The proximal femur is a high-diversity region of the human skeleton, especially at the anterior junction between head and neck, where various bony morphologies have been recognized since mid nineteenth century. Classical literature on this topic is chaotic and contradictory, making almost impossible the comparison of data from different researches. Starting from an extensive bibliographic review, the first standardized method to score these traits has been created. This method allows representing both the anatomical diversity of the region already described in literature and a part of variability not considered before, giving few and univocal definitions and allowing to collect comparable data. The method has been applied to three identified and five archaeological European skeletal collections, with the aim of investigating the distribution of these features by sex, age and side, in different places and time periods. It has also been applied to 3D digital reconstructions of femurs from CT scan files of coxo-femoral joints from fresh cadavers. In addition to the osseous traits described in the standardized method, the presence and frequency of some features known as herniation pits have been scored both on bones and on CT scans. The various osseous traits of the proximal femur are present at similar frequencies in skeletal samples from different countries and different historical periods, even if with clear local differentiation. Some of the features examined show significant trends related to their distribution by gender and age. Some hypotheses are proposed about the etiology of these morphologies and their possible implication with the acquisition of bipedalism in Humans. It is therefore highlighted the possible relation of some of these traits with the development of disorders of the hip joint. Moreover, it is not recommended the use of any of these features as a specific activity-related marker.

Genetic differences among human groups can be ascribed both to the broad-scale extents of pre-historical and historical migrations and to the fine-scale impacts of socio-cultural and geographic heterogeneity. In this thesis, the genetic information provided by uniparental markers were exploited to address different aspects of the Italian population history, by combining macro- and micro-geographic investigations at different spatial and temporal scales. To firstly assess the overall Italian variability, Y-chromosome and mtDNA markers were deeply typed in ~900 individuals from continental Italy, Sicily and Sardinia. Sex-biased patterns and contrasting demographic histories were observed for males and females. Differential European and Mediterranean contributions were invoked to explain the paternal genetic sub-structure observed in peninsular Italy, compared to the homogeneous maternal genetic landscape. If Neolithic showed to be one principal determinant of the detected paternal structure, local insights into specific Italian regional contexts highlighted the importance of Post-Neolithic contributions. Among them, migrations from the Balkans (particularly Greece) during late Metal Ages, played a relevant role in the cultural and genetic transitions occurred in Sicily and Southern Italy. On a finer geographic and temporal perspective, the more recent layers of Italian genetic history and some aspects of the gene-culture interaction were assessed by exploring the genetic variability within two “marginal populations”: Arbereshe of Southern Italy and Partecipanza in Northern Italy. The Arbereshe are Albanian-speaking communities settled in Sicily and Calabria since the end of Middle Ages. Despite sharing common genetic and cultural backgrounds, these groups revealed diverging micro-evolutionary histories, implying different founding events and different patterns of cultural isolation and local admixture. Partecipanza is an idiosyncratic institution of Medieval origin aimed at sharing and devolving collective lands. This case-study exemplified that socio-economic stratification within the same population may induce sex-biased genetic structuring and the maintenance of otherwise hidden historical genetic traces.

Although ability to digest lactose generally declines after weaning in all mammals, in some human populations it persists also in adult individuals, a condition named lactase persistence (LP). Studies on the prevalence of the LP phenotype in worldwide human populations have shown that the frequency of this trait is highly variable in different ethnic groups, appearing to be positively correlated with the importance of milk in the diet. In particular, several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the proximity of the LCT gene have been proved to be associated with LP. Nevertheless, few studies have till now analyzed genetic variation underlying LP in a wide set of Eurasian populations and, especially, in the Italian one. In the present study, we thus typed 40 SNPs surrounding the LCT gene in more than 1,000 samples from Italian and Arabic peninsulas to investigate patterns of LP-related genetic diversity in two regions which have played a pivotal role in the recent human evolutionary history according to their geographical position and historical/archaeological records. Our results underline a high and complex variability of the explored genomic region in both studied populations. In particular, a clear diversification of Northern Italian groups from the rest of the peninsula, was observed, with the formers being genetically more similar to Northern European populations than to Southern Italians. These observation are consistent with known decreasing pattern of LP from Northern to Southern Italy and suggest the possibility of an independent evolution of LP-associated genotypes in Northern Italy. A similar scenario was observed in the Arabian peninsula, with Dhofari Arabs from Southern Oman and Yemeni clustering together with respect to Arabs from Northern Oman and the subgroup of Omanis of Asian origin which appeared instead to be genetically closer to Europeans than to the rest of Arabic groups.

El consum de mol·luscs, juntament amb el consum de vegetals i altres animals petits és un fenomen que ha generat molt interès en l’estudi de prehistòria, sobre tot a partir de la formulació de la teoria de la Revolució d’Ampli Espectre. Aquest treball aporta dades sobre el consum de mol·luscs en societats caçadores-recol·lectores de la Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). L’objectiu principal que es planteja és obtenir informació sobre la seva importància econòmica i sobre el tipus de gestió exercit sobre aquests recursos. També es mostra el potencial informatiu que ofereixen les restes de arqueomalacològiques i la necessitat d’incorporar l’estudi sistemàtic d’aquestes restes en arqueologia. A més, es pretén valorar el treball vinculat a aquests recursos ja que, de manera tradicional, els recursos petits s’han relacionat amb el treball femení i s’ha tendit a menysvalorar la seva importància en la dieta, subestimant també l’aportació femenina en les tasques quotidianes. Els jaciments estudiats corresponen cronològicament a finals del s. XVIII- inicis del s. XX, moment de contacte de les societats indígenes amb els mariners europeus. Per aquesta raó es disposa de documents etnogràfics sobre els grups indígenes que vivien a l’illa en aquest moment. Aquest context arqueològic excepcional permet comparar la informació etnogràfica i l’arqueològica a fi de desenvolupar tècniques i mètodes de treball en arqueologia i anar més enllà en les interpretacions (etnoarqueologia). Les restes estudiades corresponen als jaciments Túnel VII, Lanashuaia , Ewan I i Ewan II. Els dos primers són conquillers que es troben a la costa nord del Canal Beagle i, segons les cròniques, estaven vinculats amb la societat yàmana. Ewan I i Ewan II es troben a l’interior de l’illa (a prop del braç sud del riu Ewan, a 12km de la seva desembocadura) i es van relacionar amb la societat selknam. Túnel VII i Lanashuaia es van interpretar com a contexts d’hàbitat, mentre que Ewan I i Ewan II es van vincular a una activitat ritual de pas masculí de l’adolescència a l’edat adulta. L’anàlisi de les restes arqueomalacològiques comprèn l’anàlisi taxonòmica, l’estimació del NMI, anàlisis biomètriques i morfomètriques i anàlisis d’estacionalitat en base a l’esclerocronologia (lectura dels increments de creixement de la valva) en l’espècie Nacella magellanica. A més, la combinació de la informació obtinguda amb les dades etnogràfiques, va permetre realitzar una estimació del temps invertit en l’obtenció d’aquests recursos. Els resultats obtinguts dels jaciments costers indiquen una explotació predominant de la zona intermareal rocosa. Els taxons majoritaris registrats a les diferents ocupacions de Túnel VII i Lanashuaia són els musclos (Mytilus edulis), les pegellides (Nacella deaurata i Nacella magellanica), els cargols (Trophon geversianus i Acanthina monodon) i els quitons. Les anàlisis biomètriques realitzades en les espècies dominants (Mytilus edulis, Nacella deaurata i N. magellanica) indiquen una disminució de les mides respecte els individus actuals. Les anàlisis morfomètriques van permetre detectar diferents zones de captura. Les anàlisis d’estacionalitat van permetre identificar diferents moments de captura dels mol·luscs en les diferents ocupacions de Túnel VII i un consum d’hivern a Lanashuaia. D’aquestes dades, en combinació amb les dades etnogràfiques, es pot concloure que l’obtenció de mol·luscs en la societat yàmana era una activitat recurrent, amb una explotació intensiva, però sense arribar a la sobreexplotació. En els jaciments de l’interior de l’illa (Ewan I i Ewan II), aproximadament la totalitat de les restes documentades corresponen a pegellides (Nacella sp.). Les dades biomètriques mostren mides similars als individus actuals i les anàlisis morfomètriques van permetre caracteritzar la costa d’obtenció. Les anàlisis d’estacionalitat van constatar un consum de primavera/estiu. Per la societat selknam es va constatar un consum habitual, però no intensiu, dels mol·luscs. / The consumption of molluscs and also the consumption of vegetables and other small game resources is a phenomenon of big interest in the study of Prehistory, especially from the moment when the theory of the Broad Spectrum Revolution was originated. This work affords data about the consumption of molluscs in hunter-gatherer societies from Isla Grande in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). The main objective is the obtaining of information about its economic role and its management. It is also highlighted the informative capacity of the archaeomalacological remains and the importance of the realization of systematic studies on these remains. Another objective is to value the work related to these resources since, from the traditional point of view, the small game is related to women’s work. The importance of this food in the diet and the women’s daily work was underestimated. Chronologically, the analyzed sites belong to the end of 18th century-beginning of the 20th century, which was the moment when the indigenous societies had the first contact with the European sailors. For that reason, nowadays we have ethnographic documents about the indigenous societies which occupied the island at that moment. This exceptional archaeological frame permits the comparison of ethnographic and archaeological information in order to develop techniques and methods to go further in the archaeological interpretations (ethnoarchaeology). The analyzed remains correspond to Túnel VII, Lanashuaia, Ewan I and Ewan II sites. Túnel VII and Lanashuaia are shell middens located in the north coast of the Beagle Channel. Following the ethnographic chronicles, they were related to the yamana society. Ewan I and Ewan II are located inland (near the southern branch of the river Ewan, 12 km from its mouth). They were related with the selknam society. Túnel VII and Lanashuaia were interpreted as habitat contexts, while Ewan I and Ewan II were related to a ritual activity (a male rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood). The study of the archaeomalacological remains comprises taxonomic analyses, the calculation of the MNI, biometrical and morphometrical analyses and analyses of seasonality based on the schlerochronology (reading of the growth increments of the shells) in the species Nacella magellanica. Moreover, the combination of archaeological and ethnographical information permitted the estimation of the time invested in the obtaining of these resources. The results of the coastal sites, suggest a predominant exploitation of the intertidal rocky shores. The majority of the recorded taxa in the occupations of Túnel VII and Lanashuaia sites are mussels (Mytilus edulis), limpets (Nacella deaurata and Nacella magellanica), whelks (Trophon geversianus and Acanthina monodon) and chitons. The biometrical analyses were applied to the most abundant species (Mytilus edulis, Nacella deaurata and N. magellanica). They show a diminution in the sizes in comparison with the modern specimens. The morphometrical analyses permitted the identification of different areas of capture. The analyses of seasonality suggest the different moments of capture of molluscs during the different occupation periods of Túnel VII site. The results obtained from Lanashuaia site show a winter consumption in this site. The combination of the archaeological and the ethnographical data suggests that the consumption of molluscs was usual in the yamana society. Their exploitation was intensive but they avoided the over-exploitation of the shell beds. In the inland sites (Ewan I and Ewan II) approximately all of the malacological remains are limpets (Nacella sp.). The biometrical data show similar sizes to the modern individuals. The morphometric analyses permitted the characterization of the shore where they were obtained. The seasonality analyses showed a consumption in spring/summer. These results show that the consumption of molluscs was usual but not intensive in the selknam society.

El presente estudio de tres capítulos: el primer capítulo estará dedicado a la configuración del “archivo” del concepto “sujeto”; el segundo capítulo se centrará en la sistematización del núcleo ontológico de la crítica al sujeto moderno en el pensamiento de Nietzsche y Heidegger. También se analizará la posibilidad de pensar la ética y la política a partir de la crítica de ambos autores; y, por último, el tercer capítulo tratará acerca de las proyecciones posibles, a partir de deconstrucción del sujeto, para pensar en la constitución de un sujeto ético-político.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Programa de Pós-graduação em Antropologia Social, Florianópolis, 2009 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T14:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 271014.pdf: 15187994 bytes, checksum: 5ff56301bfa5f8d65f74fc659879522b (MD5) / A relação entre a fotografia e a etnografia nos estudos da Antropologia, apesar de antiga e densa, é incerta e complexa. Se por um lado a fotografia é a cada dia mais utilizada nos trabalhos antropológicos, por outro sua potencialidade como algo além da ilustração e de uma técnica de interação com o Outro é pouco explorada. A partir do exemplo, do legado, da trajetória de vida e, principalmente, da obra de Pierre Fatumbi Verger, esta pesquisa se dedica a analisar essa relação. Francês radicado na Bahia na década de 1940, Verger é conhecido mundialmente tanto por seu trabalho como fotógrafo quanto pelas suas pesquisa etnográficas. Há, entretanto, uma indefinição quanto à razão desse reconhecimento, e examinar as suas razões oferece um profícuo campo de reflexão sobre a pesquisa etnográfica, especialmente quando relacionada ao universo das imagens fotográficas. A Fundação Pierre Verger é a instituição que atualmente abriga o acervo do fotógrafo-etnógrafo e onde foi realizada a pesquisa de campo através da qual, aliada à leitura de fotografias relacionadas ao candomblé em suas manifestações na África e na Bahia, foi criada uma metodologia de análise das fotografias que privilegia as interações e os diálogos como espaço de construção de definições sobre a etnografia. Pelo contato com a Fundação, seus freqüentadores e o acervo fotográfico ali disponibilizado, esta pesquisa pretende refletir sobre a etnografia e a construção de um olhar etnográfico em relação direta com o exercício da fotografia. / The relationship between photography and ethnography in anthropological studies, albeit ancient and deep, is uncertain and complex. Photography has been increasingly used in anthropological researches but it´s potencial as something beyond illustration and it´s interaction with the Other as a technique is very little explored. This research is dedicated to the analysis of this relationship by taking the work of Pierre Fatumbi Verger, his life and legacy. A French man, rooted in Bahia, Brasil, in the decade of 1940, Verger is known worldwide for his work as a photographer as well as for his etnographic studies. However, the reason of this recognition is undefined and examining the reason for these indefinitions can be a fruitful field of reflection concerning ethnographic researches, especially when related to the photographic universe. The Pierre Verger Foundation is the institution that hosts his photographic and ethnographic collection and it´s also where the field research of this work took place. Through the field research combined with the readings of photographs related to candomblé and it´s manifestations in Africa and Bahia, a photographic analysis methodology was created that privilege interaction and dialogue as a way to build definitions about ethnography. By the contact with the Foundation, it´s users and it´s available photographic collection, this research intends to reflect about the ethnography and the creation of an ethnographic view in direct relation to the exercise of photography.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Florianópolis, 2009 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T15:02:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 275116.pdf: 1041553 bytes, checksum: 8368eb4249ea1b2d53601336f1084960 (MD5) / Esta tese objetiva demonstrar o itinerário percorrido por Boécio no De Consolatione Philosophiae rumo à consolação e à vida feliz. Defendemos que, na referida obra, a antropologia se apresenta como conditio sine qua non para os fundamentos da ética, para a possibilidade da vida feliz. Analisa-se a definição antropológica e a definição de felicidade estabelecida por Boécio, bem como a relação do homem com os bens da fortuna. O modo como o homem pode conduzir-se à vida feliz, tendo como base os pressupostos antropológicos para se alcançar essa felicidade. Investiga-se, também, a definição boeciana no que se refere ao problema do mal, fazendo um breve paralelo com o referido problema na teoria de Santo Agostinho. Por fim, relacionamos o pensamento de Boécio com o estoicismo romano de Sêneca, visando demonstrar a influência estóica no pensamento do sábio romano. Esta tese, no entanto, não tem a pretensão de comparar Boécio com Agostinho ou Sêneca, muito menos expor e/ou exaurir as diversas influências encontradas no De Consolatione Philosophiae. Visa-se, sim, analisar a obra por si mesma, demonstrando que a antropologia no De Consolatione Philosophiae é o alicerce do consolo buscado por Boécio, pois, sem o reconhecimento da própria natureza e a ação conforme a mesma, não se consegue retornar à verdadeira pátria, muito menos encontrar a felicidade.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, Florianópolis, 201 / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-26T05:10:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 294314.pdf: 1456668 bytes, checksum: 90ba1a13a82185b41330fb0daa83cb48 (MD5) / Nosso percurso se inicia com A paixão segundo G.H., com a barata como algo escatológico (tanto no sentido do sujo como também do apocalíptico), trazendo as questões da animalidade e do inumano. Parte do conceito de abjeção em Julia Kristeva e trata do imundo em diferentes objetos, dando sustentação para o que virá a seguir: uma análise que estabelece relações entre a merda, a linguagem e a profanação. A escatologia avança da cloaca no filme de Glauber Rocha, passa pelos discos voadores de Rogério Sganzerla e pela pocilga de Pier Paolo Pasolini para desencadear na morte, como elemento último da abjeção. Assim constataremos a condição abjeta do homem em Noite e Neblina de Alain Resnais, quando percorremos os crematórios de um campo de concentração e encontramos aí algo que não cessa de nos olhar. A teoria benjaminiana contribui para reflexões acerca do resíduo, do passado, da montagem, da dialética e da catástrofe. / Our path begins with The passion according G.H, with a cockroach as something scatologic (such as in the dirty as well as in the apocalyptic sense), and bearing with animality and inhuman questions. It starts from Julia Kristeva.s abject notion that handles filth in different objects, sustaining what comes next: this analysis sets up relations with shit, language and profanation. The scatologic notion goes from the cloaca in Glauber Rocha.s film, through both Rogério Sganzerla.s flying saucer and Pier Paolo Pasolini.s sty, and breaks out on death as the last element of abjection. In this manner, we check man.s abject condition in Night and Fog, a film by Alain Resnais, when we pass through the crematory of concentration camps and then we figure out something that doesn.t cease to gaze at us. The benjaminian theory contributes to reflections about remainders, past, montage, dialetics and catastrophe.

Dentro das perspectivas da Antropologia da Alimentação e da Antropologia do Consumo, este estudo trata das práticas e representações relacionadas ao consumo de vinhos, entre apreciadores da bebida, da cidade de Porto Alegre. Através da observação participante em sessões de degustação de vinhos e da entrevista a membros de uma associação dedicada à congregação de enófilos, buscou-se observar os valores envolvidos nas práticas de degustação e nos hábitos de consumo adotados em outros contextos. Nas sessões de degustação, buscouse observar como, através da organização do espaço, da obediência a determinadas regras de comportamento, da adoção de determinadas técnicas, são explicitadas representações sobre o vinho e sobre a “competência” requerida de um bom degustador, bem como são negociados valores importantes em meio ao grupo.

O objetivo desta dissertação consiste em investigar e analisar a construção histórica do turismo em Gramado (RS), observando os discursos dos moradores, seja em relatos através de entrevistas, seja em documentação coletada em pesquisa de campo. Analisa-se também a relação do processo histórico do turismo em Gramado no que se refere à produção de imagens de uma cidade “européia” direcionada, principalmente, à prática turística. Estas imagens produzidas são também avaliadas em relação às falas de turistas sobre Gramado, o que permite pensar sobre o consumo de imagens sobre a cidade.