This study was concerned with the degree to which the practice of transcendental meditation (TM) aids in the long-term reduction of anxiety. The Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (TMAS), short form, was given to 16 Ss about to learn the technique of TM and to 16 control Ss. Eighteen weeks later, the TMAS was again administered to both groups. A significant difference was found in TMAS score reduction between the two groups, with the meditation group showing the greater reduction. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that TM aids in the long-term reduction of anxiety. It is recommended that further research in this area be undertaken to further validate the results of this study.

Introdução: A hospitalização representa para as crianças um momento geralmente assustador e incomum à sua rotina, pois frequentemente são submetidas a procedimentos hospitalares, bem como a tratamentos terapêuticos que podem acarretar dor, sofrimentos físicos e psicológicos. Estudos demonstram que, apesar de algumas crianças verbalizarem suas necessidades e sentimentos, outras não o fazem tão claramente, o que exige do profissional de enfermagem uma abordagem mais lúdica e criativa, tal como o desenho. Entretanto, é importante também realizar intervenções nessas necessidades, tornando-se imprescindíveis escalas e instrumentos validados para proceder tal ação. Um dos instrumentos existentes, porém ainda não traduzido e adaptado no Brasil, é o CD:H Child Drawing: Hospital, um instrumento que analisa a ansiedade de crianças hospitalizadas em idade escolar por meio do desenho. O instrumento CD:H é peculiar, no sentido que o que deve ser traduzido são as instruções de aplicação do instrumento e de análise do desenho realizado pela criança. Apesar de ser aplicado em crianças, o profissional que utiliza o instrumento é quem deve entender as instruções de aplicação e análise, a fim de que todos os profissionais que o utilizarem possam chegar ao mesmo diagnóstico do nível de ansiedade, confirmando a sua aplicabilidade. Objetivo e Método: O objetivo deste estudo foi adaptar o instrumento para a língua portuguesa falada no Brasil, de acordo com as diretrizes de adaptação transcultural de Guillemin, Beaton e Bombardier (1993) e Beaton et al. (1998, 2000, 2007) adotando os seguintes passos: a) Tradução; b) Revisão e Síntese das traduções; c) Comitê de Juízes; d) Retrotradução; e) Reavaliação da pontuação dos resultados; f) Validação de face e de conteúdo. Resultados: Foram realizadas duas traduções independentes do inglês para o português por duas pessoas fluentes na língua pretendida. Após as traduções, pesquisadora, orientadora e tradutora realizaram reuniões para gerar a síntese das traduções. O Comitê de Juízes foi composto por oito enfermeiros de quatro regiões do Brasil: Sul, Sudeste, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste. O valor mínimo necessário de Razão de Validade de Conteúdo (RVC) deveria ser igual ou maior a 0,75, a partir do cálculo realizado pelo psicometrista pelo Critério de Lawshe (Wilson, Pan, Schumsky, 2012). O instrumento como um todo foi bem avaliado pelo Comitê de Juízes, com boa validade semântica e de conteúdo, com RVC=1 (66,95%) e RVC de 0,75 a 1 em 175 itens do CD:H VB (73,23%). Os 15 itens discordantes (6,28%), que receberam o índice RVC de 0,75, tiveram modificações gramaticais para uma melhor adequação do instrumento. Foi elaborada somente uma retrotradução do português para o inglês e a revisão do instrumento por um professor associado da Escola de Enfermagem de uma universidade norte-americana pela impossibilidade de as autoras originais o fazerem. Após rigoroso processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural, a versão final do instrumento Child Drawing: Hospital foi finalizada, apenas com ajustes gramaticais e a substituição do crayon pelo lápis de cor como principal adaptação cultural, uma vez que, na cultura brasileira, as atividades de desenhar e pintar geralmente são realizadas com lápis de cor e não giz de cera. Conclusão: Este estudo é a primeira fase do processo de validação do instrumento CD:H, tendo sido realizada sua tradução e adaptação cultural, obtendo-se o instrumento Child Drawing: Hospital Versão Brasileira CD:H VB. Pode-se concluir que os objetivos do estudo foram alcançados e que o instrumento CD:H VB tem condições de continuar o processo de validação a ser realizado posteriormente. / Introduction: Hospitalization is normally a frightening and unusual time for children, because in such occasions they often undergo hospital procedures, as well as therapeutic treatments that can lead to pain, besides physical and psychological suffering. Studies show that, while some children verbalize their needs and feelings, others do not do it so clearly, a situation that requires a more playful and creative approach from the nursing professional, such as the use of drawing. However, it is also important to make interventions about such needs. Considering that, it is necessary to validate scales and instruments to carry out such action. One of the existing instruments, but not yet translated or adapted in Brazil, is CD:H - Child Drawing: Hospital, an instrument that aims at analyzing the anxiety of hospitalized children of school age through drawing. The CD:H instrument is peculiar, in the sense that what should be translated are the instructions for applying the instrument and analyzing the drawing performed by the child. Although the instrument is applied in children, the professional who uses it is the one who must understand the instructions for application and analysis, so that all professionals who use it can arrive at the same diagnosis for the level of anxiety, confirming the instruments applicability. Objective and Method: The objective of this study was to adapt the aforementioned instrument to the Portuguese language spoken in Brazil, according to Guillemin, Beaton and Bombardier (1993) and Beaton et al. (1998, 2000, 2007). The study was based on the following steps: a) Translation; b) Review and Synthesis of translations; c) Expert Committee; d) Back-translation; e) Re-evaluation of the scores of the results; f) Validation of face and content. Results: Two independent translations were performed from English to Portuguese by two professionals fluent in the intended language. After this process was finished, researcher, counselor and translator held meetings to generate a synthesis of all translations. The Expert Committee was composed of eight nurses from four regions of Brazil: South, Southeast, Northeast and Midwest. The minimum required Content Validity Ratio (CVR) value should be equal to or greater than 0.75, based on a calculation performed by a psychometrist, which was based on the Lawshe\'s Criterion (Wilson; Pan; Schumsky, 2012). The instrument as a whole was well evaluated by the Expert Committee, presenting good semantic and content validity, with CVR=1 (66.95%) and CVR of 0.75 to 1 in 175 CD:H VB items (73.23%). The 15 discordant items (6.28%), which received the CVR index of 0.75, suffered grammatical modifications for better instrument suitability. Only a back-translation from Portuguese to English and a revision of the instrument by an associate professor of the Nursing School of an American university was carried out, because the original authors could not do so. After rigorous transcultural translation and adaptation, the Child Drawing: Hospital instrument received its final version, with only grammatical adjustments and the replacement of crayons with colored pencils, which was considered the main cultural adaptation, since, in Brazil, the activities of drawing and painting are usually done with colored pencil, and not crayon. Conclusion: This study represents the first phase of the validation process of the CD:H instrument, offering translation and cultural adaptation. As a result, the instrument Child Drawing: Hospital Versao Brasileira (CD:H VB) was obtained. It can be concluded that the objectives of this study were achieved and that the CD:H VB instrument is able to have its validation process continued later in the future.

Mental health conditions, such as internalizing disorders, in children and adolescents have been attributed to higher than expected levels of high school dropouts, juvenile crimes, and suicide. Previous research studies provide limited information on factors influencing treatment success for children and adolescents diagnosed with internalizing disorders. This study utilized a nonequivalent comparison group design gathered from an archived data set from a sample of children and adolescents (N = 215) who participated in an intensive outpatient managed mental health care treatment program. Self-report data were retrieved from previous responses to the Children's Depression Inventory and Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale - Second Edition to explore factors related to treatment effectiveness for children and adolescents with internalizing symptoms. Data were analyzed using a mixed model repeated measures ANOVA to analyze main effects and interactions. This analysis identified if gender, ethnicity, age group, and treatment duration were risk factors related to symptom amelioration or deterioration for children and adolescents diagnosed with internalizing disorders across time. Females with internalizing disorders reported significantly higher levels of depression symptom change than males with internalizing disorders. All other results did not show any statistically significant relationships. Results suggest that therapists should consider gender-related factors when providing treatment to children and adolescents with internalizing disorders. Active clinical research epitomizes the belief of social change by putting research to practice and utilizing available tools to predict predictive risk in the treatment of children and adolescents.

Despite the importance of anxiety measuring tools, there is no published data on the factor analytic structure of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) in South African adolescents. The present study was an attempt to examine the factor structure of the MASC in South African adolescents, the factor structure equivalence for boys and girls and the correlation between MASC scores and scores on the Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Child PTSD Checklist Score, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to establish whether the MASC distinguishes between anxiety and other constructs. Available literature indicates that the MASC is invariant across gender and age and it shows excellent internal reliability and test-retest reliability (March Parker, Sullivan, Stallings & Comers, 1997). The MASC appears to measure separate dimensions of anxiety, which in turn makes it ideally suited to discriminate patterns of anxiety in children with anxiety disorders (Rynn et al., 2005). The MASC also correlates well with other measures of anxiety (Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale [RCMAS] and Screen of Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders [SCARED]), less so with measures of depression (Children's Depression Inventory [CDI:]) and not at all with measures of disruptive behaviour (March et al., 1997; Muris, Merckelbach, Ollendick & King, 2002). Several studies across the world have confirmed the four-factor structure of the MASC and found its subscales to be reliable in several studies across the world (Olason, Sighvatsson & Smari, 2004; Rynn et al., 2005). A sample of 1078 grade 10 adolescents was selected to participate in this study. The adolescents were from nine different schools, representative of the socio-economic status and ethnic diversity of the region in the Cape Town metropole (South Africa). Principal Components Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted on MASC scores using a varimax rotation. Item bias analysis were used to determine gender equivalence and Pearson's correlation statistics were used to explore the correlation of MASC scores to CTQ, BDI, and Child PTSD Checklist scores. The results of the study confirm the MASC four-factor structure and its subscales were found to be reliable. The MASC performed the best out of four scales measuring anxiety or depression. Analysis showed that the four-factor structure applies equally well for males and females. Younger adolescents scored higher than older adolescents on the MASC total scale and no differences on the MASC total scale were found when comparisons of race were made. Item bias analysis showed no statistically or practically significant eta-squared (IJ') value, indicating no gender bias. In general, results in this sample show that the characteristics of the MASC are similar to the original factor structure found by March et al. (1997). The MASC appears to measure separate dimensions of anxiety, which in turn should make it ideally suited to discriminate patterns of anxiety in subgroups of children with anxiety disorders. It can be concluded that the MASC shows to be a valid and reliable measure of anxiety for South African adolescents. It can be recommended that the MASC is a clinically useful and reliable self-report scale for assessing anxiety in children and adolescents. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Despite the importance of anxiety measuring tools, there is no published data on the factor analytic structure of the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) in South African adolescents. The present study was an attempt to examine the factor structure of the MASC in South African adolescents, the factor structure equivalence for boys and girls and the correlation between MASC scores and scores on the Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Child PTSD Checklist Score, and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) to establish whether the MASC distinguishes between anxiety and other constructs. Available literature indicates that the MASC is invariant across gender and age and it shows excellent internal reliability and test-retest reliability (March Parker, Sullivan, Stallings & Comers, 1997). The MASC appears to measure separate dimensions of anxiety, which in turn makes it ideally suited to discriminate patterns of anxiety in children with anxiety disorders (Rynn et al., 2005). The MASC also correlates well with other measures of anxiety (Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale [RCMAS] and Screen of Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders [SCARED]), less so with measures of depression (Children's Depression Inventory [CDI:]) and not at all with measures of disruptive behaviour (March et al., 1997; Muris, Merckelbach, Ollendick & King, 2002). Several studies across the world have confirmed the four-factor structure of the MASC and found its subscales to be reliable in several studies across the world (Olason, Sighvatsson & Smari, 2004; Rynn et al., 2005). A sample of 1078 grade 10 adolescents was selected to participate in this study. The adolescents were from nine different schools, representative of the socio-economic status and ethnic diversity of the region in the Cape Town metropole (South Africa). Principal Components Confirmatory Factor Analysis was conducted on MASC scores using a varimax rotation. Item bias analysis were used to determine gender equivalence and Pearson's correlation statistics were used to explore the correlation of MASC scores to CTQ, BDI, and Child PTSD Checklist scores. The results of the study confirm the MASC four-factor structure and its subscales were found to be reliable. The MASC performed the best out of four scales measuring anxiety or depression. Analysis showed that the four-factor structure applies equally well for males and females. Younger adolescents scored higher than older adolescents on the MASC total scale and no differences on the MASC total scale were found when comparisons of race were made. Item bias analysis showed no statistically or practically significant eta-squared (IJ') value, indicating no gender bias. In general, results in this sample show that the characteristics of the MASC are similar to the original factor structure found by March et al. (1997). The MASC appears to measure separate dimensions of anxiety, which in turn should make it ideally suited to discriminate patterns of anxiety in subgroups of children with anxiety disorders. It can be concluded that the MASC shows to be a valid and reliable measure of anxiety for South African adolescents. It can be recommended that the MASC is a clinically useful and reliable self-report scale for assessing anxiety in children and adolescents. / Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

This comparative study aims to discover and demonstrate the potential relationship between foreign language speaking anxiety and course level among 183 students from three consecutive courses of English as a foreign language, i.e. English 5, 6, and 7, at three upper secondary schools in the South of Sweden. Accordingly, a survey was distributed in order to account for demographic information about the students, such as course level, age, and sex, to determine the students’ oral proficiency levels, and to assess the students’ anxiety levels in relation to 33 anxiety-provoking classroom situations. The results showed that Swedish upper secondary students are not particularly anxious regardless of course level, save that the students in English 5 would feel less comfortable around native speakers of English, although not to an extent which would indicate anxiety, and that the students in English 7 would, in contrast to the other course levels, experience high levels of anxiety when volunteering answers and being called on in class. However, the most notable differences were found between the genders and between the students with high and low oral proficiency levels. Female students generally showed higher levels of anxiety than male students did. Yet, in most cases, the difference did not suggest that one of the genders was anxious while the other one was not. In terms of oral proficiency levels, the students with low oral proficiency showed higher levels of anxiety, often to the extent that they would be anxious while the ones with high proficiency would not. Thus, the levels of anxiety seem to depend on gender and oral proficiency more than the students’ course levels.

This study sought eight grade students’ experiences of verbal production in the English classroom. From the perspectives of foreign language anxiety (FLA) and willingness to communicate (WTC), what are the students' experiences of verbal production, in what situations are students willing to communicate and in what situations are they not? A quantitative study was conducted using a self-report paper questionnaire, consisting of Nilsson’s (2019) modified version of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) in conjunction with open-ended questions. The result indicates that verbal production causes a high level of foreign language anxiety, and that the students' willingness to communicate increases and decreases depending on stable and situational variables that influence a student's willingness to use their L2. The findings of this study are beneficial to English teachers by raising awareness of FLA and WTC and their presence in our classrooms. The greatest beneficiary of this study is L2 language teachers, who will be inspired to create a classroom environment where the students seek opportunities to engage in verbal production.

Syftet med undersökningen är att undersöka mentala påverkningar hos esportatleter i tävlingssammanhang. Esport och prestation är inte ett utforskat område inom idrottsvetenskapen vilket gör den här undersökningen unik. En del i undersökningen är att analysera reliabiliteten och validiteten för den kvantitativa undersökningsmetoden Sport Anxiety Scale-2 för esportatleter. Vidare så analyseras resultaten i prestation relaterat till svaren i den utskickade enkäten kring Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Resultatet visar att esporatleters svar i Sport Anxiety Scale-2 följer samma mönster som för traditionella idrottsatleter dock med lägre totala värden i två av tre subskalor och högre värde i kategorin koncentrationssvårigheter. Vad det betyder är att esportatleter känner större oro kring koncentrationssvårigheter men mindre kognitiv och somatisk oro vid tävlingssammanhang. I valideringssyfte för Sport Anxiety Scale-2 som metod för esportatleter så uppvisades inte tillräckligt höga värden för att dra slutsatsen att det är ett funktionellt formulär för esportatleter. Vidare forskning kring Sport Anxiety Scale-2s relevans för esportatleter rekommenderas. Angående undersökningssyftet att jämföra prestation med resultaten i Sport Anxiety Scale-2 så dras slutsatsen att resultaten uppvisar motsägande resultat vilket gör att arbetshypotesen med säkerhet inte kan bli bekräftad. Det går att diskutera om det beror på SAS-2 som metod eller på grund av antalet deltagande respondenter i undersökningen. Undersökningen bidrar till att förstå vilka mentala svårigheter esportatleter står inför i tävlingssammanhang jämfört med traditionella idrottsatleter och undersökningen går att bygga vidare på för vidare, mer djupgående, undersökningar kring psykologiska mätverktyg inom esport och det idrottsvetenskapliga fältet. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level and impact of anxiety in semi-professional esport athletes before competitions. To analyze this, a quantitative analysis was conducted using the tool Sport Anxiety Scale-2. The results of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 were analyzed together with the competitive performance of the respondents. The results show that esport athletes show higher concentration disruption and lower somatic stress and worry before competitions than the standardized data for traditional sport athletes. As for the impact on performance, the results are inconclusive as there is not a strong enough correlation to confirm the working hypothesis that there is a relation between levels of stress and performance. This is a possible indicator that the research tool Sport Anxiety Scale-2, while useful for evaluating stress in traditional sport athletes, has significant deficiencies when used with esport athletes due to the reliance on physical activity indicators. Future research into the mental health of esport athletes should consider the differences in measuring the stress of less physical sports and could benefit from a broader study with a larger sample size.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgte ein Vergleich einer Patientengruppe im Hinblick auf ihre Zahnbehandlungsangst und weiterer psychischer Parameter. In einer Vielzahl von Studien wurden bereits Patienten in Zahnarztpraxen / Zahnkliniken zu ihrem psychischen Befinden in der Situation der Zahnbehandlung befragt. Eine Studie im zahnärztlichen Setting setzt allerdings voraus, dass das Angstniveau dieser Personen es zulässt, sich einer Zahnbehandlung zu unterziehen. Insgesamt haben 102 Patienten aus dem Vogtland an der Studie zur Zahnbehandlungsangst teilgenommen, die die gleichen Fragebögen zur Beurteilung ihrer psychischen Situation ausfüllten. Im deutschsprachigen Raum befanden sich beide Praxen im Vogltlandkreis. Die Zahnbehandlungsangst wurde mit der Dental Anxiety Scale (DAS) gemessen sowie mit zwei Items zur Angst vor der Behandlung mittels der Amsterdam Properative Anxiety Scale (APAIS). Die beiden Instrumente korrelierten signifikant stark miteinander (Spearman: r = 0,67, p = 0,000). Das Durchschnittsalter aller Teilnehmer betrug 40,3 (SD 15,74) Jahre. Auffällig war, dass mit einem Wert von 58,8 % mehr weibliche Personen als männliche Patienten an der Studie teilgenommen haben. Das Bildungsniveau der Patientengruppe befand sich unter den deutschen Durchschnitt (Statistisches Bundesamt). Darüber hinaus bestand bei den Probanden kein signifikant schlechter Gesundheitszustand, welcher in Beziehung zu höherem Alter, dem Geschlecht oder dem Bildungsniveau gesetzt werden könnte. Darüber hinaus wiesen die Probanden anhand des GSI (BSI-18) eine allgemeine, signifikant höhere psychische Belastung auf. Auffällig war, dass die mittleren Werte in den Subskalen Depressivität, Somatisierung und Ängstlichkeit signifikant höher waren. Im Vergleich aller Skalen nach niedriger und hoher Ängstlichkeit lag der mittlere Wert der gesamten Gruppe von GSI bei 8,17 (SD 8,08) mit einer hohen Signifikanz von p = 0,003, einer Somatisierung mit 2,08 (SD 2,82) p = 0,030, einer Depressivität von 1,64 (2,30) p = 0,010 sowie Ängstlichkeit von 4,45 (3,97) p = 0,001. Der mittlere Wert der DAS lag bei 21,78 (SD 2,66). Die Mittelwerte der APAIS (Angst vor der Behandlung) befanden sich bei 6,43 (SD 2,14). Die Patientengruppen unterschieden sich somit weder im Allgemeinen (BSI-18) noch im Speziellen auf das die Zahnbehandlung bezogene Angstniveau (DAS, APAIS) signifikant voneinander. Dennoch bestanden Unterschiede in den mittleren Werten für die mundgesundheits-bezogene Lebensqualität (OHIP) der Probanden, da sich diese signifikant voneinander unterschieden. Auch in Hinblick auf Einschränkungen der mundgesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität (OHIP) war in der Gruppe der hoch Ängstlichen ein starker Zusammenhang zum Angstniveau wahrnehmbar. Hinsichtlich des zahnmedizinischen Vorsorgeverhaltens hatten die Patienten auch einen signifikant schlechteren Vorsorgeindex vorzuweisen. Es ließ sich zudem feststellen, dass bei den meisten Patienten seit dem letzten Zahnarztbesuch signifikant mehr Zeit vergangen war. Patienten, die anhand der DAS Kategorisierung ein erhöhtes Angstniveau aufwiesen, ließen sich demnach auch seltener Zahnstein entfernen und eine professionelle Zahnreinigung durchführen. In der Zahnarztpraxis gaben Patienten mit einem erhöhten DAS-Angstniveau hingegen an, seltener zum Zahnarzt zu gehen als Patienten mit niedrigerer Angstausprägung. Das Angstniveau (DAS) der Patienten war schließlich auch im hohen Maß von der Art des Zahnarztbesuches abhängig. Je invasiver die Behandlung, desto mehr Angst hatten die Patienten vor dem Zahnarztbesuch. Auch die allgemeine psychische Belastung (BSI-18) war bei Patienten, die sich für eine Prophylaxebehandlung in der Zahnarztpraxis befanden, signifikant geringer. Die These, dass Personen, nachdem sie über das zahnmedizinische Setting befragt wurden, ein höheres Angstniveau aufzuweisen haben und auch den Zahnarztbesuch unter Umständen meiden, konnte in der vorliegenden Studie bestätigt werden. Deshalb ist es wichtig, dass sich Zahnärzte/Zahnärztinnen für das Thema „Zahnbehandlungsangst“ sensibilisieren, um Patienten mit erhöhtem Angstniveau entsprechend begegnen zu können.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Allgemeine Definitionen und Ausführungen zum Thema Angst 1.2 Zahnbehandlungsangst und Angststörungen 1.3 Zahnbehandlungsangst und andere psychische Störungen 1.4 Zahnbehandlungsangst, Mundgesundheit und somatische Störungen 1.5 Prävalenz 1.6 Ätiologie 1.7 Diagnostik 1.7.1 ICD-10 Kriterien der spezifischen Phobie (F40.2) 1.8 Zahnärztliche Screeninginstrumente zur Erhebung von Zahnbehandlungsangst 1.8.1 Screeninginstrumente (Fragebögen) 1.9 Statement 1.10 Therapie 1.11 Rückfallprophylaxe 2 Fragestellungen 3 Material und Methoden 3.1 Studiendesign 3.1.1Fragebogen 3.2 Beschreibung der Instrumente 3.2.1 Patientendokumentationsbogen 3.2.2 Gesundheitszustand 3.2.3 DAS - Dental Anxiety Scale nach Corah (1969) 3.2.4 Dental Fear Survey (DFS) 3.2.5 Amsterdam Preoperative Anxiety and Information Scale (APAIS) 3.2.6 BSI-18 (Brief Symptom Inventory 18) 3.2.7 The Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-5) 3.2.8 Mundgesundheit 3.2.9 L-1 – Kurzskala Lebenszufriedenheit – 1 3.2.10Skala Optimismus- Pessimismus-2 (SOP-2) 3.2.11OSS-3 – Oslo-3-Items Social Support Scale 3.3 Durchführung 3.4 Statistische Auswertung 4 Ergebnisse 4.1 Beschreibung des Patientenkollektivs 4.1.1 Soziodemografie 4.1.2 Zahnbehandlungsangst des Patientenkollektivs 4.1.3 Psychisches Befinden des Patientenkollektivs 4.2 Vorsorgeverhalten und Stellung der Mundgesundheit 4.2.1 Zusammenhang zwischen Zahnbehandlungsangst und anderen verwendeten Instrumenten 5 Diskussion 5.1 Patientenkollektiv 5.1.1 Soziodemographie der Gesamtgruppe 5.2 Soziodemographie - Vergleich der beiden Patientengruppen 5.2.1 Psychisches Befinden – Geschlechts-, Alters- und Bildungsspezifische Unterschiede 5.2.2 Vorsorgeverhalten und Einstellung zur Mundgesundheit – Vergleich der beiden Patientengruppen 5.2.3 Zahnbehandlungsangst im Zusammenhang mit anderen verwendeten Instrumenten 5.3 Kritische Betrachtung 5.4 Ausblick 5.4.1 Implikationen für die Forschung 5.4.2 Implikationen für die Praxis 6 Zusammenfassung Summary Literaturverzeichnis I Tabellenverzeichnis XVII Abbildungsverzeichnis XIX Abkürzungen XX Anhang XXI Danksagung XXIX Erklärungen XXX

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