Today, GNSS measurements play an important role in the surveying industry, and their use is ever increasing. Many different GNSS receivers and antenna manufacturers are on the market with new ones appearing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of measurement uncertainty of three different GNSS receivers: Leica GS15, Sokkia GCX2 and Satlab SL300. The method in this study is based mainly on the method proposed by HMK - Geodatakvalitet 2015 (Manual in measurement and map issues – Geographic data quality 2015 [author’s translation]) by Swedish Lantmäteriet for "Evaluation of measurement uncertainty in Network RTK [author’s translation]”. Some corrections and additions are made to this method but the basis of the method is retrieved from there. Formulas are used to calculate radial deviation and limit requirements for these. Even standard deviations and radial mean deviations as well as tolerances for these are calculated. The field measurements are made on two RIX 95-points. This is done repeatedly to get up to 20 measurements. The GNSS receivers are mounted on a tripod with a tribrach that is centered over the known points. The main finding from this study is that all investigated receivers, apart from four overriding values ​​for the Leica GS15, perform better than specified by their manufacturers. However, Sokkia GCX2 and Satlab SL300 are approved with uncertainties within the calculated tolerances. The Leica GS15 instrument is very close to meeting the demands but does not reach all the way. A committed error during the performed measurements with the Satlab SL300 makes its evaluation based on 19 instead of 20 measurements. Still, calculations are performed on the collected data that resulted in low measurement uncertainties well below the manufacturer's specified uncertainty. The study was conducted during five weeks in May and June 2017.

This thesis primarily deals with the concept of designing an antenna based device to harvest energy from Radio Frequency (RF) and using the harvested energy to sense the available Long Term Evolution (LTE) network in order for the Internet of Things (IoT) devices to connect to the network for the purpose of transmitting and receiving data. Secondarily the importance of this project is targeting how to conserve battery power in an IoT device and extend it’s lifetime. Research in the field of energy harvesting has been going on for a long time. Most of the researches concentrate on harvesting significant amount of energy to power up an entire device and so no one has ever thought of using the harvested RF energy to sense the availability of LTE network. This method of using antenna to sense network requires only a small amount of harvested energy. Due to this reason the proposed design works for a very low input received signal strength indicator (RSSI) as well, unlike higer RSSI required for other applications. The proposed design has three major sub-parts such as the (i) Antenna for the purpose of receiving the available ambient radio frequency. (ii) Matching circuit for the purpose of maximum power transfer between the antenna and the rectifier circuit. Finally (iii) rectifier which is used to convert the AC voltage into DC voltage. The device then measures the obtained voltage through the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) pin in the Micro-Controlling Unit (MCU) available with the attached IoT device. The MCU then maps the harvested voltage into the corresponding analog voltage.Depending on the set threshold voltage the MCU can then advice whether or not to connect to the LTE network. The design implements matching circuit for the two LTE bands that are primarily in use in the European region i.e., band 3, 8 that work in 915, 1800 MHz frequency region respectively. In this way we can identify in which band the device is harvesting energy. The matching circuit also acts as a bandpass filter. For the design and production of the entire harvester device one needs adequate knowledge in the field of RF and Antennas and a high level knowledge in the field of electronics in order to run Simulations and to design Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Advanced Design Software (ADS) has been used to run all the simulations and Altium software for the design of PCBs. The final prototype is presented along with the casing and tested on the field in practical scenario. Antenna test chambers were used to test the performance of the antennas being used for the design. The prototype harvests RF energy and indicates whether or not to connect to the LTE network with the help of light emitting diode (LED). The uniqueness of the device is that it can detect signals as low as -110 dBm, this has been set as the threshold for the purpose of sensing LTE networks. / Denna avhandling behandlar primärt konceptet att använda antenner för att hämta energi från RF och att använda den insamlade energin för att känna av det tillgängliga LTE-nätverket för att IoT-enheterna ska kunna ansluta till nätverket för syftet med att överföra och ta emot data. Sekundärt Målet med av detta projekt är att spara batteri i en IoT-enhet och förlänga dess livslängd. Forskning inom området energiskörd har pågått under lång tid nu. De flesta av undersökningarna koncentrerar sig på att skörda betydande mängder energi för att driva en hel enhet och så ingen har någonsin tänkt på att använda den avkända RF-energin för att känna av tillgängligheten för LTE-nätverket. Denna metod för att använda antenn för att känna av nätverk kräver endast en liten mängd skördad energi. På grund av denna anledning fungerar den föreslagna designen även för en mycket låg ingång RSSI, till skillnad från högre RSSI som krävs för andra applikationer. Den föreslagna designen har tre huvuddelar, såsom (i) antennen för att ta emot den tillgängliga omgivande radiofrekvensen. (ii) Matchningskrets för maximal effektöverföring mellan antennen och likriktarkretsen. Slutligen (iii) likriktaren som används för att omvandla AC-spänningen till DC-spänning. Enheten mäter sedan den erhållna spänningen genom ADC-stiftet i MCU som finns tillgänglig med den anslutna IoT-enheten. MCU mappar sedan den genererade spänningen till motsvarande analoga spänning. Beroende på den inställda tröskelspänningen kan MCU sedan ge råd om att ansluta till LTE-nätverket eller inte. Konstruktionen implementerar matchningskrets för de två LTE-banden som primärt används i den europeiska regionen vilka är band 3, 7 som arbetar i 915 respektive 1800 MHz frekvensområdet. På så sätt kan vi identifiera i vilket band enheten hämtar energi i. Matchningskretsen fungerar också som ett bandpassfilter. För design och produktion av hela insamlingsenheten behöver man adekvat kunskap inom området RF och antenner och en hög nivå kunskap inom elektronikområdet för att kunna köra simuleringar och designa PCBs.ADS har använts för att köra alla simuleringar och Altium-mjukvara för design av PCBs. Den slutliga prototypen presenteras tillsammans med höljet och testas på fältet i praktiskt scenario. Antenntestkammare användes för att testa prestandan hos antennerna som användes för konstruktionen. Prototypen skördar RF-energi och indikerar om man ska ansluta till LTE-nätverket eller inte med hjälp av blinkande LED.Det unika med enheten är att den kan upptäcka signaler så låga som - 110 dBm, detta har satts som tröskel för avkänning LTE nätverk.

Within the military there is great need for reliable communication between vehicles. During the planning and construction of a military RIB, Rigid-hulled Inflatable Boat, it is important to design an efficient antenna system that does not deteriorate out of disorder. It must also be ensured that the antennas transmitted power does not stay in the RIB boat. We have been given assignment to model and simulate a proposed antenna system and assess which tool is best suitable for the task. To analyze the antenna system we will look at the radiated electrical field together with the reflectionand EMC properties. The tool that we choose to use is a software called EMPro produced by Keysight Technologies. In this program we will create 3Dstructures for each individual object, the boat, the three antennas and the seawater. It’s also important to include each objects properties concerning material, so that they correctly reflect the reality. We are covering a broad spectrum with our antennas reaching from 1.6-30MHz, 30-88MHz and 100512MHz. The resulting simulation verifies that electromagnetic field would be powerful enough and that the antennas would not affect each other with the proposed placement. We could also confirm that our antennas reflected an inordinate amount of power but with cause that our models were not an exact replica of the antenna. The software EMPro is a suitable tool for this kind of projects concerning modeling and simulating antenna systems.Within the military there is great need for reliable communication between vehicles. During the planning and construction of a military RIB, Rigid-hulled Inflatable Boat, it is important to design an efficient antenna system that does not deteriorate out of disorder. It must also be ensured that the antennas transmitted power does not stay in the RIB boat. We have been given assignment to model and simulate a proposed antenna system and assess which tool is best suitable for the task. To analyze the antenna system we will look at the radiated electrical field together with the reflectionand EMC properties. The tool that we choose to use is a software called EMPro produced by Keysight Technologies. In this program we will create 3Dstructures for each individual object, the boat, the three antennas and the seawater. It’s also important to include each objects properties concerning material, so that they correctly reflect the reality. We are covering a broad spectrum with our antennas reaching from 1.6-30MHz, 30-88MHz and 100512MHz. The resulting simulation verifies that electromagnetic field would be powerful enough and that the antennas would not affect each other with the proposed placement. We could also confirm that our antennas reflected an inordinate amount of power but with cause that our models were not an exact replica of the antenna. The software EMPro is a suitable tool for this kind of projects concerning modeling and simulating antenna systems. / Inom militären finns stort behov av pålitlig kommunikation mellan fordon. Vid konstruktion av ett småfartyg i militärtoch bevakningssyfte är det viktigt att designa ett välfungerande antennsystem som inte försämras utav störningar, det ska även ses till att antennernas utsända effekt inte fastnar i småfartyget. Vi har fått en ritning av hur antennplaceringen är planerad, denna rapport går ut på att verifiera dess funktionalitet samt hitta en mjukvara som kan användas för att verifiera olika antennsystem. För att bedöma antennsystemet kommer denna rapport att undersöka att dess elektriska fält samt reflektionsoch EMC egenskaper, en uppgift som kan lösas med programvaran EMPro (Keysight). I programvaran skapas en 3Dstruktur som innehåller småfartyget, dess 3 stycken antenner samt omfattande havsvatten. Här tas hänsyn till objektens materialegenskaper, antennernas jordning samt de frekvenser antennerna arbetar på, 1.6-30MHz, 30-88MHz samt 100-512MHz. Simulering av systemet gav positiva resultat kring antennsystemets elektromagnetiskafält, antennerna kommer inte heller att störa varandra. Antennerna som vi har modellerat reflekterar orimligt mycket effekt, detta bortser vi från då vi inte haft tillgång till exakt avbildning av antennerna. EMPro är ett verktyg som är lämpligt att använda i detta samt liknande projekt. Dock krävs det att en kraftig dator finns tillgänglig då simuleringar av stora antennsystem baseras på stora uträkningar, som generellt tar lång tid.