This study explored the learning experience of Arabic language learners at the college level, focusing on their perception of effective and ineffective Arabic language teachers as well as the influence of their experiences on their motivation. The study also attempted to shed some light on the nature of the teacher-student interaction within the current sociopolitical context. The 29 students who agreed to participate in this study were all Arabic language learners enrolled in the second year or higher of Arabic at a major university in the United States. Data were collected from multiple sources including an open-ended survey and semi-structured interviews that were conducted on a one-on-one basis with the participants. Data were analyzed using coding procedures suggested by Strauss and Corbin (1998) from a grounded theory qualitative approach. Results indicated that participants perceived their effective Arabic language teachers as adaptable teachers. These adaptable teachers influence learners' learning outcomes by balancing their high expectations of their students with an awareness of language learning needs. Moreover, participants' perceptions of their best Arabic learning experiences were always associated with adaptable teachers, whose positive interaction style radiated throughout in their teaching. The data indicated that participants were intrinsically motivated in four different ways: (1) intrinsic motivation for the linguistic aspects of Arabic, (2) intrinsic motivation for knowledge, (3) intrinsic motivation for optimal experience, and (4) intrinsic motivation for accomplishment. Moreover, motivation constructs such as expectancy-value, self-efficacy, and flow were related to the students' experiences. According to many students, the more years they spent in learning Arabic, the more they had become obsessed with it. Most participants in this study credited both native and non-native speakers as effective language teachers.. Participants credited their native teachers for their linguistic knowledge and their in-depth understanding of the Arabic culture and described them as resourceful. At the same time, they credited non-native teachers for their pedagogical knowledge, organizational skills, and knowledge of learners' characteristics, and described them as role models. Suggestions for future research and implications for research and practice are discussed. / Not available / text

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, 2003. / "Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Communication, Design and Media, University of Western Sydney, 31 August 2003" Includes bibliography.

Inaug.-Diss.--Berlin. / Vita.

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris III, 1976. / Includes indexes. "Bibliographie en langues européennes": p. 537-541. "Bibliographie en langue arabe": p. 542-550.

There are many Arab families who come every year to the United States either to study or to work. Most of these families have school-age children who were born in the United States or in their native countries. Accordingly, most of them have plans to go back to their countries, and a few are staying in the U.S. The absence of communicating in the Arabic language might cause a big problem to their children upon returning to their native country. This mixed-methods study focused on the impactful instructional strategies that support Arabic students between six to twelve years old in becoming proficient in the development of oral and written Arabic language. The central research question was, what were the instructional strategies that helped Arabic students become proficient in the written and oral Arabic language when they have limited Arabic language skills? The research concluded that Arab children will not reach the Arabic proficiency without collaboration among teachers, administrators and the most important key element of parental engagement.

Les bases de données lexicales jouent un grand rôle dans le TAL, mais, elles nécessitent un développement et un enrichissement permanents via l’exploitation des ressources libres du web sémantique, entre autres, l’encyclopédie Wikipédia, DBpedia, Geonames et Yago2. Prolexbase, comporte à ce jour dix langues, trois parmi elles sont bien couvertes : le francais, l’anglais et le polonais. Il a été conçu manuellement et une première tentative semi-automatique a été réalisée par le projet ProlexFeeder (Savary et al. 2013). L’objectif de notre travail était d’élaborer un outil de mise à jour et d’extension automatiques de ce lexique, et l'ajout de la langue arabe. Un système automatique a également été mis en place pour calculer via la Wikipédia l’indice de notoriété des entrées de Prolexbase ; cet indice dépend de la langue et participe, d'une part, à la construction d'un module de Prolexbase pour la langue arabe et, d'autre part, à la révision de la notoriété présente pour les autres langues de la base. / Lexical databases play a significant role in natural language processing (NLP), however, they require permanent development and enrichment through the exploitation of free resources from the semantic web, among others, Wikipedia, DBpedia, Geonames and Yago2. Prolexbase, which issued of numerous studies on NLP, has ten languages, three of which are well covered: French, English and Polish. It was manually designed; the first semiautomatic attempt was made by the ProlexFeeder project (Savary et al., 2013). The objective of our work was to create an automatic updating and extension tool for Prolexbase, and to introduce the Arabic language. In addition, a fully automatic system has been implemented to calculate, via Wikipedia, the notoriety of the entries of Prolexbase. This notoriety is language dependent, is the first step in the construction of an Arabic module of Prolexbase, and it takes a part in the notoriety revision currently present for the other languages in the database.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de montrer les différentes facettes de l’annotation de corpus dans la langue arabe. Nous présentons nos travaux scientifiques sur l’annotation de corpus et sur la création de ressources lexicales dans la langue arabe. D’abord, nous discutons des méthodes, des difficultés linguistiques, des guides d’annotation, de l’optimisation de l’effort d’annotation, ainsi que de l’adaptation à la langue arabe de procédures d’annotation existantes. Ensuite, nous montrons la complémentarité entre les différentes couches d’annotation. Enfin, nous illustrons l’importance de ces travaux pour le traitement automatique des langues en illustrant quelques exemples de ressources et d’applications. / The goal of this thesis is to show the various aspects of corpus annotation in the Arabic language. We present our publications on corpus annotation and lexical resources creation in the Arabic language. First, we discuss the methods, the language difficulties, the annotation guidelines, the annotation effort optimization limits and how we adapted some of the existing annotation procedures to the Arabic language. Furthermore, we show the complementarity between the different layers of annotations. Finally, we illustrate the importance of our work for natural language processing by illustrating some examples of resources and applications.

1. Phonemes, words, clauses and sentences are not a logical necessity of language, unlike distinctive features and morphemes. 2. Despite this, such nested segmentation is very firmly present in languages and in our concepts of language description, 3. because nested segmentation and inserting redundancy on multiple levels is an efficient way to get the language signal through the burst-noise channel. 4. There are various strategies how redundancy can be added and what kind of redundancy can be added. 5. The segment delimiter is expressed by some additional information and the amount of delimiting information is independent from the length of the seg- ment it delimits. This principle can serve as a basis for a successful model for the Menzerath's relation.

La construction de ressources linguistiques arabes riches en informations syntaxiques constitue un enjeu important pour le développement de nouveaux outils de traitement automatique. Cette thèse propose une approche pour la création d’un treebank de l’arabe intégrant des informations d’un type nouveau reposant sur le formalisme des Grammaires de Propriétés. Une propriété syntaxique caractérise une relation pouvant exister entre deux unités d’une certaine structure syntaxique. Cette grammaire est induite automatiquement à partir du treebank arabe ATB, ce qui constitue un enrichissement de cette ressource tout en conservant ses qualités. Cet enrichissement a été également appliqué aux résultats d’analyse d’un analyseur état de l’art du domaine, le Stanford Parser, offrant la possibilité d’une évaluation s’appuyant sur un ensemble de mesures obtenues à partir de cette ressource. Les étiquettes des unités de cette grammaire sont structurées selon une hiérarchie de types permettant la variation de leur degré de granularité, et par conséquent du degré de précision des informations. Nous avons pu ainsi construire, à l’aide de cette grammaire, d’autres ressources linguistiques arabes. En effet, sur la base de cette nouvelle ressource, nous avons développé un analyseur syntaxique probabiliste à base de propriétés syntaxiques, le premier appliqué pour l'arabe. Une grammaire de propriétés lexicalisée probabiliste fait partie de son modèle d’apprentissage pour pouvoir affecter positivement le résultat d’analyse et caractériser ses structures syntaxiques avec les propriétés de ce modèle. Nous avons enfin évalué les résultats obtenus en les comparant à celles du Stanford Parser. / The building of syntactically informative Arabic linguistic resources is a major issue for the development of new machine processing tools. We propose in this thesis to create an Arabic treebank that integrates a new type of information, which is based on the Property Grammar formalism. A syntactic property is a relation between two units of a given syntactic structure. This grammar is automatically induced from the Arabic treebank ATB. We enriched this resource with the property representations of this grammar, while retaining its qualities. We also applied this enrichment to the parsing results of a state-of-the-art analyzer, the Stanford Parser. This provides the possibility of an evaluation using a measure set, which is calculated on this resource. We structured the tags of the units in this grammar according to a type hierarchy. This permit to vary the granularity level of these units, and consequently the accuracy level of the information. We have thus been able to construct, using this grammar, other Arabic linguistic resources. Secondly, based on this new resource, we developed a probabilistic syntactic parser based on syntactic properties. This is the first analyzer of this type that we have applied to Arabic. In the learning model, we integrated a probabilistic lexicalized property grammar that may positively affect the parsing result and describe its syntactic structures with its properties. Finally, we evaluated the parsing results of this approach by comparing them to those of the Stanford Parser.

Esta tese investiga os termos gramaticais árabes pertencentes às classes do nome, do verbo e da partícula. Com o intuito de propor uma harmonização dos termos árabes em português, buscam-se encontrar termos equivalentes em ambos os idiomas, e, para isso, três possibilidades são levantadas: a) equivalência direta, quando os semas das definições terminológicas dos termos gramaticais árabe e português forem concordantes; b) equivalência aproximada, quando nem todos os semas forem concordantes, nesse caso, investigamos a descrição de uso de mais de um termo gramatical português na tentativa de encontrar um equivalente mais adequado para o termo árabe; c) não-equivalência, quando não for verificado equivalente em português para o termo gramatical árabe, então, propomos um neologismo terminológico ou uma paráfrase. O objetivo desta pesquisa é traçar bases teóricas e metodológicas para uma futura elaboração de um dicionário bilíngue (árabe-português) de termos gramaticais árabes. Apresentamos 15 termos teste, a fim de exemplificar os procedimentos metodológicos de análise delineados, até a redação do verbete final que formaria a macroestrutura do referido dicionário. Dos novos termos analisados, 9 pertencem à categoria do nome e 3 ligados à partícula. Como a classe verbal foi objeto de estudo do mestrado (CAFFARO, 2013), selecionamos apenas 3 termos para ilustrar os objetivos traçados na presente tese e, da mesma forma, redigimos os verbetes finais para os termos selecionados. / This thesis investigates the Arabic grammatical terms that belong to the classes of noun, verb and particle. In order to propose a harmonization of these Arabic terms in Portuguese, we have tried to find equivalent terms in both languages and for this, three different possibilities have been generated: a) direct equivalence, which occurs when the terminological definition characteristics of the Arabic and Portuguese grammatical terms were coincidental; b) very nearly equivalence, that happens when not every characteristics were coincidental, in this case, we have investigated the description of use of more than one Portuguese grammatical term as an attempt to find a most appropriate equivalent to the Arabic term; c) non-equivalence, when a Portuguese equivalent has not been verified for the Arabic grammatical term, so we propose a terminological neologism or a paraphrase. The aim of this research is to set up the theoretical and methodological basis for the elaboration of an Arabic grammatical terms bilingual dictionary (Arabic- Portuguese). We have presented 15 test terms, in order to exemplify the outlined methodological procedures, up to the final entry writing, which would be responsible for composing the macrostructure of the mentioned dictionary. Nine of the new analyzed terms belong to the category of noun and three of them are related to the particle. As the verb class has been studied in Master Degree (CAFFARO, 2013), we have selected just three terms to illustrate the objectives presented in this thesis, similarly, we have written the final entry to the selected terms.