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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

An exploration of factors related to hypertension control in African American and Caucasian municipal employees

Sinsuesatkul, Sunun. January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Sept. 19, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-170).
42

Influência do diltiazem sobre o tecido gengival : estudo histológico e histométrico em ratos /

Corrêa, Fernanda de Oliveira Bello. January 2004 (has links)
Resumo: O diltiazem é um bloqueador dos canais de cálcio indicado para o tratamento da hipertensão e diversos tipos de angina. Esse medicamento pode provocar aumento gengival, embora apresente baixa prevalência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da dosagem e do período de administração do diltiazem na indução ou não de aumento gengival em ratos. Quarenta ratos machos jovens foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em oito grupos de acordo com a dosagem e o período de aplicação. Os animais receberam 0 (controle), 5, 20 e 50 mg/kg de peso corporal/dia do diltiazem e foram sacrificados após 20 e 40 dias. Posteriormente, foram realizadas análises macroscópica, histológica e histométrica do tecido gengival. Macro e microscopicamente o tecido gengival de todos os animais dos grupos controle e experimentais apresentou características de normalidade. A análise histométrica da gengiva livre vestibular do primeiro molar inferior demonstrou que não houve influência da dosagem para cada período de aplicação, sendo que somente o grupo de 20 mg/kg mantido 40 dias apresentou uma redução significativa de área de tecido epitelial (teste de Kruskall-Wallis, p=0,010) em relação ao grupo controle/40 dias. Ao analisar a influência do período, por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney, foi verificado que somente o grupo de 20mg/kg apresentou redução significativa tanto de área de tecido conjuntivo (p=0,0367) quanto de tecido epitelial (p=0,0122) comparando-se o período de 20 e 40 dias. Os autores concluíram que o diltiazem não induziu aumento gengival em ratos. Estudos posteriores são necessários para avaliar a influência da dosagem de 20 mg/kg e de dosagens superiores às empregadas neste estudo. / Abstract: Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker for treatment of hypertension and various types of angina. It may also, however, provoke gingival overgrowth although this is not frequent. This study evaluated the influence of dosage and duration of diltiazem administration on inducing gingival overgrowth in rats. Forty young male rats were separated into eight groups according to the dosage and duration of administration. The animals received 0 (control), 5, 20 or 50 mg of diltiazem daily per kilogram of bodyweight. They were sacrificed after 20 or 40 day periods for macroscopic, histologic and histometric analysis of the gingiva. Macro and microscopic characteristics of the gingival tissue of all animals studied were found to be normal. Histometric analyses of the free buccal gingiva of the first lower molars showed that regarding the dosage for each period only the group of 20 mg/kg administered for 40 days presented a significant reduction in the area of the epithelial tissue in relation to the control group (p=0,010). Analyses of the time periods indicated that only the 20mg/kg group presented a significant reduction in both the connective (p=0.0367) and epithelial tissues (p=0.0122) when the 20 and 40 day durations were compared. The authors concluded that diltiazem did not induce gingival overgrowth in rats or influence their weight gain. Studies are now necessary to evaluate the influence of the 20 mg/kg and of the larger dosages administered in this study. / Orientador: Silvana Regina Perez Orrico / Coorientador: Luis Carlos Spolidorio / Banca: José Eduardo Cezar Sampaio / Banca: Maria Angela Naval Machado / Mestre
43

Avaliação da qualidade de vida em adultos e idosos hipertensos que utilizam medicação anti-hipertensiva / Evaluation of quality of life in adults and elderly hypertensive patients using anti-hypertensive medication

Borim, Flávia Silva Arbex, 1977- 13 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Eros Antonio de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T21:11:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Borim_FlaviaSilvaArbex_M.pdf: 1855380 bytes, checksum: 5badad59567e422bfc6ce02c96d55fd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é uma doença multifatorial, de detecção quase sempre tardia devido ao seu curso assintomático e prolongado. Estima-se que no Brasil 30% da população em geral, com mais de 40 anos, possa ter pressão arterial elevada. Um desafio no diagnóstico e controle da HAS é conhecer o impacto da doença e seu tratamento sobre a vida do indivíduo. Tem-se demonstrado que a partir do conhecimento do diagnóstico de HAS os pacientes relatam mudanças sobre sua qualidade de vida. O presente estudo buscou avaliar a qualidade de vida de adultos e idosos hipertensos em tratamento anti-hipertensivo, considerando as comorbidades, a associação de medicamentos, a prática de exercício físico e o controle ou não da pressão arterial. Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva, com amostra de conveniência, de ambos os sexos, em tratamento medicamentoso. Adotaram-se como critérios de exclusão a dificuldade de manter comunicação verbal e agravos decorrentes da hipertensão. Os seguintes instrumentos foram utilizados: Questionário sóciodemográfico e clínico, de Baecke modificado para idosos e qualidade de vida específica para hipertensos. As variáveis foram analisadas pelo teste Qui- Quadrado, pela Regressão Logística e Análise de Cluster. Foram avaliados 156 participantes, sendo que 85 (54,48%) tinham idade igual ou superior a 60 anos e a proporção de mulheres entrevistadas foi 75,64%. Verificou-se que a razão de chance foi significativa para atividade física e quando foram considerados somente os idosos. Assim, os indivíduos com menores escores na atividade física possuíam 11,2 (100 88,8) menos chances de fazer parte do grupo com boa qualidade de vida. Os indivíduos com pressão arterial (PA) controlada possuíam três vezes mais chances de fazer parte do grupo com boa qualidade de vida. Quando separados por critério de idade, observou-se que a razão de chance é significativa apenas nos adultos. Os indivíduos adultos com PA controlada possuíam 7,5 vezes mais chances de fazer parte do grupo com boa qualidade de vida. As variáveis comorbidade e medicamento não apresentaram diferença significativa. Concluiu-se que os adultos e idosos apresentaram diferença significativa nas seguintes variáveis: PA controlada e atividade física, que apresentaram diferença para o impacto na qualidade de vida. Isso mostra a necessidade de diferentes abordagens no tratamento de HAS entre adultos e idosos / Abstract: Systemic arterial hypertension is a multi-factorial disease which is usually detected late, and which presents a prolonged and asymptomatic course. It's esteemed that in Brazil 30% of the population over 40 years old might have high blood pressure. A challenge in the diagnosis and control of the arterial hypertension (AH) is to know the impact of this disease and its treatment on the individual's life. It has been shown that with knowledge of the diagnosis of HAS, people related changes in their quality of life (QoL). The present study evaluated the QoL of adults and elderly with AH submitted to pharmacological treatment, considering the co-morbidities; the association of drugs; the practice of physical exercise; and blood pressure control or not. It's a descriptive research with a convenience sample of both genders in drug treatment. It was used as criteria for exclusion to present difficulty to maintain verbal communication and the disorders resulting from hypertension. The following tools were used: a sociodemographic questionnaire, the modified Baecke questionnaire for elders and a QoL questionnaire for patients with AH. The data were analyzed with the qui-square test, logistic regression and Cluster Analysis. We evaluated 156 patients, of which 85 (54.58%) with 60 years old or more and the proportion of women interviewed was 75.64%. It was found that the odds ratio showed significance for the physical activity and when were considered only the elderly group. Thus, those with lower score in the physical activity showed 11.2 (100 - 88.8) lesser probability of being included in the better QoL group. Those with controlled blood pressure presented 3 times more probability of being included in the better QoL group. When separated by age criteria, it was observed that the odds ratio is significant only in adults. The adults with controlled blood pressure had 7.5 times more probability of being included in the better QoL group. The variables co-morbidities and drug treatment didn't show any significant difference. It was concluded that adult and older presented a significant difference in the following variables: blood pressure controlled and physical exercise, which showed difference to the impact on the quality of life. This shows the need for different approaches in the treatment of hypertension among adults and elderly / Mestrado / Mestre em Gerontologia
44

Estudo de equivalÃncia farmacÃutica dos fÃrmacos captopril e cloridrato de propranolol comercializados no programa farmÃcia popular do brasil. / Assesment of the pharmaceutical equivalence of captopril and propranolol hydrocloride tablets sold in the popular pharmacy program in brazil.

AndrÃa Vieira Pontes Rohleder 27 July 2009 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / A equivalÃncia farmacÃutica entre dois medicamentos relaciona-se à comprovaÃÃo de que ambos contÃm o mesmo fÃrmaco na mesma dosagem e forma farmacÃutica, o que pode ser avaliado por meio de testes in vitro. No Brasil, os medicamentos alopÃticos sÃo divididos em trÃs categorias quanto ao registro junto à AgÃncia Nacional de VigilÃncia SanitÃria: medicamentos novos, medicamentos similares e medicamentos genÃricos. A legislaÃÃo atual dispÃe que para o registro de novos medicamentos genÃricos e similares à necessÃria a comprovaÃÃo da equivalÃncia farmacÃutica e a bioequivalÃncia em relaÃÃo ao medicamento de referÃncia. Produtos registrados antes de 2003 tÃm um perÃodo de adaptaÃÃo garantido, de modo que os resultados dos testes de equivalÃncia farmacÃutica e perfil de dissoluÃÃo sejam incluÃdos ao seu registro atà 2014. O Programa FarmÃcia Popular do Brasil à uma nova polÃtica de AssistÃncia FarmacÃutica, dentro do Sistema Ãnico de SaÃde que tem como objetivo facilitar o acesso da populaÃÃo aos medicamentos considerados bÃsicos e essenciais, diminuindo assim, o impacto dos preÃos dos medicamentos no orÃamento familiar. O objeivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a EquivalÃncia FarmacÃutica de comprimidos de Captopril 25 mg e Cloridrato de Propranolol 40 mg comercializados no Programa FarmÃcia Popular do Brasil, comparando-o com medicamentos de ReferÃncia e GenÃrico, visando discutir a importÃncia da qualidade dos medicamentos para a saÃde pÃblica. Realizaram-se testes fÃsicos e fÃsico-quÃmicos como: identificaÃÃo, determinaÃÃo de peso, desintegraÃÃo, dureza, friabilidade, teor, uniformidade de conteÃdo, pureza e perfil de dissoluÃÃo, segundo a FarmacopÃia Brasileira, 4a ediÃÃo. Os resultados indicaram uma baixa dureza nos comprimidos de cloridrato de propranolol da FarmÃcia Popular. Os perfis de dissoluÃÃo, analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey demonstraram diferenÃas significativas (p<0,001) entre os perfis de dissoluÃÃo da FarmÃcia popular em relaÃÃo ao GenÃrico e ReferÃncia nos tempos avaliados dos dois fÃrmacos em estudo. Compararam-se os perfis de dissoluÃÃo dos comprimidos da FarmÃcia Popular com os medicamentos ReferÃncia e GenÃrico atravÃs da EficiÃncia de DissoluÃÃo (ED%). A extensÃo do fÃrmaco dissolvido do medicamento FarmÃcia Popular foi significativamente menor (P < 0,001) do que o ReferÃncia para Captopril e Propranolol. O Captopril da FarmÃcia Popular, apesar de ter cumprido as exigÃncias da legislaÃÃo, foi reprovado no ensaio de ED%. Portanto, os comprimidos de Cloridrato de Propranolol e Captopril da FarmÃcia Popular nÃo foram considerados equivalentes farmacÃuticos em relaÃÃo aos medicamentos ReferÃncia e GenÃrico. / The pharmaceutical equivalence between two medicines is based on the confirmation that both contain the same active drug on the same dosage and dosage form, wich is assessed by in vitro tests. In Brazil, the National Health Surveillance Agency defines that allopathic medicines can be registered in three categories: innovator, generic and similar drugs. The actual legislation determines that to register new generic and similar medicines it is necessary to prove its pharmaceutical equivalence and bioequivalence with a reference drug. Products registered before 2003 have until 2014 to present these equivalence results. The Popular Pharmacy Program in Brazil is a new strategy of pharmaceutical assistance of the Health Sistem with the purpose to facilitate the populationâs access to medicines considered basic and essential, lowering the price impact of these medicines in the family budgets. The objective of this study was to assess the pharmaceutical equivalence of captopril 25 mg and propranolol hydrochloride 40 mg tablets sold in the Popular Pharmacy Program in Brazil, comparing them to a reference and generic drug, debating the importance of the quality of drugs for the public health. Physical and physicochemical tests such as identification, weight variation, disintegration, hardness, friability, purity, dosage, content uniformity, and dissolution profile, were performed according to the Brazillian Pharmacopeia 4th edition. The results showed a low hardness of propranolol hydrochloride tablets originated from the Popular Pharmacy Program. The dissolution profiles analised by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test demonstrated significant differences between the dissolution profiles of both drugs originated from the Popular Pharmacy Program and their respective reference and generic drugs (p<0,001). The dissolution profiles were compared by the Dissolution Efficiency method. The extention of the active drug dissolved from the Popular Pharmacy medicine was significantly lower than the dissolution from the reference and generic drugs (P < 0,001) for both captopril and propranolol hydrochloride. Even though captopril would fulfill the requirements of the National Health Surveillance Agency to be considered equivalent, it was not approved on the dissolution efficiency test. Therefore, the assessed tablets originated from the Popular Pharmacy Program in Brazil were not considered pharmaceutical equivalents when compared to their respective reference and generic drugs.
45

AdesÃo ao tratamento farmacolÃgico da hipertensÃo arterial e seus determinantes em pacientes de ambulatÃrio / Pharmacological treatment of hypertension and its determinants in outpatients

Ana Claudia de Araujo Teixeira 26 August 1998 (has links)
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Trata-se de um estudo transversal sobre adesÃo ao tratamento da hi-pertensÃo e seus determinantes, realizado de novembro de 1997 a fevereiro de 1998, com 177 pacientes selecionados aleatoriamente e entrevistados apÃs a con-sulta mÃdica no ambulatÃrio do Hospital de Messejana, Fortaleza-CE. Tais pacien-tes foram visitados em domicÃlio para continuidade da entrevista e contagem de comprimidos, a primeira vez entre 13 e 25 dias apÃs a consulta e a segunda vez entre 13 e 25 dias apÃs a primeira visita. A maior parte (65,8%) dos medicamentos prescritos nÃo foi dispensada no hospital e destes 22,3% nÃo foram adquiridos em outro lugar, portanto 14,7% dos medicamentos prescritos nÃo foram adquiridos pe-los pacientes. A taxa de adesÃo determinada no presente estudo, pelo mÃtodo de entrevista, foi de 62,1%, e pelo mÃtodo contagem de comprimidos, foi de 38,4%. De acordo com o teste de Kappa, o grau de concordÃncia entre os dois mÃtodos foi muito baixo (33,68%). O desempenho da entrevista como uma medida de adesÃo teve as seguintes caracterÃsticas: baixa sensibilidade (52,3%) para detectar pacien-tes nÃo aderentes, alta especificidade (85,3%) para detectar pacientes aderentes, alto valor preditivo (85,1%) para a nÃo adesÃo e baixo valor preditivo (52,7%) para a adesÃo. Devido o baixo desempenho da entrevista para determinar adesÃo, os re-sultados apresentados referem-se ao mÃtodo contagem de comprimidos. As variÃ-veis que se mostraram significantes atravÃs do teste de Fisher (p < 0,15) na anÃlise univariada em relaÃÃo a uma maior adesÃo ao tratamento, foram analisadas para identificar efeitos independentes atravÃs de um modelo de regressÃo logÃstica. Na anÃlise multivariada, maior renda familiar e a ajuda que o paciente recebe da famÃlia para tomar os medicamentos favoreceram uma maior adesÃo ao tratamento (OR = 3,19 - IC [1,01 - 10,04] e OR = 3,00 - IC [1,16 - 7,74], respectivamente). Os resulta-dos tambÃm sugerem como fatores que dificultam a adesÃo dos pacientes ao tra-tamento: nÃmero reduzido de consultas/ano por paciente, grande intervalo entre as consultas, deficiÃncias na orientaÃÃo mÃdica durante a consulta, desabastecimento de medicamentos no hospital e pouco envolvimento dos pacientes no programa de apoio ao paciente hipertenso.
46

Estudo das adaptações morfológicas e funcionais cardíacas promovidas pela abordagem farmacológica em associação ao treinamento físico aeróbio em ratos hipertensos / Study of morphological and functional cardiac adaptations promoted by the pharmacological approach in association with aerobic physical training in hypertensive rats

Suenimeire Vieira 20 April 2017 (has links)
O tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) mais usual envolve uma abordagem farmacológica baseada, principalmente, na inibição do sistema renina-angiotensinaaldosterona (SRAA). Contudo, outras abordagens têm sido utilizadas com excelentes resultados, como a prescrição de exercícios físicos regulares, principalmente o aeróbio, muitas vezes como terapia coadjuvante ao tratamento farmacológico. No entanto, embora a literatura mostre que a associação dos tratamentos promova maiores reduções da pressão arterial (PA), pouco sabemos sobre os efeitos teciduais e funcionais cardíacos. Portanto, o principal objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos dos tratamentos isolados e associados da inibição do SRAA e do treinamento físico aeróbio sobre a hemodinâmica, morfologia e funcionalidade cardíaca em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR), bem como sobre a reatividade do leito coronariano e contratilidade do ventrículo esquerdo. Para tanto, a tese foi dividida em dois estudos; o primeiro abordou os efeitos da hipertensão sobre os parâmetros supracitados, e as adaptações promovidas pelo treinamento físico aeróbio; enquanto que no segundo estudo comparamos os efeitos do treinamento físico aeróbio e da inibição do SRAA prescritos de forma isolada ou associada. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar (N=12) e SHR, machos, com 18 semanas de vida (N=24). Os animais foram distribuídos em três grupos: grupo de ratos Wistar normotensos (N=12), grupo de SHR (N=12) tratados com veículo (água) e grupo de SHR (N=12) tratados com maleato de Enalapril (10mg/kg/dia-1) por 10 semanas. A metade de cada grupo foi submetida ao treinamento físico aeróbio por meio da natação durante 10 semanas. Todos os grupos foram submetidos a dois protocolos experimentais; a avaliação morfofuncional do ventrículo esquerdo por meio da ecocardiografia bidimensional convencional, realizada nos animais vivos; e o estudo da reatividade do leito coronariano e da contratilidade do ventrículo esquerdo em corações isolados por meio da técnica de Langendorff. Nossos resultados mostraram que a associação do treinamento físico com o maleato de Enalapril promoveu as reduções mais expressivas da PA. Os resultados da avaliação ecocardiográfica nos animais vivos evidenciaram que os SHR apresentavam importantes alterações morfológicas quando comparados com os normotensos. O treinamento físico teve pouco efeito sobre essas alterações, ao contrário do maleato de Enalapril que modificou diversos parâmetros avaliados. Por sua vez, os resultados da técnica de Langendorff em corações isolados mostraram que os SHR apresentavam maior reatividade ao fluxo coronariano e menor pressão sistólica intraventricular. O treinamento físico e o maleato de Enalapril aumentaram a pressão sistólica intraventricular, e quando comparados, o treinamento físico apresentou maiores valores. A associação dos tratamentos não potencializou os resultados. Em conclusão, no exame ecocardiográfico o tratamento com maleato de Enalapril apresentou resultados mais proeminentes, enquanto que os efeitos do treinamento físico sobre o coração foram melhores evidenciados pela técnica de Langendorff. A associação dos dois tratamentos não apresentou efeitos adicionais sobre os parâmetros avaliados. / The most common systemic arterial hypertension (HBP) treatment involves a pharmacological approach based mainly on the inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). However, other approaches have been used with excellent results, such as the prescription of regular physical exercises, mainly aerobic, often as adjunctive therapy to pharmacological treatment. However, although the literature shows that the combination of treatments promotes greater blood pressure reductions (PA), we know little about the tissue and functional effects of the heart. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to investigate the effects of isolated and associated treatments of RAAS inhibition and aerobic physical training on hemodynamics, morphology and cardiac function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), as well as on the reactivity of the coronary bed and contractility of the left ventricle. For that, the thesis was divided in two studies; The first addressed the effects of hypertension on the aforementioned parameters, and the adaptations promoted by aerobic physical training; While in the second study we compared the effects of aerobic physical training and inhibition of prescribed RAAS alone or in combination. Male Wistar rats (N = 12) and SHR, 18 weeks of age (N = 24) were used. The animals were divided into three groups: group of normotensive Wistar rats (N = 12), SHR (N = 12) group treated with vehicle (water) and SHR group (N = 12) treated with Enalapril maleate (10 mg / Kg / day-1) for 10 weeks. Half of each group underwent aerobic physical training by swimming for 10 weeks. All groups were submitted to two experimental protocols; The morphofunctional evaluation of the left ventricle using conventional two-dimensional echocardiography performed on live animals; And the study of coronary bed reactivity and left ventricular contractility in isolated hearts by the Langendorff technique. Our results showed that the association of physical training with Enalapril maleate promoted the most significant reductions in BP. The results of the echocardiographic evaluation in the live animals showed that the SHR had important morphological alterations when compared with the normotensive ones. Physical training had little effect on these alterations, unlike Enalapril maleate that modified several parameters evaluated. In turn, results from the Langendorff technique in isolated hearts showed that SHR presented higher reactivity to coronary flow and lower intraventricular systolic pressure. Physical training and Enalapril maleate increased intraventricular systolic pressure, and when compared, physical training presented higher values. The combination of the treatments did not potentiate the results. In conclusion, in the echocardiographic examination the treatment with Enalapril maleate presented more prominent results, whereas the effects of the physical training on the heart were better evidenced by the technique of Langendorff. The combination of the two treatments had no additional effects on the parameters evaluated.
47

Síntese e avaliação de 2-aminotiazolinas como potenciais ligantes para receptores imidazolínicos / Synthesis and evaluation of 2-aminothiazolines as potential ligands for imidazolinic receptors

Ferreira, Renan Barroso, 1988- 21 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Wanda Pereira Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T05:20:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_RenanBarroso_M.pdf: 9167282 bytes, checksum: dab608546d982b3792bdd327d5ba13b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A clonidina, um agonista a2 central, e um anti-hipertensivo que está em desuso devido a efeitos indesejados, como xerostomia, hipertensão de rebote e síndrome da retirada. Ultimamente acredita-se que a sua atividade e decorrente também do estímulo ao receptor imidazolínico (do subtipo I1), além do receptor a2, que está também associado aos seus efeitos indesejados. Uma vez que a atividade do SNS aumenta com a idade, fármacos I1 seletivos se apresentam como alternativa para contornar estados hipertensivos, decorrentes do aumento de catecolaminas, cuja produção pode ser mediada pelo receptor I1, cuja estrutura ainda não foi definida. No mercado, há dois anti-hipertensivos representativos desta classe, a rilmenidina e a moxonidina, anti-hipertensivos de 2a geração que apresentam uma seletividade I1 muito significativa, mas ainda apresentando efeitos indesejados. Embora estudos teóricos publicados na literatura indiquem similaridade entre as propriedades (geometria, coeficientes de partição e pKa) destes anti-hipertensivos de 2a geração e de uma aminotiazolina, que apresenta uma relação isostérica com a rilmenidina, nenhuma aminotiazolina foi avaliada quanto à sua afinidade por receptores I1. Desta forma, propusemos, neste projeto, a síntese e o estudo da afinidade pelo receptor I1 de uma série de aminotiazolinas, potenciais ligantes destes receptores. Uma serie de nove N-(alquil)-2-aminotiazolinas foi sintetizada e caracterizada, com rendimentos de 6 a 50% para três etapas, utilizando-se a S-ciclização de N-(2-hidroxietil)tiouréias como abordagem sintética. Estudos in vitro evidenciaram interação de uma aminotiazolina com o receptor I1 e ensaios in vivo com ratos normotensos mostraram ausência de efeito hipotensor, mas outros estudos devem ser feitos visto que alguns anti-hipertensivos dessa classe só são ativos em organismos hipertensos / Abstract: Clonidine, a central a2 agonist, is an antihypertensive drug that is in disuse due to undesired effects such as dry mouth, rebound hypertension and withdrawal syndrome. Lately, it is believed that its activity is also due to the stimulation of the imidazolinic receptor (subtype I1) and its undesirable effects are caused by stimulation of the a2-receptor. Since the SNS activity increases with aging, I1 selective drugs is present as an alternative to circumvent hypertensive states due to the increased catecholamine levels, whose production can be mediated by a receptor I1, which structure has no defined yet. In the market, there are two representative 2nd generation antihypertensives of this class, rilmenidine and moxonidine, that have very significant selectivity for I1-receptor, but unwanted effects remain. Although theoretical studies reported in the literature indicate similarity between the properties (geometry, partition coefficients and pKa) of these 2nd generation antihypertensives and a rilmenidine-isoster 2-aminothiazoline, no 2-aminothiazoline was evaluated for its affinity for I1-receptors. Thus, we proposed in this project the synthesis and study of the I1-receptor affinity of 2-aminothiazolines, as potential ligands for these receptors. A series of nine N-alkyl-2-aminothiazolines was synthesized and characterized, in 6 - 50% of yield for three steps, using the S-cyclisation of N-(2-hydroxyethyl)thiourea as synthetic strategy. Studies in vitro showed an interaction between a 2-aminothiazoline and the I1-receptor and in vivo assays with normotensive rats showed no hypotensive effect. Further studies must be done in our laboratory, since some antihypertensive drugs in this class are only active in hypertensive organisms / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química
48

Patient perception about reasons for non-adherence to antihypertensive medication in Windhoek District

Mushimba, Milka Ipula January 2011 (has links)
Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Adherence is the extent to which a person takes medication as prescribed by health-care providers. It includes both dosing regularity and timing of intake. Antihypertensive medication reduces high blood pressure effectively and reduces the risk of heart failure, renal failure and stroke. Hypertension is considered a public health problem due to its impact of high mortality and morbidity. According to the Namibia Ministry of Health and Social Services a total of 34,826 people, aged 18 years and older in the Windhoek District, were diagnosed with hypertension in 2006-2007; the premature death toll due to uncontrolled hypertension increased from 88 deaths per 1,000 cases in 2006 (MOHSS, 2006) to 301 deaths per 1,000 cases in 2007 (MOHSS, 2007). Despite the availability, accessibility and affordability of medication at clinics and health centers, non-adherence is increasing, especially among the young productive population. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding into the perceptions of non-adherent hypertension patients in Katutura Township in the Windhoek District about their treatment regimens. The research provided information that can be used by policy-makers in the development of a hypertension policy to improve interventions. Aim: The study aimed to explore the perceptions of non-adherent hypertensive patients in Katutura Township by looking at what they considered to be the factors influencing their non-adherence to antihypertensive medication. Methodology: An explorative qualitative study was conducted, using individual in-depth interviews among eight non-adherent hypertension patients, aged 35 years and older. The eligible respondents were purposively selected. A thematic content analysis of transcribed data was conducted where themes were related to patients‟ perceptions for non–adherence. Results: The results showed that the respondents were not adhering to medication. There were several reasons given for this. An important factor was their limited knowledge about the hypertension disease and medication, in part due to ineffective health education. Other factors included the side effects of the medication as well as the belief that antihypertensive medications are poisonous and addictive. Cultural and religious beliefs were also found to be contributing factors to non-adherence. The findings also revealed that the doctors appeared not to have time to examine patients. The attitudes of the nurses were identified as factors that influence non-adherence. It is reported that they do not listen to patients‟ complaints and patients do not feel respected by them. Additional factors included the cost of traveling to the health center which was considered to be prohibitive, long distances to get to the health center as well as 3-5 hours waiting time at the health center influenced non-adherence. Some respondents claimed that they do not want to mix medication with alcohol so that when they are drinking alcohol, they skip their medications. Lastly, some of the patients earn low income and as they are paid per hour, they cannot afford to take time off from work and this further results in non-adherence to medication. Conclusion: The findings concurred with findings of other research done in developing and developed countries. These included poor interpersonal relationships between health-care providers and patients, a lack of knowledge about hypertension and its treatment; cultural beliefs and traditions, and standards of health care provision. Improvement in communication between health-workers and hypertensive patients may promote better adherence. The study indicates an urgent need to design intervention measures to enhance adherence among hypertension patients.
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Impact et réversibilité du syndrome métabolique et de ses composantes sur le vieillissement cognitif et le risque de démence / Impact and reversibility of the metabolic syndrom and its components on cognitive aging and risk of dementia

Lévi, Natacha 20 December 2012 (has links)
L’hypertension artérielle (HTA) est considérée comme un facteur de risque modifiable de démence. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés à différents aspects du traitement de l’HTA indépendamment de la réduction de pression artérielle : d’une part aux effets des différentes classes d’antihypertenseurs sur le déclin cognitif et l’incidence de démence, en réalisant une méta-analyse en réseau ; et, d’autre part, sur la variabilité depression artérielle (PA), qui pourrait être impliquée dans la relation délétère entre l’HTA et la cognition, à partir d’une cohorte de sujets hypertendus traités. Nous avons également étudié le rôle de l’HTA dans la relation entre le syndrome métabolique et les troubles cognitifs, à partir d’une cohorte de patients avec facteurs de risque vasculaires. Nos résultats confirment la prévention de démence avec les antihypertenseurs et soutiennent l’hypothèse de bénéfices cognitifs supérieurs avec les antagonistes des récepteurs de l’angiotensine II par rapport aux autres classes d’antihypertenseurs, mais, ils suggèrent que la variabilité de pression artérielle ne constitue pas un mécanisme principal à l’origine de ces différences, puisque les inhibiteurs calciques offrent la meilleure réduction de variabilité de PA. Nos résultats ne supportent pas le rôle du syndrome métabolique en tant que tel dans le déclin cognitif, mais de celui de l’HTA et du diabète. L’ensemble de ces résultats démontrent qu’une approche multifactorielle doit être considérée dans le traitement de l’HTA, et offrent des perspectives dans le choix du traitement antihypertenseur pour prévenir le fardeau de la démence. / Hypertension is considered a modifiable risk factor of dementia. In this context, we studied different aspects of the treatment of hypertension independantly from the blood pressure reduction. We compared the effects of the different antihypertensive drug classes, on cognitive decline and incidence of dementia in a network meta-analysis on the one hand, and on short-term blood pressure variability, which is suspected to be related to cognitive decline,in a cohort of treated hypertensive patients, on the other hand. We also studied the contribution of hypertension in the relationship between metabolic syndrome and cognitive impairment, in a cohort of patients with vascular risk factors. Our results confirmed the benefits of antihypertensive treatment in the prevention of incident dementia, and support the hypothesis of superior benefits with angiotensin receptor blockers compared to the other drug classes. Our finding of calcium channel blockers being the class providing the lowest blood pressure variability does not support blood pressure variability being a primary mechanism involved in the differential effects of antihypertensive drug classes on cognition. We demonstrated that hypertension and diabetes, rather thanmetabolic syndrome in itself, were related to cognitive impairment. Overall, our results highlight the need to consider a multifactorial approach in hypertensiontreatment, and provide perspectives regarding the choice of antihypertensive treatment to prevent the burden of dementia.
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Patterns of antihypertensive drug utilization in primary care

Pittrow, David, Kirch, Wilhelm, Bramlage, Peter, Lehnert, Hendrik, Höfler, Michael, Unger, Thomas, Sharma, Arya M., Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich January 2004 (has links)
Background: In the treatment of hypertension, physicians’ attitudes and practice patterns are receiving increased attention as contributors to poor blood pressure (BP) control. Thus, current use of antihypertensive drugs in primary care was analyzed and the association with selected physician and patient characteristics was assessed. Methods: The Hypertension and Diabetes Risk Screening and Awareness (HYDRA) study is a cross-sectional point prevalence study of 45,125 primary care attendees recruited from a representative nationwide sample of 1912 primary care practices in Germany. Prescription frequencies of the various antihypertensive drugs in the individual patients were recorded by the physicians using standardized questionnaires. We assessed the association of patient variables [age, gender; co-morbidities such as diabetes, nephropathy or coronary heart disease (CHD)] and physician variables (general practitioner vs internist, guideline adherence, etc.) with drug treatment intensity and prescription patterns. Results: Of all 43,549 patients for whom a physician diagnosis on hypertension or diabetes was available, 17,485 (40.1%) had hypertension. Of these hypertensive patients, 1647 (9.4%) received no treatment at all, 1191 (6.8%) received non-pharmacological measures only, and 14,647 (83.8%) were given one or more antihypertensive drugs. Drug treatment rates were lower in young patients (16–40 years: 57.4%). BP control was poor: 70.6% of all patients were not normalized, i.e., had BP ≥140/90 mmHg. Antihypertensive treatment was generally intensified with increasing age, or if complications or comorbidities were present. The use of the different drug classes was rather uniform across the various patient subgroups (e.g., by age and gender). Individualized treatment with regard to co-morbidities as recommended in guidelines was not the rule. Adherence to guidelines as self-reported by physicians as well as other physician characteristics (region, training etc.) did not result in more differentiated prescription pattern. Conclusions: Despite the broad armamentarium of drug treatment options, physicians in primary care did not treat hypertension aggressively enough. Treatment was only intensified at a late stage, after complications had occurred. Treatment should be more differentiated in terms of coexisting morbidities such as diabetes, nephropathy, or CHD.

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