a presença de diferentes condições antecedentes as respostas verbais bizarras alteraram sua probabilidade de ocorrência, o que justifica a importância de se analisar, com igual relevância, o controle pelos eventos antecedentes e consequentes sobre o responder inapropriado de pessoas com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia

Self-injurious behaviors (SIBs) are relatively common in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and many teachers have difficulties dealing with these challenging behaviors. Besides the possibility of causing serious injuries to children with ASD, the frequent occurrences of SIBs can limit their access to academic instruction and peer interactions. The abundance of possible strategies is confusing for teachers to figure out which strategies to use and how to implement them. The purpose of this project was to develop a guiding manual for educators working with children with ASD. The manual presents proactive, evidence-based strategies to help prevent or decrease students’ SIBs in the classroom.

The primary objective of this thesis is to develop hydrologic and hydraulic models for the Soap Creek Watershed, IA for the evaluation of alternative flood mitigation strategies and the analysis of the differences between hydrologic and hydraulic routing methods. In 2008, the state of Iowa suffered a disastrous flood that caused extensive damage to homes, agricultural lands, commercial property, and public infrastructures. To reduce the flood damage across Iowa, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded funds to the Iowa Flood Center and IIHR-Hydroscience &Engineering at the University of Iowa to conduct the Iowa Watersheds Project. The Soap Creek Watershed was selected as one of the study areas because this region has suffered frequent severe floods over the past century and because local landowners have organized to construct over 130 flood detention ponds within it since 1985. As part of the Iowa Watersheds Project, we developed a hydrologic model using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Hydrologic Center’s hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). We used the hydrologic model to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing flood mitigation structures with respect to discharge and to identify the high runoff potential areas. We also investigated the potential impact of two additional flood mitigation practices within the Soap Creek Watershed by utilizing the hydrologic model, which includes changing the land use and improving the soil quality. The HEC-HMS model simulated 24-hour design storms with different return periods, including 10, 25, 50, and 100 year. The results from modeling four design storms revealed that all three practices can reduce the peak discharge at different levels. The existing detention ponds were shown to reduce the peak discharge by 28% to 40% depending on the choice of observed locations and design storms. However, changing the land use can reduce the peak discharge by an average of only 1.0 %, whereas improving the soil quality can result in an average of 15 % reduction. Additionally, we designed a hydraulic model using the United States Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC- RAS) to perform a comparative evaluation of hydrologic and hydraulic routing methods. The hydrologic routing method employed in this study is the Muskingum Routing method. We compare the historical and design storms between HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS, and observed stage hydrographs and take the hydrograph timing, shape, and magnitude into account. Our results indicate that the hydraulic routing method simulates the hydrograph shape more effectively in this case.

Low relief, heavily human-impacted landscapes like those of the Prairies in south-central Canada have received little attention in previous hydrological research. Here, the rainfall-runoff relationship in the context of both a field-based investigation and an empirical model is examined in an effort to provide insight into Prairie hydrology. Rainfall and water level data were collected for nested sub-watersheds of the Catfish Creek watershed, a 642 km2, near-level, mixed land use and engineered Prairie watershed. First, the dataset is examined for runoff controls. Second, the history of the United States Curve Number Method is reviewed and its initial abstraction ratio examined against collected field data to determine the applicability of a single, constant ratio to Prairie landscapes. Overall, the results indicate that Prairie runoff generation processes differ significantly from those of humid, pristine catchments of higher relief and a conceptual model is proposed with that regards.

Submitted by Ana Maria Carrascosa do Amaral (ana.eng.ambiental@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-19T12:57:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA DA PRECIPITAÇÃO RELACIONADA À OCORRÊNCIA DE MOVIMENTOS DE MASSA EM CUBATÃO - SP.docx: 6114822 bytes, checksum: 7f49e9948968afc5bc9328a31f85e911 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - Arquivo deve estar em pdf. - Agradecimento à CAPES: será necessário colocar uma página de agradecimentos, pois a pesquisa foi financiada pela CAPES: PORTARIA Nº 206, DE 4 DE SETEMBRO DE 2018 Dispõe sobre obrigatoriedade de citação da CAPES O PRESIDENTE DA COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR, no uso das atribuições que lhe foram conferidas pelo art. 26 do (a) Estatuto, aprovado (a) pelo Decreto nº 8977, de 30/01/2017, e CONSIDERANDO o indicado nos Editais da CAPES, nos Termos de Compromisso de Bolsista, nos regulamentos de bolsas no exterior e de bolsas no país, no Manual de AUXPE, e no termo de adesão ao Portal de Periódicos; CONSIDERANDO o constante dos autos do processo nº 23038.013648/2018-51, resolve: Art. 1º Os trabalhos produzidos ou publicados, em qualquer mídia, que decorram de atividades financiadas, integral ou parcialmente, pela CAPES, deverão, obrigatoriamente, fazer referência ao apoio recebido. Art. 2º Para fins de identificação da fonte de financiamento fica autorizada a utilização do código 001 para todos os financiamentos recebidos. Art. 3º Deverão ser usadas as seguintes expressões, no idioma do trabalho: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001 "This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001" Art. 4º Fica o pró-reitor de pós-graduação ou congênere, responsável pela divulgação e aplicação da regra dentro das Instituições de Ensino Superior que recebem apoio da CAPES. Art. 5º A falha em obedecer esta norma implicará em mudanças eventuais nos apoios da CAPES para as instituições e pesquisadores envolvidos, a partir de 2020. Art. 6º Esta Portaria entra em vigor na data de sua publicação. ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES Fonte: CAPES Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-11-21T13:06:02Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ana Maria Carrascosa do Amaral (ana.eng.ambiental@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-21T13:35:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA DA PRECIPITAÇÃO RELACIONADA À OCORRÊNCIA DE MOVIMENTOS DE MASSA EM CUBATÃO - SP.pdf: 3178688 bytes, checksum: b2e8fd2926cecb6a8e5a2a2b8233a399 (MD5) / Rejected by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - Agradecimento à CAPES: conforme a portaria da CAPES, a frase do agradecimento deve ser exatamente esta: O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001. Segue a Portaria: PORTARIA Nº 206, DE 4 DE SETEMBRO DE 2018 Dispõe sobre obrigatoriedade de citação da CAPES O PRESIDENTE DA COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR, no uso das atribuições que lhe foram conferidas pelo art. 26 do (a) Estatuto, aprovado (a) pelo Decreto nº 8977, de 30/01/2017, e CONSIDERANDO o indicado nos Editais da CAPES, nos Termos de Compromisso de Bolsista, nos regulamentos de bolsas no exterior e de bolsas no país, no Manual de AUXPE, e no termo de adesão ao Portal de Periódicos; CONSIDERANDO o constante dos autos do processo nº 23038.013648/2018-51, resolve: Art. 1º Os trabalhos produzidos ou publicados, em qualquer mídia, que decorram de atividades financiadas, integral ou parcialmente, pela CAPES, deverão, obrigatoriamente, fazer referência ao apoio recebido. Art. 2º Para fins de identificação da fonte de financiamento fica autorizada a utilização do código 001 para todos os financiamentos recebidos. Art. 3º Deverão ser usadas as seguintes expressões, no idioma do trabalho: "O presente trabalho foi realizado com apoio da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Código de Financiamento 001 "This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001" Art. 4º Fica o pró-reitor de pós-graduação ou congênere, responsável pela divulgação e aplicação da regra dentro das Instituições de Ensino Superior que recebem apoio da CAPES. Art. 5º A falha em obedecer esta norma implicará em mudanças eventuais nos apoios da CAPES para as instituições e pesquisadores envolvidos, a partir de 2020. Art. 6º Esta Portaria entra em vigor na data de sua publicação. ABILIO A. BAETA NEVES Fonte: CAPES Diário Oficial da União: http://pesquisa.in.gov.br/imprensa/jsp/visualiza/index.jsp?data=05/09/2018&jornal=515&pagina=22 Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-11-21T15:50:26Z (GMT) / Submitted by Ana Maria Carrascosa do Amaral (ana.eng.ambiental@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-21T15:58:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ANÁLISE ESTATÍSTICA DA PRECIPITAÇÃO RELACIONADA À OCORRÊNCIA DE MOVIMENTOS DE MASSA EM CUBATÃO - SP.pdf: 3186281 bytes, checksum: a284ddbf98235465fd799ddf5f134d4a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Santulo Custódio de Medeiros null (asantulo@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-11-22T11:29:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_amc_dr_rcla.pdf: 2809164 bytes, checksum: 0482a9282f97d4c033ad10ff1f7b0cab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-22T11:29:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_amc_dr_rcla.pdf: 2809164 bytes, checksum: 0482a9282f97d4c033ad10ff1f7b0cab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / No Brasil e no mundo, estudos de correlação entre precipitação e movimentos de massa feitos nas últimas décadas estabeleceram os denominados Coeficientes de Alerta Meteorológicos, que têm se mostrado uma ferramenta bastante útil para aplicação das medidas preventivas do Plano Preventivo da Defesa Civil para áreas de risco, especificamente na região da Serra do Mar Paulista. Embora seja notável a influência de chuvas de alta intensidade num curto período de tempo para deflagração destes movimentos de massa, existem casos que não seguem este mecanismo, o que acende a discussão em relação ao tempo de chuva antecedente que deve ser utilizado para fazer tais correlações. Especificamente em Cubatão, SP, o coeficiente de precipitação crítica (CPC) que é utilizado para o Sistema de Alerta considera que acumulados de 4 dias possuem maior correlação com ocorrência de acidentes, assim como é monitorada a precipitação acumulada em 3 dias maior de 80 mm para ativação das ações do alerta. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal da pesquisa foi analisar a influência da precipitação acumulada de períodos superiores a 30 dias antecedentes à ocorrência de eventos de movimentos de massa registrados pela Defesa Civil no município de Cubatão, SP, por meio de dados de precipitação obtidos pela aplicação do método ANOBES e levantamento de registros de deslizamentos e corrida de massa no município, de 2000 a 2013. Foram feitos testes estatísticos paramétrico e não-paramétrico para os valores acumulados de precipitação de 3, 30, 90 e 180 dias anteriores aos registros. Verificou-se que os valores da média/mediana de precipitação acumulada de 90 e 180 dias anteriores ao evento são significativamente maiores do que os mesmos acumulados dos eventos em que não se teve registros de acidentes. Em contrapartida, para os acumulados de 3 dias e 30 dias, foi constatado que as médias das amostras podem ser consideras as iguais, ou seja, não existe diferença significativa entre estes acumulados para casos de ocorrência de acidentes. Conclui-se que é necessário levar em consideração acumulados de 90 e 180 dias para um melhor refinamento de elaboração de coeficientes de correlação e, consequentemente, de Planos Preventivos. / In Brazil and in the world, correlation studies between precipitation and mass movements made in the last decades established the so-called Meteorological Alert Coefficients, which have proved to be a very useful tool for the application of the preventive measures of the Civil Defense Preventive Plan for risk areas, specifically in the region of Serra do Mar in São Paulo state. Although the influence of high intensity rains in a short period of time to trigger these mass movements is notable, there are cases that do not follow this mechanism, which ignites the discussion regarding the antecedent rainfall time that should be used to make such correlations. Specifically in Cubatão, São Paulo state, the critical precipitation coefficient (CPC) that is used for the Alert System considers that accumulated 4 days have a higher correlation with the occurrence of accidents, as well as the cumulative precipitation in 3 days greater than 80 mm to activate alert actions. In this context, the main objective of the research was to analyze the influence of the cumulative precipitation of periods superior to 30 days antecedent to the occurrence of events of mass movements registered by the Civil Defense in the municipality of Cubatão, through precipitation data obtained by the application of the ANOBES method and survey of landslides and mass race in the municipality, from 2000 to 2013. Parametric and non-parametric statistical tests were performed for cumulative values of precipitation of 3, 30, 90 and 180 days prior to records. It was verified that the average / median values of accumulated precipitation of 90 and 180 days prior to the event are significantly higher than the same accumulated of the events in which there were no records of accidents. On the other hand, for the 3-day and 30-day accumulations, it was found that the means of the samples can be considered the same, that is, there is no significant difference between these accumulations in cases of accidents. It is concluded that it is necessary to take into account accumulations of 90 and 180 days for a better refinement of elaboration of correlation coefficients and, consequently, of Preventive Plans. / CAPES: 001

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / The understanding of processes such as the generation of surface runoff, sediment yield and their relations with the rainfall regime is the basis for the planning and effective management of soil and water resources in a watershed. In this context, the present study aims to identify the main processes that influence the generation of surface runoff and sediment yield in small watersheds, and determine parameters for empirical sedimentological models, as well as the Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) for the tropical, semi-arid region of Brazil. The study area is the Iguatu Experimental Basin (IEB), which comprises a watershed of 16.74 km2, three small nested watersheds (from 1 to 3 ha) and three erosion plots of 20 m2. One of the watersheds had been under regenerating Caatinga for 35 years, another subjected to a management, which involved thinning the Caatinga, and the last faced deforestation followed by burning and the cultivation of grass. The period of study was six years (2009 to 2014). Collections to quantify surface runoff and sediment yield were taken for each erosive rainfall event in an accumulated period of 24 hours. Surface runoff in the watersheds was quantified using Parshall flumes, and sediment yield was measured with towers and trenches to collect suspended sediment and bedload. On the watershed scale, runoff was measured by means of a spillway, and sediment yield by a turbidimeter. Cluster analysis was used to determine rainfall regimes and groups of similar rainfall-runoff events. With data from the erosion plots and watersheds, the C factors and coefficients of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) were calibrated and validated. From data measured in the basin, sediment delivery ratios were determined. The occurrence of dry spells and the formation of cracks in the soil were important factors in controlling the generation of runoff and consequently sediment yield. The dry spells made it possible for the soil to dry out, with the formation of cracks, which acted as pathways for preferential flow, generating higher initial abstraction during the start of the rainy season. Changes in ground cover had little influence on accumulated flow, demonstrating that the soil characteristics and conditions as moisture and the presence of cracks, best explain the generation of runoff on expansive soils. The greatest runoff losses in all the watersheds under study were for Rainfall Regime II, characterized by higher depth, intensity and occurrence of the rainfall. For the ground covers under study, values for the C factors and the fit of the coefficients "a" and "b" of MUSLE, proved to be appropriate and recommended according to the statistical indices employed. Values for sediment delivery ratio for individual rainfall events ranged from 0.08 to 1.67%, with an average of 0.68%. In the basin, extreme events may cause high disaggregation of soil particles, but without sufficient transporting energy for dragging the sediment, generating low SDR. / O entendimento de processos como geraÃÃo do escoamento superficial, produÃÃo de sedimentos e suas relaÃÃes com o regime pluviomÃtrico à a base para o planejamento e a gestÃo eficaz dos recursos solo e Ãgua em uma bacia hidrogrÃfica. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo tem como objetivos identificar os principais processos que influenciam a geraÃÃo do escoamento superficial e a produÃÃo de sedimento em pequenas bacias hidrogrÃficas, e calibrar parÃmetros de modelos sedimentolÃgicos empÃricos, bem como a razÃo de aporte de sedimentos (SDR) para a regiÃo semiÃrida tropical do Brasil. A Ãrea de estudo à a Bacia Experimental de Iguatu (BEI), composta de uma bacia de 16,74 km2, trÃs pequenas microbacias aninhadas (de 1 a 3 ha) e trÃs parcelas de erosÃo de 20 m2. Uma das microbacias foi mantida com Caatinga em regeneraÃÃo hà 35 anos, outra submetida ao manejo de raleamento da Caatinga e na Ãltima foi realizado o desmatamento seguido de queimada e cultivo de capim. O perÃodo de estudo foi de seis anos (2009 a 2014). As coletas para quantificaÃÃo do escoamento superficial e da produÃÃo de sedimentos foram realizadas a cada evento de chuva erosiva, no acumulado de 24 horas. O escoamento superficial nas microbacias foi quantificado atravÃs de calhas Parshall e as produÃÃes de sedimentos foram mensuradas atravÃs de torres e fossos coletores de sedimentos em suspensÃo e arraste. Na bacia de 16,74 km2, o escoamento superficial foi mensurado por meio de um vertedor e a produÃÃo de sedimentos atravÃs de um turbidÃmetro. AnÃlises de agrupamento foram utilizadas para determinaÃÃo de regimes de chuvas e grupos de eventos similares de chuva-deflÃvio. Com dados das parcelas de erosÃo e das microbacias foram calibrados e validados os fatores C e os coeficientes da EquaÃÃo Universal de Perdas de Solo Modificada (MUSLE). A partir dos dados medidos na bacia foram determinadas as razÃes de aporte de sedimentos. A ocorrÃncia de veranicos e a formaÃÃo de fendas no solo foram determinantes no controle da geraÃÃo de escoamento e consequentemente da produÃÃo de sedimentos. A ocorrÃncia de veranicos possibilitou o secamento do solo com a formaÃÃo de fendas, que agem como caminhos preferenciais para o fluxo de Ãgua, gerando elevadas abstraÃÃes inicias durante o inÃcio da estaÃÃo chuvosa. As mudanÃas da cobertura vegetal apresentaram pouca influÃncia sobre o escoamento acumulado, indicando que as caracterÃsticas e condiÃÃes do solo, como umidade e presenÃa de fendas, explicam melhor a geraÃÃo de escoamento em solos expansivos. Maiores perdas por escoamento em todas as microbacias estudadas foram para chuvas do Regime II caracterizado por maiores alturas pluviomÃtricas, intensidades e ocorrÃncias. Quanto aos valores dos fatores C e dos coeficientes de ajuste âaâ e âbâ da MUSLE, para as coberturas estudadas, mostraram-se apropriados e recomendados de acordo com os Ãndices estatÃsticos empregados. Os valores da razÃo de aporte de sedimentos para eventos pluviomÃtricos individuais variaram de 0,08 a 1,67%, com mÃdia de 0,68%. Na bacia, eventos extremos podem causar elevada desagregaÃÃo de partÃculas de solo, mas podem nÃo dispor de energia de transporte suficiente para arrastÃ-las, gerando baixo SDR.

Syftet med studien var att utifrån Gross (2007) teori undersöka känsloregleringsstrategier hos elitidrottare. Studiens frågeställning var: Vilka känslor upplever elitidrottaren timmen innan en viktig tävling och hur hanterar idrottaren de uppkomna känslorna? Studien omfattade nio elitidrottare inom individuella idrotter. Datainsamlingen genomfördes med semistrukturerade intervjuer som transkriberades och analyserades via en innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i sex teman med respektive två till tre subteman. De sex huvudteman var distraktion, självprat/peptalk, social strategi, struktur, uppmärksamhetsfokus och visualisering. Elitidrottarna sa samstämmigt att de upplevde känslor timmen före start i en viktig tävling och de gav uttryck för att de använde sig av känsloreglerande strategier. Dessa strategier användes ofta omedvetet. Att medvetandegöra känsloreglerande strategier kan bidra till att skapa möjligheter till en bättre tävlingsprestation. / The purpose of the study was, based on Gross’ (2007) theory, to investigate elite athletes’ emotion regulating strategies. The issue posed in the Study was the following: What feelings does an elite athlete experience in the hour before an important competition and how does the athlete handle those feelings? The study pertained to nine elite athletes in individual athletic disciplines. The compilation of data was performed through semi-structured interviews which were transcribed and analysed using a content analysis. The analysis resulted in six categories with 2-3 sub-categories. The six main categories were distraction, self-talk/pep-talk, social strategy, structure, attention focus and visualisation. The elite athletes conclusively stated that they did experience feelings during the hour just before an important competition and they gave the impression that they used emotion regulating strategies. These strategies were often used sub- consciously. Raising awareness of emotion regulating strategies can contribute to creating possibilities for enhanced performance.