Although macroalgae usually are inconspicuous on pristine coral reefs, they often thrive on reefs that are subjected to various types of anthropogenic disturbance. This thesis consists of five papers and investigates how biomass and composition of macroalgal communities on coral reefs are affected by regulating factors, such as nutrient availability, herbivory, substrate availability and hydrodynamic forces. In addition, ecological functions and potential impacts of both wild and farmed macroalgal communities are evaluated. Paper I describes a method for using macroalgal tissue nutrient concentrations as bioindicator for nutrient availability, with the possibility to map nutrient loading from larger coastal cities. Papers II and III are manipulative studies comparing top-down and bottom-up regulation of macroalgal communities, where herbivore consumption seems to be the main regulator of biomass whereas nutrient availability mainly influences community composition. Exclosure of large-bodied herbivores had a positive influence on algal biomass in both studies, and during different climatic periods. Paper III also includes the influence of hydrodynamic forces on algal community biomass and structure by comparing a reef crest and a back reef-habitat. Alterations of top-down and bottom-up regulation generally had a stronger effect within the protected back reef-habitat, suggesting that such environments may be more sensitive to anthropogenic influence. Paper IV confirms the general conclusions from papers II and III by studying macroalgal biomass and composition on reef sites with different environmental prerequisites. This study also supports the notion that herbivorous fish can suppress accumulation of macroalgal biomass if substrate availability is low, but not where coral cover is reduced and plenty of substrate is open to macroalgal colonization. The study also found a large temporal variation of macroalgal standing stock and associated nutrients at sites with low top-down regulation. Paper V evaluates potential impacts of seaweed farming on coral reefs and nutrients in the seascape by experimentally studying growth, survival and nutrient binding capacity of Eucheuma denticulatum. This study showed that seaweed farms counteract eutrophication through nutrient extraction and that the risk of farmed algae colonizing local reefs seems to be small as they were rapidly consumed. In conclusion, the studies in this thesis contribute to the understanding of macroalgal regulation and function in tropical seascapes, thereby adding to the knowledge base for coastal management. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.</p>

No description available.

O Rio Ribeira nasce no estado do Paraná e tem sua foz no município de Iguape estado de São Paulo. Possui 470 km de extensão e recebe o nome de Ribeira de Iguape em sua porção final, onde existe uso intensivo do solo para a agricultura (bananicultura), atividades industriais como mineração, eliminação de esgoto e um pouco de pecuária. Estas atividades contribuem com o aporte de nutrientes nitrogenados e fosfatados para o corpo hidrológico, atingindo o Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape por meio do Canal do Valo Grande, em Iguape. O presente trabalho caracterizou o sistema hídrico por meio de parâmetros hidrológicos e hidroquímico como: temperatura da água, salinidade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, material em suspensão, teores de nitrogênio e de fósforo, matéria orgânica em suspensão e turbidez. Foi realizado um diagnóstico do setor norte do sistema em relação às condições estuarinas naturais presentes no setor sul, correlacionando os valores observados de componentes nitrogenados e fosfatados com a carga estimada de fertilizante empregada nos cultivos de banana, principal cultura da área estudada. Entre Registro e Iguape, a bananicultura localizada na região marginal ao rio foi estimada, com o uso de imagens, em aproximadamente 744 hectares. Foram feitas quatro coletas (invernos 2012 e 2013, verões 2013 e 2014) com 20 estações ao longo do Rio-Valo Grande-Sistema Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia Iguape. No setor norte foram obtidos os mais altos teores de nitrato, 15,72 &#181;mol L-1 no rio e 14,59 &#181;mol L-1 no Valo Grande indicando o grande aporte deste nutriente via rio e com contribuição significativa da adubação da cultura da banana. Quanto ao fosfato, os valores foram extremamente altos em toda a amostragem no setor norte, sobretudo no Inverno de 2012, onde o máximo teor foi de 12,45 &#181;mol L-1 no Rio. Este aporte alto é contínuo e deve receber contribuição suplementar via afluentes, com forte indicativo da proveniência da exploração de rochas fosfatadas, na região de Cajati, cujos efluentes podem atingir o Rio Ribeira de Iguape por meio do Rio Jacupiranga. As cargas de N e P provenientes da agricultura foram de 44,22 t ano-1 para N (1,6% da carga total do rio) e 5,36 t ano-1, para P (0.12% da carga total do rio). O desbalanceamento da entrada de P na relação N:P mostra esta entrada suplementar de P no norte do sistema indicando a forte influência antrópica na região em relação aos dois nutrientes, mas com maior carga para P e uma diluição em relação ao sul que deve ser monitorada. / The Ribeira River rises in the state of Paraná- Brazil and outfalls in Iguape, state of São Paulo (Brazil). The river is 470 km long, and in its final portion, which is aproximately 70 km long, is called Ribeira de Iguape River. In this area an intense use of the soil can be found regarding the growth of bananas crops, there are also industrial mining activities, sewage disposal and some livestock. These activities contribute to the supply of nitrogenous and phosphate nutrients input for the hydrological body, which further reaches Cananéia-Iguape Estuary-Lagoon Complex through Valo Grande Channel, in Iguape. This study characterized the water system through hydrological and hydrochemical parameters such as water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter and turbidity. It was conducted a diagnosis of the northern sector of the system in relation to the natural estuarine conditions present in the south sector. The observed values of nitrogen and phosphate were correlated with the estimated load of fertilizer used in banana plantations, which is the main crop in the study area. The banana plantation located in the river\'s margins, between the cities of Registro and Iguape, was estimated with the use of images, and resulted in approximately 744 hectares. Four campaigns of water sampling were made: winter of 2012 and 2013; summers 2013, 2014) with 19 stations along the River - Valo Grande channel - Cananéia Iguape Estuarine Lagoon System. Highest levels of nitrate were obtained in the river sample of 15.72 &#181;mol L-1, and 14.59 &#181;mol L-1 in the Channel, indicating the great contribution of this nutrient via river and significant contribution of the banana crop fertilization. Regarding the phosphate levels, they were extremely high throughout the sampling in the northern sector, especially in winter 2012, where the maximum level was 12.45 &#181;mol L-1 in the River. This high contribution is ongoing and might receive additional contribution via tributaries, with strong indication of provenance from exploiting phosphate rocks, in the region of Cajati- SP, where effluent can reach the Ribeira de Iguape River through Jacupiranga River. The agricultural load of N and P were estimated in 44.22 t N year-1 (1.62% of total river load) and 5.36 t year-1 P (0.15% of total river load). The imbalance of P input in N:P shows this additional input of P- Phosphate in the north of the system, indicating the strong anthropogenic influence in the region in the two nutrients, but with higher load for P and a dilution towards south, which should be monitored.

Magistro darbe tiriami Neries regioninio parko vabzdžiai , įtraukti į Raudonąją knygą. Darbo objektas- niūriaspalvis auksavabalis (Osmoderma eremita Sc.) , gencijoninis melsvys (Makulinea alcon D.& S.), Darbo tikslas- ištirti kai kurių vabzdžių , įtrauktų į Raudonąją knygą, paplitimą ir gausumą Neries regioniniame parke. Darbo metodai - duomenys buvo renkami naudojantis P.Ivinskio ir J.Rimšaitės bestuburių monitoringo metodika . Darbo rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimus ir įvertinus nustatyta , kad niūriaspalvis auksavabalis (Osmoderma eremita) labiau mėgsta senus , drevėtus , gerai apšviestus medžius. Labiausiai jam tinkamas ąžuolas. Gencijoninis melsvys (Makulinea alcon D.& S.), dažniausiai aptinkamas pietiniuose , gerai apšviestuose šlaituose ,kur vyrauja žema žolinė danga. Būtina sąlyga- augalai melsvieji gencijonai (Gentiana cruciata) ir Myrmica genties skruzdėlės Norint užtikrinti palankias sąlygas niūriaspalviam auksavabaliui , būtina išsaugoti kertines miško buveines ir senus , drevėtus medžius. Norint išsaugoti gencijoninį melsvį būtina prižiūrėti populiacijai tinkamus upių šlaitus ,neleidžiant užaugti aukštai žolinei dangai ir krūmams. / In the master’s of science work the Neris regional park’s insects included in the Red Book are being researched. The object of the work is Osmoderma eremite Sc. and gentian lycaena (Makulinea alcon D.& S.). The objective of the work is to research the diffusion and abundance of some insects included in the Red Book in the Neris regional park. The methods of the work. The data had been collected by using P. Ivinskis and J. Rimšaite methods of invertebrates‘ monitoring. After the research was carried out and the facts estimated, it was established that Osmoderma eremite prefers old, hollow and well-lighted up trees. Oak tree is the most suitable one. Gentian lycaena ( Makulinea alcon D. & S.) is most frequently discovered in southern, well-lighted up slopes where low grass prevails. Gentiana cruciata and ants of Myrmica genus are an indispensable condition. If one wishes to ensure auspicious conditions for Osmoderma eremite Sc., it is necessary to preserve the most important for them forestry habitats and old hollow trees. If one wishes to preserve gentian lycaena, it is necessary to look after river slopes suitable for the population not allowing to grow tall grass and bushes.

O Rio Ribeira nasce no estado do Paraná e tem sua foz no município de Iguape estado de São Paulo. Possui 470 km de extensão e recebe o nome de Ribeira de Iguape em sua porção final, onde existe uso intensivo do solo para a agricultura (bananicultura), atividades industriais como mineração, eliminação de esgoto e um pouco de pecuária. Estas atividades contribuem com o aporte de nutrientes nitrogenados e fosfatados para o corpo hidrológico, atingindo o Complexo Estuarino-Lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape por meio do Canal do Valo Grande, em Iguape. O presente trabalho caracterizou o sistema hídrico por meio de parâmetros hidrológicos e hidroquímico como: temperatura da água, salinidade, pH, oxigênio dissolvido, material em suspensão, teores de nitrogênio e de fósforo, matéria orgânica em suspensão e turbidez. Foi realizado um diagnóstico do setor norte do sistema em relação às condições estuarinas naturais presentes no setor sul, correlacionando os valores observados de componentes nitrogenados e fosfatados com a carga estimada de fertilizante empregada nos cultivos de banana, principal cultura da área estudada. Entre Registro e Iguape, a bananicultura localizada na região marginal ao rio foi estimada, com o uso de imagens, em aproximadamente 744 hectares. Foram feitas quatro coletas (invernos 2012 e 2013, verões 2013 e 2014) com 20 estações ao longo do Rio-Valo Grande-Sistema Estuarino Lagunar de Cananéia Iguape. No setor norte foram obtidos os mais altos teores de nitrato, 15,72 &#181;mol L-1 no rio e 14,59 &#181;mol L-1 no Valo Grande indicando o grande aporte deste nutriente via rio e com contribuição significativa da adubação da cultura da banana. Quanto ao fosfato, os valores foram extremamente altos em toda a amostragem no setor norte, sobretudo no Inverno de 2012, onde o máximo teor foi de 12,45 &#181;mol L-1 no Rio. Este aporte alto é contínuo e deve receber contribuição suplementar via afluentes, com forte indicativo da proveniência da exploração de rochas fosfatadas, na região de Cajati, cujos efluentes podem atingir o Rio Ribeira de Iguape por meio do Rio Jacupiranga. As cargas de N e P provenientes da agricultura foram de 44,22 t ano-1 para N (1,6% da carga total do rio) e 5,36 t ano-1, para P (0.12% da carga total do rio). O desbalanceamento da entrada de P na relação N:P mostra esta entrada suplementar de P no norte do sistema indicando a forte influência antrópica na região em relação aos dois nutrientes, mas com maior carga para P e uma diluição em relação ao sul que deve ser monitorada. / The Ribeira River rises in the state of Paraná- Brazil and outfalls in Iguape, state of São Paulo (Brazil). The river is 470 km long, and in its final portion, which is aproximately 70 km long, is called Ribeira de Iguape River. In this area an intense use of the soil can be found regarding the growth of bananas crops, there are also industrial mining activities, sewage disposal and some livestock. These activities contribute to the supply of nitrogenous and phosphate nutrients input for the hydrological body, which further reaches Cananéia-Iguape Estuary-Lagoon Complex through Valo Grande Channel, in Iguape. This study characterized the water system through hydrological and hydrochemical parameters such as water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, suspended matter and turbidity. It was conducted a diagnosis of the northern sector of the system in relation to the natural estuarine conditions present in the south sector. The observed values of nitrogen and phosphate were correlated with the estimated load of fertilizer used in banana plantations, which is the main crop in the study area. The banana plantation located in the river\'s margins, between the cities of Registro and Iguape, was estimated with the use of images, and resulted in approximately 744 hectares. Four campaigns of water sampling were made: winter of 2012 and 2013; summers 2013, 2014) with 19 stations along the River - Valo Grande channel - Cananéia Iguape Estuarine Lagoon System. Highest levels of nitrate were obtained in the river sample of 15.72 &#181;mol L-1, and 14.59 &#181;mol L-1 in the Channel, indicating the great contribution of this nutrient via river and significant contribution of the banana crop fertilization. Regarding the phosphate levels, they were extremely high throughout the sampling in the northern sector, especially in winter 2012, where the maximum level was 12.45 &#181;mol L-1 in the River. This high contribution is ongoing and might receive additional contribution via tributaries, with strong indication of provenance from exploiting phosphate rocks, in the region of Cajati- SP, where effluent can reach the Ribeira de Iguape River through Jacupiranga River. The agricultural load of N and P were estimated in 44.22 t N year-1 (1.62% of total river load) and 5.36 t year-1 P (0.15% of total river load). The imbalance of P input in N:P shows this additional input of P- Phosphate in the north of the system, indicating the strong anthropogenic influence in the region in the two nutrients, but with higher load for P and a dilution towards south, which should be monitored.

Les estuaires à mangroves sont des écosystèmes très dynamiques qui transportent du carbone provenant des eaux continentales et de la production côtière vers la plaine d’inondation, et exportent vers l’océan une partie de celui fixé par la végétation environnante. Les mangroves sont des écosystèmes très productifs et servent ainsi de zones de nurserie et d’alimentation pour de nombreuses espèces côtières qui y pénètrent lors de la marée montante et exportent lors de la marée descendante la matière qu’ils y ont ingérée. Cependant, les quantités et la qualité du carbone qui est échangé dans l’estuaire, ainsi que les transformations qui s’y opèrent, sont encore mal connues. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier le cycle du carbone dans l’estuaire traversant la mangrove de Can Gio, au sud du Vietnam, ainsi que les organismes macroscopiques connectant la mangrove au compartiment océanique par leurs déplacements ; ceci, afin de mieux comprendre le bilan de carbone de la mangrove de Can Gio, et plus largement, celui des mangroves tropicales. Les résultats présentés sont issus de 3 campagnes d’échantillonnage ; la première en saison sèche, uniquement le long de l’estuaire traversant la mangrove ; la deuxième en saison humide, le long de l’estuaire et dans un chenal de vidange ; et la dernière afin de simuler en laboratoire le devenir d’effluents crevetticoles une fois rejetés dans l’estuaire. Des suivis des masses d’eau ont été effectués en différentes zones du réseau hydrographique de la mangrove, à chaque fois au cours d’un cycle tidal complet (24 h), et diverses espèces macroscopiques ont été capturées dans le lit mineur et la zone intertidale. Cette étude s’intéresse à la fois aux formes minérales du carbone, notamment le CO2 qui joue un rôle clé dans la régulation du climat, à ses formes organiques, en particulier les acides gras qui sont utilisés comme traceurs de la matière organique dans les réseaux trophiques et qui possèdent de nombreuses fonctions métaboliques, et enfin à des spécificités du compartiment microbien, qui contribue au remaniement de ce carbone. / Mangrove estuaries are highly dynamic environments importing carbon originating from both the watershed and the coastal ocean to the adjacent floodplain, and exporting to the ocean a fraction of that photosynthesised by the surrounding vegetation. Mangroves are very productive ecosystems. Thus, they serve as a nursery for a wide variety of coastal species entering the ecosystem during flood, and exporting during ebb the carbon they consumed. However, the quantities and the quality of carbon exchanged within the estuary, along with the transformations occurring during the water transit, are still not fully understood. This work aims to examine the carbon cycle in the main estuarine channel of the Can Gio mangrove, located in southern Vietnam, along with macroscopic species connecting the mangrove ecosystem to the coastal ocean through their movements; this, in order to better understand the carbon budget of the Can Gio mangrove, and at a broader scale, of tropical mangroves. Results presented in this manuscript are originating from 3 sampling campaigns; the first performed during the dry season, along the main estuarine channel only; the second achieved during the wet season, along both the main estuarine channel and a mangrove tidal creek; and the last in order to simulate in controlled conditions the fate of shrimp pond effluents once released in the estuary. Water column parameters were surveyed at different sites located on the mangrove waterways, each during a complete tidal cycle (24 h), and various macroscopic species were sampled from both the intertidal zone and the water column. This study examines concomitantly mineral forms of carbon, particularly CO2, which plays a major role in climate mitigation; its organic forms, especially fatty acids, used as biomarkers in trophic webs studies and implied in diverse metabolic functions; and specificities of the microbial compartment, contributing to the cycling of this carbon.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:45:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Monique Pazete de Oliveira.pdf: 358624 bytes, checksum: bd88033e1fca61aa46093f7540c26318 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-01-25 / The Meia Ponte River basin occupies an area of 12.180 km² of the Goiás State and it is affluent of the right margin of the Paranaíba River, upper Paraná River basin. The water of this basin supplies industrial and production activities with more than 290 enterprises related mainly to industry, mining, cattle raise, agriculture, aquiculture and electric power production. Receives also domestic sewage generated by several urban areas installed along the basin including the city of Goiânia. This study aims to compares the differences among fish assemblages considering the abundance, richness, the Shannon-Wiener diversity Index and constancy; to determine the quality of the aquatic environment taking into account the relation biomass/abundance; and to determine which among hydrological (water velocity, channel width, channel water depth) and physico-chemical variables (luminosity, Secchi water transparency, conductivity, water temperature, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen) determines the fish assemblage structure. Samples of environmental variables and fish were conducted in five stretches (1000 m) located along the main channel of the Meia Ponte River every two month between March 2006 and February 2007, totalizing six collections and embracing the low and high waters seasons. Fish were captured using four set of nets (meshes 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 50 and 70 mm) and five minnow-traps. It was collected 2.736 individuals distributed in 64 species. Results show that the pattern of the number of constant species along the channel river contrasts with those of the accessory and occasional species. Significant differences among stretches are observed considering the abundance, richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity Index. The analysis cluster indicates that the fish assemblages of the stretches 1, 2 and 3 are different from those downstream the hydroelectric reservoir of Rochedo (stretches 4 and 5). The ABC curves suggests that upperstream stretches (1 to 3) are less polluted that those (4 and 5) downstream the Rochedo reservoir. Two environmental variables structure the fish assemblages the width channel and the water velocity. Anthropogenic impacts influence on the results obtained. / A bacia do Rio Meia Ponte ocupa uma área de 12.180 km² do Estado de Goiás e está localizado na margem direita do Rio Paranaíba, alto rio Paraná. A água desta bacia abastece de forma direta atividades industriais e de produção, com mais de 290 empreendimentos relacionados principalmente com indústrias diversas, extração mineral, pecuária, agricultura, aqüicultura e produção de energia elétrica. Ela é receptora do esgoto doméstico gerado por várias cidades instaladas ao longo na mesma incluindo a cidade de Goiânia. Este estudo objetiva comparar as diferenças entre as assembléias de peixes considerando a abundância, riqueza, índice de diversidade de Shannon- Wiener, uniformidade e constância, determinar a qualidade do ambiente aquático levando em conta a relação biomassa/abundância, assim como as variáveis que estruturam as assembléias de peixes considerando a velocidade da água, largura do canal, profundidade do canal, luminosidade, condutividade, temperatura da água, turbidez, e oxigênio dissolvido. As amostras das variáveis ambientais e dos peixes foram realizadas bimestralmente em cinco seções (1000 m) localizadas ao longo do canal principal do rio Meias Ponte entre março de 2006 e fevereiro de 2007, totalizando seis coletas. Os peixes foram capturados utilizando quatro conjuntos de redes (malhas 12, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 50 e 70 mm) e cinco armadilhas do tipo Gee. Foram coletados 2.736 indivíduos distribuídos em 64 espécies. Os resultados mostram que o padrão do número de espécies constantes ao longo da calha contrasta com este das acessórias e ocasionais. Diferenças significativas entre os trechos são observadas considerando a abundância, índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e riqueza. A análise de Cluster indica que as assembléias de peixe dos trechos 1, 2 e 3 são diferentes daquelas a jusante do reservatório hidroelétrico do Rochedo (seções 4 e 5). As curvas ABC sugerem que os trechos superiores (1 a 3) estão menos poluídos do que aqueles a jusante do reservatório do Rochedo (4 e 5). Duas variáveis ambientais estruturam as assembléias de peixe, a largura do canal e a velocidade da água. As atividades antropogênicas presentes na bacia influenciam nos resultados encontrados.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Gustavo Muniz Dias / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Evolução e Diversidade, 2015. / Em ambientes heterogêneos, a evolução pode favorecer a plasticidade fenotípica como forma de aumentar a gama de condições nas quais os organismos podem sobreviver e reproduzir. Essa heterogeneidade pode ser o resultado da variação das condições naturais, mas atividades antrópicas também podem aumentar a heterogeneidade mesmo em pequenas escalas. Para saber como um organismo responde a essa heterogeneidade em pequena escala, investigamos a manifestação de diferentes fenótipos e as consequências da plasticidade fenotípica na aptidão do briozoário marinho Schizoporella errata frente a duas condições ambientais distintas ocasionadas por uma marina de recreação: no quebra-mar (maior hidrodinâmica) e no interior da marina (mais impactado). Realizamos dois experimentos: 1) no primeiro verificamos como as condições distintas dos dois locais influenciam os atributos relativos à aptidão de colônias de S. errata com duas idades (3 meses e 5 meses) e em dois momentos do ano. 2) No segundo, testamos se estes atributos são plásticos, através de um experimento de translocação recíproca utilizando clones de S. errata. Quando observamos diferenças no crescimento assexuado das colônias entre locais (períodos mais quentes), estas cresceram mais e apresentaram maior densidade de autozooides no quebra-mar. Já no interior da marina, as colônias investiram mais em reprodução sexuada. O investimento em defesa foi maior no segundo momento de experimentação, quando o percentual de colônias consumidas foi maior. As colônias apresentaram plasticidade em todos os atributos relativos à aptidão, com muita variação entre os genótipos. De modo geral, no quebra-mar os clones cresceram mais e tiveram maiores densidades de autozooides do que os do interior da marina corroborando o padrão descrito no primeiro experimento. Enquanto o investimento reprodutivo não variou entre os clones e locais de origem e destino, clones investiram mais em defesa no quebra-mar. As diferenças das condições ambientais entre os locais geraram efeitos variados na aptidão de S. errata, dependendo do momento do ano, da idade, do genótipo, mas principalmente da interação entre estes fatores. O hidrodinamismo no quebra-mar pode ter contribuído para o maior investimento em crescimento e densidade de autozooides, enquanto que no interior da marina o menor crescimento foi compensado pelo maior investimento reprodutivo, indicando uma possível demanda conflitante entre reprodução sexuada e assexuada. De forma geral, as alterações nas condições físicas e biológicas causadas pela construção da marina afetou a manifestação do fenótipo em S. errata, entretanto toda essa plasticidade diferiu entre indivíduos, indicando que dentro da população há uma grande variação na forma como o fenótipo é manifestado, o que explica porque Schizoporella errata é uma espécie invasora comum em muitos locais do mundo / In heterogeneous environments, evolution can promote phenotypic plasticity in order to increase the range of conditions in which the organisms can survive and reproduce. This heterogeneity can be caused by variation in the natural conditions, but human activities may also increase the heterogeneity even at small scales. To learn how the heterogeneity of environmental conditions affects the expression of different phenotypes and the consequences of phenotypic plasticity to the organisms fitness, we growth the marine bryozoan Schizoporella errata under two different environmental conditions caused by a recreational marina: on the breakwater, a more natural and hydrodynamic local and inside the marina, a more calm but disturbed place. We conducted two experiments: 1) on first we described how the different conditions of the two sites influence the attributes related to the fitness of S. errata with two different ages (3 months and 5 months) and two moments of the year. 2) On second we tested whether these attributes are induced by the environment, through reciprocal translocation of clones of S. errata. When the local affected clonal growth of colonies (warm periods), colonies reached larger size and zooid densities at the breakwater. However, inside the marina the colonies invested more in sexual reproduction. Investment in defense was higher in the second time trial, when the percentage of colonies consumed was higher. During the second experiment, the colonies showed plasticity in all studied traits, with large variation among genotypes. In general, clones in the breakwater grew more and had higher autozooids densities than those of the inside of marina, corroborating the pattern described in the first experiment. While the reproductive investment was not affected by the genotype, origin or destination, the clones invested more in defense in the breakwater. The differences of the environmental conditions between the sites, generated various effects on S. errata fitness, depending on the moment, age, genotype, but mainly on the interaction between these factors. The hydrodynamics on the breakwater may have contributed to the increased investment in growth and autozooids density, while inside the marina the lowest growth was offset by higher reproductive investment, indicating a possible trade-off between sexual and asexual reproduction. In general, changes in physical and biological conditions caused by marina construction affected the expression of phenotype in S. errata, however this plasticity differ between individuals, indicating that within the population there is great variation in how the phenotype is expressed, which explains why Schizoporella errata is a common invasive species in many parts of the world.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-14T19:52:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VIRGÍNIA DE FÁTIMA BEZERRA NOGUEIRA – TESE (PPGMET) 2015.pdf: 2294664 bytes, checksum: 660de8adf5292855bb29d8690566ac6b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T19:52:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VIRGÍNIA DE FÁTIMA BEZERRA NOGUEIRA – TESE (PPGMET) 2015.pdf: 2294664 bytes, checksum: 660de8adf5292855bb29d8690566ac6b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / A avaliação das conexões entre degradação ambiental no bioma Cerrado e mudanças climáticas constitui o foco central desta pesquisa. Nos últimos anos a intervenção humana em biomas ricos em biodiversidade, que é de grande importância para o país, aumentou consideravelmente provocando alterações significativas no ciclo hidrológico. O impacto dessas intervenções exige a realização de pesquisas com abordagens mais específicas, que permitam aprimorar o conhecimento sobre os impactos de influências antrópicas no clima regional e evidenciar a urgência de medidas mitigadoras. Os procedimentos de análise se basearam na caracterização ambiental da área através de informações de satélite (sensoriamento remoto), e detecção de mudanças no padrão de comportamento de variáveis atmosféricas resultantes da transformação da vegetação nativa em áreas agrícolas (monocultura da soja) na região de Chapadinha-MA. Técnicas estatísticas, incluindo análise multivariada (análise fatorial em análise de componentes principais) e testes paramétricos (teste – t, teste F / análise de variância) e não paramétricos (teste Sequencial de Mann-Kendall / teste de Pettitt), foram usadas como principais ferramentas de investigação. Os resultados indicam que o processo de degradação da vegetação nativa (Cerrado) na região de Chapadinha teve início antes da entrada da soja; no entanto, a sojicultora foi determinante para tornar significativa este impacto no clima. Evidências de impacto de mudanças antrópicas foram detectadas nas temperaturas máxima e mínima. O aumento significativo nos valores das temperaturas extremas é um indício importante de que a degradação no Cerrado pode contribuir no processo de desertificação na região analisada. / The evaluation of the connections between environmental degradation in the Cerrado biome and climate change is the central focus of this research. In recent years human intervention in biomes rich in biodiversity, which is of great importance for the country has risen sharply causing significant changes in the hydrological cycle. The impact of these interventions requires conducting research with more specific approaches, which allow improve knowledge about the impacts of anthropogenic influences on regional climate and highlight the urgent need for mitigation measures. Screening procedures were based on environmental characterization of the area through satellite information (remote sensing), and detection of changes in the pattern of behavior of atmospheric variables resulting from the processing of native vegetation in agricultural areas (Soy monoculture) in the Chapadinha region -MA. Statistical techniques, including multivariate analysis (factor analysis in principal component analysis) and parametric tests (t - test, test F / ANOVA) and nonparametric (Sequential Mann-Kendall / Pettitt test) were used as main research tools. The results indicate that the native vegetation degradation process (cerrado) in the region Chapadinha started before soybean input; however, the sojicultora was crucial to make this significant impact on the climate. Impact evidence of anthropogenic changes were detected in maximum and minimum temperatures. The significant increase in extremes of temperature values is an important indication that the degradation in the Cerrado can contribute to the process of desertification in the region analyzed.

En Europe, l'augmentation des températures moyennes de surface de l'air projetée au cours du 21ème siècle s'accompagne d'une augmentation des extrêmes chauds et d'une diminution des extrêmes froids. Dans les dernières décennies, des indices témoignent déjà de ces changements, comme l'établissement récurrent de nouveaux records de chaleur ou l'augmentation des canicules. Nous étudions l'évolution des extrêmes journaliers de température au cours du 20ème et du 21ème siècle en France et en Europe, et ce en termes d'occurrence et d'intensité. Un intérêt particulier est aussi porté aux mécanismes responsables de ces futurs extrêmes climatiques, ainsi qu'aux futures températures maximales. Nous nous intéressons tout d'abord à l'évolution des records journaliers de température à partir d'observations et de modèles de climat. Entre 1950 et 1980, l'évolution théorique des records dans le cadre d'un climat stationnaire représente correctement l'évolution observée des records chauds et froids. Depuis les années 1980, un écart à ce climat stationnaire est observé, avec respectivement une augmentation et une diminution de l'occurrence des records chauds et froids. Les modèles climatiques suggèrent une accentuation de ces changements au cours du siècle. L'occurrence moyenne des records chauds à la fin du siècle présente une forte augmentation par rapport aux premières décennies de la période observée. L'augmentation la plus importante des records chauds est projetée en été, en particulier dans la région méditerranéenne. Quant aux records froids, les modèles indiquent une diminution très importante de leur occurrence, avec une occurrence quasi-nulle dans les dernières décennies. Les variations observées d'occurrence de records sont, au début du 21ème siècle, toujours dans l'éventail des fluctuations de la variabilité interne du climat. Au cours du siècle, l'émergence de l'influence anthropique de ces fluctuations est détectable dans l'évolution des records chauds et froids en été, et ce respectivement autour des décennies 2030 et 2020. À l'horizon de la fin du siècle, les changements moyens d'occurrence de records ne peuvent pas être uniquement expliqués par des fluctuations naturelles. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés aux futures températures estivales extrêmes, ainsi qu'aux canicules intenses qui peuvent être à l'origine de ces extrêmes. Pour cela, l'utilisation de modèles climatiques globaux est associée à la modélisation climatique régionale et à des stations d'observations en France. Tout d'abord, l'augmentation maximale des valeurs maximales des records journaliers de température en été en France est estimée à partir d'une simulation régionale à haute résolution spatiale. À l'horizon 2100, les projections indiquent une augmentation maximale de ces valeurs extrêmes en été comprise entre de 6.6°C et 9.9°C selon les régions de la France. La comparaison de ces projections avec un ensemble de modèles climatiques indique que ces augmentations maximales pourraient être plus importantes. La médiane de la distribution des modèles indique en effet une augmentation maximale de ces valeurs maximales des records journaliers de température de 11.8°C en été et en France. Puis, des expériences de modélisation de canicules intenses du climat européen de la fin du 21ème siècle ont été réalisées à partir d'événements particuliers d'un modèle de climat. Ces expériences ont mis en évidence le rôle des interactions entre le sol et l'atmosphère dans l'amplification des températures extrêmes lors de futurs évènements caniculaire intenses. L'occurrence de telles canicules est d'abord dépendante de la circulation atmosphérique, mais l'intensité des températures peut ensuite être fortement amplifiée en fonction du contenu en humidité des sols avant la canicule, et donc des conditions climatiques des semaines et des mois précédents. / Over the 21st century, the mean increase in surface air temperatures is projected to be associated with an increase in warm temperature extremes and a decrease in the cold ones. Over the last decades, evidence already suggests these changes, as for example recurrent warm record-breaking temperatures or the increase in heatwave occurrence. We investigate the evolution of daily temperature extremes over the 20th and the 21st centuries in France and in Europe, their possible changes in frequency and intensity. We also focus on the mechanisms responsible for these projected climate extremes, as well as the maximum values of temperature extremes at the end of the century. First, we investigate the evolution of daily record-breaking temperatures in Europe based on the observations and an ensemble of climate models. From the 1950s to the 1980s, the theoretical evolution of the records in a stationary climate correctly reproduce the observed one, for both cold and warm records. From 1980, a shift from that theoretical evolution is observed, with an increase in the occurrence of warm records and a decrease in the occurrence of the cold ones. Climate models suggest an amplification of these changes over the century. At the end of the 21st century, the mean number of warm records shows a strong increase compared to the first decades of the observed period. The strongest increase in warm record-breaking temperatures is found in summer, and particularly over the Mediterranean edge. On the contrary, the occurrence of cold record-breaking temperatures is projected to strongly decrease, with almost no new records in the last decades of the century, for all seasons and over the entire European domain. Observed variations of daily record-breaking temperatures are still, at the beginning of the 21st century, consistent with internal climate variability only. Over the century, the anthropogenic influence emerge from these fluctuations in the summer record evolutions, around the 2030 and the 2020 for the warm and cold records respectively. By 2100, the mean changes in record occurrences cannot be explained by the internal climate variability solely, for all seasons and over the entire European domain. Then, we investigate future extreme temperatures at the end of the 21st century, as well as severe heatwaves leading to these extremes. Climate models analyses are associated with regional climate modeling and a French station-based dataset of observations. The summer 21st century evolution of the maximum values of daily warm record-breaking temperatures is first examined in the observations and the high resolution simulation of the regional model. By 2100, an increase of these values is projected, with maximum changes between +6.6°C and +9.9°C in summer among the French regions. These projections assessed from a regional model may underestimate the changes. The multi-model mean estimate of the maximum increase of these values is indeed around +11.8°C in summer over France. Finally, regional modeling experiments of severe heatwaves in the climate of the end of the 21st century in Europe are performed. These severe heatwaves are selected cases from a global climate model trajectory. The experiments results show the role of the soil-atmosphere interactions in the amplification of the extreme temperatures during such future severe warm events. The occurrence of the heatwave is first caused by the atmospheric circulation, but the temperature anomaly can then be amplified according to the soil moisture content before the event, and thus the climatic conditions of the preceding weeks and months.