Med utgångspunkt i begreppet ”Art Worlds” diskuterar den här uppsatsen fanart och deltagandekultur som fenomen, och ser hur denna konstinriktning går att foga samman med andra konstvärldar. / Based on the theory of ”Art Worlds”, this thesis presents a discussion on the concepts of fanart and participatory culture, and seeks a way in which to merge the world of the fans with other art worlds.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Tese a seguir, apresentada ao IESP/UERJ como pré-requisito para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Sociologia, demonstra a forma como o estilo pictórico grafite teve sua percepção social subvertida a partir da assimilação de sua estética pelas instituições ditas oficiais do mundo das artes visuais no Brasil, leia-se mercado e locais de culto às obras de arte (galerias e museus, respectivamente), no início do século XXI. A partir da categoria mundo artístico em Becker (1982)1, o trabalho busca dar contornos ao mundo do grafite carioca e a seus pontos de contato com estabelecimentos e sujeitos próprios do mundo oficial das artes plásticas. A hipótese da pesquisa - investigada através de trabalho de campo microssociológico em conformidade com o paradigma de pesquisa social qualitativo inerente à Escola de Chicago (Coulon, 1995)2 - é que desta intercessão ou desses pontos de contato, estreitados nas últimas duas décadas, emergiu um subjetivo processo de legitimação do grafite como atividade artística no Brasil, promovendo o deslocamento de sua ampla percepção social, situada primariamente numa atmosfera que o classificava como poluente (Douglas, 1976) 3 e desviante (Becker, 2009)4, para uma atmosfera de valorização e conseqüente assimilação de sua estética por nichos como a moda, a publicidade, a decoração de ambientes e as políticas públicas de combate à delinqüência e ócio juvenis. / The thesis then presented to IESP/UERJ as a prerequisite for obtaining a Ph.D. in Sociology, demonstrates how the pictorial style graffiti had its social perception subverted since its aesthetic assimilation by institutions called "official" from world of the visual arts in Brazil, basically the market and places of worship to works of art (galleries and museums, respectively), at the beginning of the XXI century. From the category "art world" in Becker (1982), the work seeks to outline the "world of graffiti in Rio de Janeiro" and their points of contact with institutions and individuals own the "official world of the arts. The research hypothesis - investigated through microsociological fieldwork according to qualitative social research paradigm inherent Chicago School (Coulon, 1995) - is from this intercession or these contact points, narrowed in the past two decades, there emerged a subjective process of legitimization of graffiti as artistic activity in Brazil, promoting the displacement of its broad social perception, located primarily in an atmosphere classed as a pollutant (Douglas , 1976) and deviant (Becker, 2009), to an atmosphere of appreciation and consequent assimilation of its aesthetic by niches like fashion, advertising, home decoration and public policies to combat juvenile delinquency and idleness.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A Tese a seguir, apresentada ao IESP/UERJ como pré-requisito para obtenção do grau de Doutor em Sociologia, demonstra a forma como o estilo pictórico grafite teve sua percepção social subvertida a partir da assimilação de sua estética pelas instituições ditas oficiais do mundo das artes visuais no Brasil, leia-se mercado e locais de culto às obras de arte (galerias e museus, respectivamente), no início do século XXI. A partir da categoria mundo artístico em Becker (1982)1, o trabalho busca dar contornos ao mundo do grafite carioca e a seus pontos de contato com estabelecimentos e sujeitos próprios do mundo oficial das artes plásticas. A hipótese da pesquisa - investigada através de trabalho de campo microssociológico em conformidade com o paradigma de pesquisa social qualitativo inerente à Escola de Chicago (Coulon, 1995)2 - é que desta intercessão ou desses pontos de contato, estreitados nas últimas duas décadas, emergiu um subjetivo processo de legitimação do grafite como atividade artística no Brasil, promovendo o deslocamento de sua ampla percepção social, situada primariamente numa atmosfera que o classificava como poluente (Douglas, 1976) 3 e desviante (Becker, 2009)4, para uma atmosfera de valorização e conseqüente assimilação de sua estética por nichos como a moda, a publicidade, a decoração de ambientes e as políticas públicas de combate à delinqüência e ócio juvenis. / The thesis then presented to IESP/UERJ as a prerequisite for obtaining a Ph.D. in Sociology, demonstrates how the pictorial style graffiti had its social perception subverted since its aesthetic assimilation by institutions called "official" from world of the visual arts in Brazil, basically the market and places of worship to works of art (galleries and museums, respectively), at the beginning of the XXI century. From the category "art world" in Becker (1982), the work seeks to outline the "world of graffiti in Rio de Janeiro" and their points of contact with institutions and individuals own the "official world of the arts. The research hypothesis - investigated through microsociological fieldwork according to qualitative social research paradigm inherent Chicago School (Coulon, 1995) - is from this intercession or these contact points, narrowed in the past two decades, there emerged a subjective process of legitimization of graffiti as artistic activity in Brazil, promoting the displacement of its broad social perception, located primarily in an atmosphere classed as a pollutant (Douglas , 1976) and deviant (Becker, 2009), to an atmosphere of appreciation and consequent assimilation of its aesthetic by niches like fashion, advertising, home decoration and public policies to combat juvenile delinquency and idleness.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - Carleton University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 296-312). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Title: Comparison and characterization of Korean martial arts Taekwon-do ITF and Taekwondo WTF Objectives: In this work will be examined charakteristic of sport disciplines, philosophy, success in competitions of czech competitiors Methods: For the development of this theses was used a method of gathering information of these two federations of Czech and foreign literature. Results: It was found that Taekwon-do ITF is a martial art, which consists five sport's disciplines and our representatives from year 2000 at european championships won 237 and at world championships won 61 medals. WTF Taekwondo is a combat sport and the main discipline is Kyorugi (sparring). Kyorugi is the Olympics. Our representatives in WTF Taekwondo from year 2000 won only 5 medals at european champinships. Keywords: Korean martial art, International Taekwon-do Federation, World Taekwondo Federation

An analysis and explanation of my reasons for working in video, painting and drawing, and sculpture, considering the technological developments of the past decade; the possibility to use the internet as a distribution tool for works of art, and to shift the decision-making balance of the art-world; the ways that this approach is a democratic format for output in the arts and within communities of artists; an explanation of my studio practice while a graduate student at Virginia Commonwealth University.

Toujours plus visibles sur les scènes occidentales de la musique classique, les musicien-ne-s japonais-e-s évoluant en Europe constituent un phénomène social intéressant. Adoptant deux perspectives complémentaires - celle des «mondes de l’art» et des trajectoires d’artistes d’un côté, et celle des mobilités et des migrations de travailleurs d’un autre -, cette thèse vise à examiner la construction des carrières artistiques des musicien-ne-s japonais en Europe étudiées comme des trajectoires «transnationales» de professionnel-le-s qualifié-e-s. Comment se fait-il que des personnes socialisées dans une culture particulière, déménagent dans un environnement socioculturel hétérogène pour étudier et construire leur vie professionnelle et individuelle à l’étranger ? Est-ce que leurs trajectoires nous permettent de les classer comme des « artistes cosmopolites » ? Ou bien la construction sociale de leur carrière ressemble-t-elle davantage à celle des «migrants»? L’analyse s’appuie sur un matériau de 50 entretiens semi-structurés conduits avec des musicien-ne-s japonais-e-s dans leur langue maternelle et 20 interviews/conversations menées avec des experts/informateurs. En comparant deux environnements très différents, la France et la Pologne, j’ai cherché à neutraliser l’impact que diverses idiosyncrasies environnementales, structurelles et socioculturelles peuvent exercer sur la dynamique des carrières de ces musicien-ne-s. En conclusion, l’examen des modes d’insertion dans l’éducation musicale mis en rapport avec l’origine sociale des répondant-e-s m’a amené à distinguer quatre profils professionnels : (1) les héritier-e-s professionnel-le-s, (2) les héritier-e-s des rêves parentaux, (3) les ancien-ne-s élèves de brass band et (4) les pratiquant-e-s avocationnel-le-s. En outre, le matériel recueilli au cours de mes recherches a montré que les carrières des musicien-ne-s japonais-e-s opèrent sur plusieurs niveaux et que la "transnationalité" supposée – que j’associe au concept de « double absence » de Sayad (1977, 1999) – a été conditionnée par une combinaison de différents déterminants sociaux (origines sociales, genre, spécialisation instrumentale, systèmes éducatifs et possibilité de conversion du capital ainsi que les politiques migratoires, les marchés du travail, ou encore les arrangements de l’État de providence). Ces éléments ont en effet largement influencé et, dans certains cas, fait dérailler les parcours professionnels étudiés. / Japanese musicians arriving to Europe for the purpose of studies and work have become more and more visible in the context of classical art scenes, and they do not constitute a niche sample anymore. Combining two perspectives – that of the “art world” on the one hand and that of labour mobility and migration on the other, – this thesis examines the dynamics of Japanese musicians’ artistic careers establishing themselves in Europe in the context of “transnational” trajectories of skilled professionals. How do people, socialized in one particular culture, relocate to a disparate socio-cultural environment to study and then to build their professional as well as individual lives abroad? Shall these musicians be conceived of as “cosmopolite” artists? Or does the social construction of their careers bring them closer to “migrants”? This study is based on 50 semi-structured interviews conducted with Japanese musicians in their mother tongue as well as 20 interviews/conversations led with experts/informers. Comparing two substantially disparate environments, the French and the Polish ones, I aimed at distilling the impact that various structural as well as socio-cultural environmental idiosyncrasies have on career dynamics. In conclusion, examining modes of insertion into music education against the background of respondents’ social origins led me to distinguish four main career trajectories: (1) professional heirs; (2) inheritors of parental dreams; (3) brass band alumni and (4) avocational practitioners. Furthermore, the collected material unveiled that their careers are multilayered. Consequently, the presupposed “transnationality” – that I associate with Abdelmalek Sayad’s concept of “double absence” – has been conditioned by a combination of various social factors (i.e., social origins, gender, specialization, education systems and the possibility of conversion of capitals be it social or cultural; as well as migration policies, labor markets or structure of the welfare state in the hosts societies), which largely influence, and in some cases, derail the studied professional paths.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de comprendre comment, tout au long d’un siècle de pratique artistique moderne en Tunisie, seule l’histoire des artistes du groupe de l’École de Tunis est visible ? Pourtant, en faisant appel à de multiples documents, pour certains inédits, et en mettant en lien plusieurs faits demeurant jusque là négligés, une histoire parallèle émerge. Dès lors, le monde de l’art n’est plus réductible à ce que l’on en connaît. Comment expliquer la réussite de ce groupe de peintres et la sape d’une dynamique artistique post-coloniale ne demandant qu’à émerger ? Comment a-t-on pu atteindre un consensus général et une efficacité sociale irréprochable basée sur la persuasion ? L’emploi de l’approche organisationnelle, de la sociologie des groupes restreints et de la socio-histoire permet de rendre intelligible, l’action sociale de ce groupe. Cette action est le produit d’un ensemble de stratégies de coalition et d’exclusion, avec pour conséquence la monopolisation du monde de l’art depuis sa création jusqu’à la fin des années quatre-vingt. Si l’histoire conventionnelle est erronée quant à la réalité des faits, elle jouit d’une efficacité sociale irréprochable puisque l’ensemble des acteurs, mêmes les opposants, y ont adhéré en y croyant. Ils ont, par conséquent, contribué au renforcement de la croyance à des idées reçues. / The objective of this research is to understand how during a century long of practice of modern art in Tunisia only the history of artists from the “Ecole de Tunis” are known. However when looking through several first hand documents, even those that were neglected, and by linking several events a parallel history arises. Thus the world of art is surely not one knows. How can one explain the success of this group of painters and the repression of post-colonial dynamic artistic that was on the rise? How could such a comprise be obtained and the prefect social efficiency be baised on persuasion. The theory of management, the sociology of small groups and the sociohistory allowed me to understand the social action of this group. This action is the results of coalition and exclusion strategies that allowed this group form “Ecole de Tunis” to monopolise the world of art until the eighty’s. If the conventional history contradicts what re! ally happened, nevertheless it had a perfect social efficiency because together all the actors, even those in opposition, adhere to it by believing in it. Consequently even they have contributed to the belief of the ideas received.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à l’action stratégique des artistes en arts visuels qui est dédiée à l’amélioration de leurs conditions de travail. Elle cherche à comprendre comment les centres d’artistes autogérés (CAA) situés à Montréal participent au développement, par les artistes, de stratégies visant à leur permettre de se maintenir dans des carrières marquées par la précarité. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la problématique entourant l’émergence de nouvelles formes d’action collective qui visent à contrer la précarisation croissante des marchés du travail et de l’emploi. Sur le plan théorique, elle s’appuie sur trois grandes approches sociologiques : la sociologie interactionniste des mondes de l’art de H. S. Becker (1982), la sociologie structuraliste du champ de la production culturelle de P. Bourdieu (1993) et la socio-économie interactionniste des champs d’action stratégique de N. Fligstein et D. McAdam (2011). La posture épistémologique de cette recherche consiste à restituer la parole aux acteurs afin de cerner le sens qu’ils accordent à la précarité de leur travail et d’identifier les stratégies d’amélioration du travail dans lesquelles ils sont engagés. En nous appuyant sur des sources qualitatives, nous avons réalisé une étude de cas multiples correspondant à quatorze CAA situés à Montréal. Au total, cinquante-cinq personnes ont participé à cette recherche. Cette recherche souligne les effets structurants de l’encastrement du champ culturel dans le champ étatique sur les systèmes de distribution des ressources et des inégalités qui affectent les artistes intégré·e·s et les CAA. Elle montre aussi comment le passage du temps influence (1) le rapport que les artistes entretiennent face à la précarité de leur travail et (2) leurs stratégies d’amélioration du travail. Celles-ci revêtent généralement une nature spontanée et éphémère et elles mobilisent peu les outils formels de régulation prévus à cet effet, incluant la Loi sur le statut professionnel des artistes des arts visuels, des métiers d’art et de la littérature, ainsi que sur leurs contrats avec les diffuseurs (RLRQ, S-32.01). Leur impact sur l’amélioration durable et significative des conditions de travail des artistes apparaît limité. Cette recherche montre aussi que les CAA participent plus ou moins aux stratégies d’amélioration du travail des artistes. La nature et le degré de leur soutien varie notamment en fonction de leurs structures et de leurs politiques organisationnelles, ainsi que de la volonté des artistes de les impliquer dans ces processus. Plusieurs centres expérimentent cependant de nouvelles formes de soutien économiques et relationnelles aux artistes dans les limites de leurs contraintes organisationnelles. Au sein de ces CAA, on observe un recours croissant à des pratiques plus ou moins institutionnalisées qui relèvent de l’éthique féministe du soin. Les acteurs communautaires tels que les CAA, les associations professionnelles, les mouvements sociaux, etc., sont appelés à réfléchir à de nouvelles manières de générer des formes de solidarité et d’appartenance entre les artistes à partir des facteurs de précarité qui ont été identifiés dans cette recherche. Ce travail doit aussi prendre acte du fait que les artistes qui s’identifient à des groupes historiquement marginalisés rencontrent des enjeux de précarité spécifiques. Notre recherche révèle en effet la pertinence de procéder à la déconstruction des grandes catégories analytiques sur lesquelles se fonde l’analyse des mondes de l’art comme les « artistes intégré·e·s » (Becker, 1982), de manière à tenir compte de la manière dont les facteurs sociaux comme le genre, l’âge, la race, une situation de handicap, l’orientation sexuelle, etc., ont un impact sur les trajectoires de carrière des artistes en arts visuels. / This thesis investigates artists and art collectives’ strategic action aiming at the improvement of their working conditions. It studies how Montreal’s artist-run centres (ARCs) participate (or do not participate) in the development of « better work » strategies put in place by artists in order to persevere in their precarious careers. This research engages with the larger problem of increasingly precarious labour markets and employment, and with the new forms of collective action that are emerging in reaction to it. It draws on three theoretical approaches: the interactionist sociology of the art worlds (H. S. Becker, 1982), the structuralist sociology of the field of cultural production (P. Bourdieu, 1993) and the interactionist socio-economy of strategic action fields (N. Fligstein and D. McAdam, 2011). From an epistemological standpoint, our approach draws on pragmatism. It gives a voice to the actors to elevate their own perceptions of their precarity. This allows us to grasp its meaning and to identify the « better work » strategies in which they engage. This research draws on qualitative sources and corresponds to a multiple case study constituted of fourteen ARCs located in Montreal. A total of fifty-five persons participated in this research. This research highlights the structuring effects of the cultural field’s embeddedness in the state field on the distribution systems of resources and inequalities impacting artists and ARCs. It also reveals the importance of mobilizing a micro lens to study strategic action repertoires to consider the actors’ desires, values, and perceptions. Finally, it shows how the passage of time contributes to transforming how artists perceive their labour precarity. The prolonged experience of precarity shapes the « better work » strategies that are developed by artists. In general, these appear to be more of a spontaneous and ephemeral nature. Most of them do not draw on formal regulations such as the Act respecting the professional status of artists in the visual arts, arts and crafts and literature, and their contracts with promoters (RLRQ, S-32.01). Overall, their impact on a significative and sustainable improvement of artists’ working conditions appear to be limited. Our analysis also shows that ARCs participate in these strategies to various degrees. Their support depends on several factors, including ARCs’ organizational structure and politics, and the artists’ propensity to involve them in these processes. Several ARCs are experimenting with new forms of economic and relational support within the limits of their organizational constraints. Within those ARCs, we observe a increasing tendency to put in action more or less institutionalized practices associated with the feminist ethics of care. Community actors such as ARCs, professional associations, social movements, etc., are invited to (re)think about innovative ways to generate solidarity and belonging within artists by building on the precarity factors that have been in this research. This work should take into consideration that artists identifying to historically marginalized groups encounter specific forms of precarity to this day. This research also highlights the necessity to deconstruct the large analytical categories traditionally used to study the art worlds such as « integrated professionals » (Becker, 1982), to account for the influence of social factors such as gender, age, race, disability status, sexual orientation, etc., on visual artists’ career trajectories.

Réalisée en cotutelle avec l'université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3 / Cette thèse se penche sur les parcours et les pratiques d'artistes numériques naviguant au sein des secteurs multimédias de Montréal. L'étude des parcours de onze artistes numériques montréalais nous a permis de constater que leurs pratiques de production en arts numériques ne sont pas réductibles aux logiques de production propres à un seul lieu, que ce soit une entreprise privée, un centre d'art numérique ou encore l'université. La question du maintien de ces pratiques amène à prêter attention aux pluralités des éléments qui informent leurs (re)constitutions perpétuelles, ce qui appelle de nouveaux modes de théorisation des parcours d'artistes numériques et de leurs pratiques. Nous proposons une nouvelle manière de penser ces parcours - en tant que trajectoires - pour mettre en valeur la pluralité des modes d'articulation de ces pratiques. Elles sont ainsi considérées du point de vue de leurs médiations coconstitutives avec différents éléments. Nous avons isolé trois ensembles d'éléments pour rendre compte du maintien des pratiques en arts numériques et au travers desquels ces dernières déploient leurs multiples effectivités. Le premier ensemble recouvre les technologies intervenant dans la pratique en arts numériques. Le deuxième ensemble a trait au milieu des arts numériques et aux modes de l'organisé afférents. Enfin, le troisième ensemble traite du rapport entre les mondes de l'entreprise et la pratique en arts numériques. Ces trois ensembles d'éléments participent de diverses manières à la constitution, au maintien et à la singularisation de pratiques en arts numériques qui déploient leurs effectivités largement au-delà d'un espace social circonscrit ou spécialisé. / This thesis examines the paths and practices of digital artists navigating within the multimedia sectors of Montreal. Through the study of the paths of eleven digital artists based in Montreal we found that production practices in digital arts cannot be reduced to the logic of production specific to a single place, whether a private company, a digital arts center or a university. The issue of maintaining these practices leads one to pay attention to the plurality of elements that inform their perpetual (re)constitutions. This requires new ways of theorizing digital artists' paths and practices. We propose a new way of conceptualizing these paths - as trajectories - to highlight the plurality of ways the digital art practices are articulated. They are thus considered in terms of their co-constitutive mediations with different elements. We have identified three sets of elements to account for the maintenance of the practices in digital arts and through which these unfold their multiple effectivities. The first set covers the technologies involved in digital art practices. The second set relates to the digital arts community and the organizational modes characteristic of those locales. Finally, the third set deals with the relationship between the worlds of business and practices in digital arts. These three sets of elements contribute in various ways to the establishment, maintenance and singularity of digital arts practices that deploy their effectivities far beyond a circumscribed or specialized social space.