Introdução: Como a terapia antirretroviral (TARV) atualmente permite que um número maior de crianças infectadas pelo HIV atinja a idade adulta, passam ser relevante questões como a imunossenescência precoce e a exaustão celular, semelhante ao observado em adultos infectados pelo HIV. Objetivos: Avaliar se a idade de início da TARV modifica os padrões de ativação imune, senescência e resposta vacinal em crianças infectadas perinatalmente pelo HIV. Desenho do estudo: Estudo transversal, exploratório. Métodos: Obtivemos dados de prontuários de pacientes e cartões de imunização e coletamos sangue para sorologias e isolamento de células mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP). Os critérios de elegibilidade incluíram: idade < 18 anos, TARV por pelo menos 6 meses e carga viral < 50 cópias/mL. Anticorpos de proteção (Ac) para Hepatite A e B, Rubéola e Caxumba foram medidos. Células T com marcadores de senescência (CD57 +), anergia (CD28-), apoptose (CD95 +), ativação (CD38 +, CCR5 +, HLA-DR +) e exaustão (PD-1 +) foram analisadas por citometria de fluxo. Resultados: foram incluídas 56 crianças, com idade mediana de 12 anos e tempo mediano de TARV de 9 anos. A mediana das contagens de LTCD4 + foi de 1010 células/mm3 (%mediano = 36,7%) e a média da razão LTCD4+/LTCD8+ foi de 1,6. A proteção das vacinas foi a seguinte: 80% para Hepatite A, 64% para Hepatite B, 57% para Rubéola e 44% para Caxumba. A idade mais precoce de início da TARV se correlacionou negativamente com LTCD4+ mais altos, LTCD4+ Nadir mais alto, maior razão LTCD4+/LTCD8+ e maiores títulos de Ac para a caxumba e a rubéola. Houve correlação positiva da idade de início de TARV e marcadores de ativação, apoptose, senescência e exaustão em LTCD4+ e LTCD8+. Tais marcadores se relacionaram com pior resposta vacinal. Houve benefício em crianças iniciando TARV < 6m na preservação da homeostase e resposta imune. Conclusão: Houve benefícios do início precoce da TARV na preservação de LTCD4+ e da resposta vacinal, e na prevenção da maturação e senescência imune neste grupo de crianças perinatalmente infectadas pelo HIV. / Background: As successful antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows a larger number of HIV-infected children to reach adulthood, issues such as early immune senescence and exhaustion arise, similar to what is seen in HIV-infected adults. Objectives: To evaluate whether time of ART initiation modified patterns of immune activation, senescence and vaccine response in PHIC Design: Cross-sectional, exploratory study. Methods: We obtained data from patient charts and immunization cards, and collected blood for serology and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolation. Eligibility criteria included age < 18 years, ART for at least 6 months and viral load < 50 RNA copies/mL. Protective antibodies (Ab) for Hepatitis A and B, Rubella and Mumps were measured. T cells with markers for senescence (CD57+), anergy (CD28-), apoptosis (CD95+), activation (CD38+, CCR5+, HLA-DR+) and exhaustion (PD-1+) were analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: 56 children were included: their median age was 12 years and median time on ART was 9 years. Median LTCD4+ counts were 1010 cells/mm3 (median % 36,7%) and mean LTCD4+/LTCD8+ ratio was 1.6. Vaccine protection was as follows: 80% for Hepatitis A, 64% for Hepatitis B, 57% for Rubella and 44% for Mumps. Earlier age at ART initiation was negatively correlated with higher LTCD4+, higher nadir LTCD4+, higher LTCD4+/LTCD8+ ratio, and higher Ab titers for Mumps and Rubella. There was positive correlation of age at ART initiation and activation, apoptosis, senescence and exhaustion markers in LTCD4+ and LTCD8+. Markers correlated with poorer vaccine response. There was benefit in children starting ART < 6m in preserving immune homeostasis and response. Conclusion: There were benefits of early ART initiation in preserving LTCD4+ and vaccine response, and in preventing immune maturation and senescence in this group of PHIC

<p>The study aimed to assess the level of adherence and to identify the barriers to adherence and the motivations for good adherence to antiretroviral therapy, amongst women who commenced treatment while pregnant at research clinics in Molepolole, Mochudi, Lobatse and Gaborone.</p>

Despite the benefits of antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV/AIDS, government responses have varied substantially, from provisions guaranteeing nearly universal access to insufficient provisions providing almost no access. This research seeks to specifically examine primary explanations, such as economic capacity, and emerging explanations, such as the role of electoral accountability and the presence of stigma, and the coordination between the epistemic community and political leadership as potential causes for the variance in the government provision. By controlling for state economic capacity, this research furthers the importance of examining other explanations for state response in light of a public health crisis. While electoral accountability and the role of stigma had marginal impacts, the level of scientific coordination and understanding among the states political leadership had perceptible impacts. This research also tests broader aspects of the political economy such as the role of state capacity and subsequent government crisis response.

Background South Africa has experienced the most severe consequences of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Every community has been affected in some way, many experiencing huge increases in mortality,particularly before antiretroviral therapies (ART) were readily available. However, the micro-level understanding of the HIV epidemic in South Africa is weak, because of a lack of detailed data for most of the population. This thesis is based on detailed individual follow-up in the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (HDSS) located in the Agincourt subdistrict of Mpumalanga Province and investigates micro-level determinants of HIV epidemiology and the impact of treatment provided. Methods The Agincourt HDSS has followed a geographically defined population since 1992,approximately the time when the HIV/AIDS epidemic first became apparent. This population based surveillance has included capturing details of all deaths, with cause of death determined by verbal autopsy, as well as the geographical location of individual households within the overall Agincourt area. Background information on the roll-out of ART over time was also recorded. Results A comparison immediately before and after the major roll-out of ART showed a substantial decrease in HIV-related mortality, greater in some local communities within the area than others. Individual determinants associated with a decreased risk of HIV/AIDS mortality included proximity to ART services, as well as being female, younger, and in higher socioeconomic and educational strata. There was a decrease in the use of traditional healthcare sources and an increase in the use of biomedical healthcare amongst those dying of HIV/AIDS between periods before and after the roll-out of ART. Conclusions Understanding micro-level determinants of HIV/AIDS infection and mortality was very important in terms of characterising the overall epidemic in this community. This approach will enable public health interventions to be more effectively targeted towards those who need them most in the continuing evolution of the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

No description available.

<p>The study aimed to assess the level of adherence and to identify the barriers to adherence and the motivations for good adherence to antiretroviral therapy, amongst women who commenced treatment while pregnant at research clinics in Molepolole, Mochudi, Lobatse and Gaborone.</p>

In July 2011, The Malawi government started implementing an innovative PMTCT policy known as Option B+ strategy that provides universal lifelong ART for all HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women regardless of clinical or immunological stage. Even though Option B+ strategy is a good choice for Malawi, there is fear that the programme may be affected by poor access, utilisation, adherence and retention. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore the lived experiences of HIV-positive women on Option B+ strategy in a selected district hospital in Malawi. Methodology: A Hermeneutics phenomenological approach was used in this study to explore the lived experiences of HIV-positive women on Option B+ strategy through in-depth interviews of five purposely sampled information rich sources. Interviews were audio-taped and transcribed, then manual data analysis using Giorgi’s approach was employed to identify meaningful segments and develop categories, themes and sub-themes. Results: The lifelong commitment was described as the most challenging aspect of Option B+ strategy. Participants demonstrated lack of knowledge and understanding of Option B+ strategy and its implications which rendered them poorly prepared and unready for the task. The un optional Opt-out HIV testing resulted in participants feeling left out in their own care, as health professionals dominated the care from HIV testing throughout the process. The importance of male involvement in PMTCT was revealed in promoting partner HIV testing, disclosure, support, and prevention of further HIV spread. Barriers to participation were described in terms of attitudes of health care workers, stigma and discrimination. Despite the overemphasised need for women to be supported on Option B+ strategy participants were not willing to seek available sources of formal support. / Thesis (M.N.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.

The implementation of electronic medical record (EMR) systems is a complex process that is receiving more focus in developing countries to support understaffed and overcrowded health facilities deal with the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This thesis research uses exploratory-grounded theory to study clinician perceived benefits of EMRs in antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics at four hospitals in Ethiopia. The study is designed to understand the process, technology, social and organizational challenges associated with EMR implementation in resource-limited areas. The research found the attitude of ART clinicians towards the implementation of EMR systems to be overwhelmingly positive. The data showed that perceived benefits of EMRs are improved continuity of care, timely access to complete medical record, patient care efficiency, reduced medication errors, improved patient confidentiality, improved communication among clinicians, integration of various HIV programs, timely decision support and overall job motivation. Conversely, drawbacks to EMR implementation include productivity loss and negative impact on the interaction and relationship between clinicians and their patients. The study proposes a conceptual framework classifying key components for successful EMR implementation in Ethiopia.

The aim of the study was to gain in-depth understanding of teachers ’experiences with regard to the provision of care and support to school children on antiretroviral therapy in Swaziland in order to recommend approaches for enhancing support and care offered to children on ART by teachers. The study explored the experiences of teachers providing care and support to school children on antiretroviral therapy in Swaziland. The study used interpretative phenomenological analysis design. The study population was primary schools teachers in Swaziland. Data were collected through individual semi structured interviews from 16 purposively selected teachers. Data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis framework for data analysis. Three superordinate themes emerged from data analysis namely: (1) Increased responsibility, (2) inadequate support and (3) psychological impact. The increased responsibility is related to ensuring that children who are on antiretroviral therapy have eaten before taking antiretroviral treatments, are properly dressed, receive proper education and health care and protected from bullying and social exclusion. Inadequate support for teachers makes caring for the learners very challenging. The psychological impact of caring for these learners are sense of accomplishment, demotivation; helplessness and emotional pain. Recommendations are made to ensure support for teachers rendering care and support to children on antiretroviral therapy. / M.A. (Nursing Science) / Health Studies

This study sought to explore and describe the perceptions and beliefs of physicians about adherence to antiretroviral treatment by patients in the South-East district of Botswana. The Health Belief Model (Naidoo & Willis 2003:222) was adapted to suit and be used in the study. A descriptive, exploratory qualitative design was used. Unstructured interviews and unstructured observation data collection methods were applied. Informed consent was obtained prior to data collection. For triangulation purposes, observations were done following interviews, and data analysis was done by two different people. The findings of the study revealed that the perceptions and beliefs of treating physicians contributed towards adherence. Physicians perceived adherence as an important aspect in the success of antiretroviral treatment. Giving patients correct information, personal motivation, patients' understanding of treatment, traditional and religious beliefs were among other factors perceived by physicians to be impacting on adherence. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)