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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

The development of a novel and efficient HAC vector delivery system to human cells

Simpson, Kirsty Mairi January 2008 (has links)
Human Artificial Chromosomes (HACs) have been confirmed as viable gene expression vectors and a potential tool for gene therapy. However, standard lipid-based delivery methods pose a developmental barrier. The work presented in this thesis includes the development of a novel and efficient HAC vector system for gene delivery into human cells using Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) amplicon technology. The development of HSV-1 amplicons for HAC delivery is a major step forward in the HAC field. In this study, utilising the technology allowed the generation of HACs at a high efficiency in a range of human cell types, which is a significant step in the development for HAC gene expression systems. Further work also showed a significant difference in HAC stability between cell lines. Real-time PCR analysis determined that Aurora B was over expressed in cell lines in which the HACs were unstable. This correlated with high levels of chromosomal instability and was confirmed by western blot analysis. Since Aurora B is a kinase involved in at least two cell cycle checkpoints, cellular phosphorylation levels were perturbed to mimic that observed in the unstable cells, using okadaic acid, which is both a protein phosphatase inhibitor and activates Aurora B. Treatment of cells showed an increase in both HAC and overall chromosomal instability and an increase in histone H3 Serine 10 and Serine 28 phosphorylation. The project also focussed on the development of a gene expression system using HSV-1 amplicons. Two different strategies were explored. Firstly, one approach involved engineering the HPRT genomic locus into an HSV-HAC vector, by Red mediated recombination for complementing the HPRT deficiency in HPRT- HT1080 cells. As an alternative approach, co-infection of two different HSV-1 HAC amplicons for generating a single HAC gene vector was investigated. Initial experiments utilising the latter approach were the most successful and show promise for generating HAC containing genes via this strategy.
12

Generation and screening of natural product-like compounds for antibiotic discovery

Jacques, Samuel 04 1900 (has links)
Avec l’apparition de plus en plus de souches de bactérie résistante aux antibiotiques, le développement de nouveaux antibiotiques est devenu une important problématique pour les agences de santé. C’est pour cela que la création de nouvelles plateformes pour accélérer la découverte de médicaments est devenu un besoin urgent. Dans les dernières décennies, la recherche était principalement orientée sur la modification de molécules préexistantes, la méta-analyse d’organismes produisant des molécules activent et l’analyse de librairies moléculaires pour trouver des molécules synthétiques activent, ce qui s’est avéré relativement inefficace. Notre but était donc de développer de nouvelles molécules avec des effets thérapeutiques de façon plus efficace à une fraction du prix et du temps comparé à ce qui se fait actuellement. Comme structure de base, nous avons utilisé des métabolites secondaires qui pouvaient altérer le fonctionnement des protéines ou l’interaction entre deux protéines. Pour générer ces molécules, j’ai concentré mes efforts sur les terpènes, une classe de métabolites secondaires qui possède un large éventail d’activités biologiques incluant des activités antibactériennes. Nous avons développé un système de chromosome artificiel de levure (YAC) qui permet à la fois l’assemblage directionnel et combinatoire de gènes qui permet la création de voies de biosynthèse artificielles. Comme preuve de concept, j’ai développé des YACs qui contiennent les gènes pour l’expression des enzymes impliquées dans la biosynthèse de la -carotène et de l’albaflavenone et produit ces molécules avec un haut rendement. Finalement, Des YACs produits à partir de librairies de gènes ont permis de créer une grande diversité de molécules. / With the appearance of more and more antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria, the development of new antibiotics becomes an issue of utmost importance for society. It is for that reason that new platforms and methodologies to accelerate the discovery of novel antibiotics are urgently needed. For the last decades, research was mainly oriented on modifying existing antibiotics, mining natural producers or screening for synthetic molecules from giant chemical libraries but these approaches did not manage to keep the pipelines filled with a sufficient number of novel antibiotics. Therefore, our goal was to develop a way to create and screen new molecules more efficiently at a fraction of the cost when compared to traditional approaches and within a short time frame. As chemical scaffolds we use natural product-like compounds that modulate the function of individual proteins or of protein-protein interactions. To generate these compounds, I focused first on the terpene scaffold class, a class containing molecules with a wide range of biological activities and includes compounds with antibacterial activities. We developed a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) platform that allows both directional and combinatorial assembly of biosynthetic genes that can be used to create artificial biosynthetic pathways. As a proof of principle, YACs were successfully assembled containing genes coding for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of both B-carotene and albaflavenone, and that allowed high yield production of these compounds. Finally, YACs encoding terpene gene libraries were also created and which produced a diversity of terpenoid molecules.
13

Identification of a Hybrid Lethal Gene on the X Chromosome of Caenorhabditis briggsae

Dougherty, John Kelly January 2019 (has links)
No description available.
14

Mapping Hybrid Lethal Genes on the X Chromosome of C. Briggsae

Bittorf, Blaine E. 08 June 2018 (has links)
No description available.
15

Towards Cloning the Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Rph5

Mammadov, Jafar 23 August 2004 (has links)
Leaf rust caused by Puccinia hordei is an important disease of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in many regions of the world. Yield losses up to 62% have been reported in susceptible cultivars. The Rph5 gene confers resistance to the most prevalent races (8 and 30) of barley leaf rust in the United States. Therefore, the molecular mapping of Rph5 is of great interest. Genetic studies were performed by analysis of 93 and 91 F2 plants derived from the crosses 'Bowman' (rph5) x 'Magnif 102' (Rph5) and 'Moore' (rph5) x Virginia 92-42-46 (Rph5), respectively. Linkage analysis positioned the Rph5 locus to the extreme telomeric region of the short arm of barley chromosome 3H at 0.2 cM proximal to RFLP marker VT1 and 0.5 cM distal from RFLP marker C970 in the Bowman x Magnif 102 population. Synteny between rice chromosome 1 and barley chromosome 3 was employed to saturate the region within the sub-centimorgan region around Rph5 using sequence-tagged site (STS) markers that were developed based on barley expressed sequence tags (ESTs) syntenic to the phage (P1)-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) clones comprising distal region of the rice chromosome 1S. Five rice PAC clones were used as queries to blastn 370,258 barley ESTs. Ninety four non-redundant EST sequences were identified from the EST database and used as templates to design 174 pairs of primer combinations. As a result, 10 EST-based STS markers were incorporated into the 'Bowman' x 'Magnif 102' high-resolution map of the Rph5 region. More importantly, six markers, including five EST-derived STS sequences, co-segregate with Rph5. Genes, represented by these markers, are putative candidates for Rph5. Results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of rice genomic resources for efficient deployment of barley EST resources for marker saturation of targeted barley genomic region. / Ph. D.
16

Molecular-cytogenetic analysis of repetitive sequences in genomes of Beta species and hybrids / Molekular-cytogenetische Analyse der repetitiven Sequenzen in Genomen von Beta Arten und Hybriden

Dechyeva, Daryna 19 July 2006 (has links) (PDF)
The elucidation of the composition and organization of genomes of higher plants is a fundamental problem of modern molecular biology. The genus Beta containing 14 species assigned to the sections Beta, Corollinae, Nanae and Procumbentes provides a suitable system for the comparative study of the nuclear genomes. Sugar beet Beta vulgaris has a genome size of 758 Mbp DNA with estimated 63 % repetitive sequences and the number of chromosomes n=9. The wild beet Beta procumbens is an important natural pool of resistance against pests and tolerance to unfavorable growth conditions. The subject of this research was the isolation and description of new repetitive DNA families from genomes of this Beta species. This work presents the molecular investigation and cytogenetic characterization by high-resolution multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of the satellite and dispersed repetitive sequences in wild and cultivated beet species and in their hybrids. New repetitive sequences were isolated from the B. procumbens genome. The AluI restriction satellite repeats pAp11 are 229-246 bp long and form subfamilies. The satellite is amplified in the section Procumbentes, but also found in distantly related section Beta. Thus, pAp11 is probably an ancient component of Beta genomes. It could be the ancestor of the satellite subfamily pEV4 in B. vulgaris based on sequence analysis, Southern hybridization and comparative FISH. pAp11 was found at centromeric and a few intercalary sites in B. procumbens and formed intercalary blocks on B. vulgaris chromosomes where it co-localized with pEV4. These remarkable differences in the chromosomal position of pAp11 between Procumbentes and Beta species indicate that both satellites were likely involved in the expansion or rearrangement of the intercalary heterochromatin of B. vulgaris. Other two sequence families characterized on molecular, genomic and chromosomal levels are the non-homologous repeats pAp4 and pAp22, 1354 and 582 bp long. They have a dispersed organization in the genome and are widely scattered along B. procumbens chromosomes. pAp4 and pAp22 are specific for the section Procumbentes and can be used as DNA probes to discriminate parental genomes in interspecific hybrids. High-resolution FISH on meiotic chromosomes showed that the both sequences mostly co-localize. The PCR analysis of their flanking regions revealed that pAp22 is a part of a Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) of an Athila-like env-class retrotransposon. This is the first indication that the retrovirus-like DNA elements exist in Beta. An ancient family of subtelomeric satellite DNA pAv34 was isolated from all four sections of the genus Beta and from spinach, a related Chenopodiaceae. Five clones were analyzed from each of the five species. The genomic organization and species distribution of the satellites were studied by sequencing and Southern hybridization. The repeating units in all families are 344-362 bp long and share 46.2-98.8 % similarity. Each monomer consists of two subunits SU1 and SU2 of 165-184 bp. The maximum likelihood and neighbor joining analyses of the 25 subtelomeric satellite monomers and their subunits indicated, that the duplication leading to the emergence of the 360 bp satellite should have occurred early in the phylogeny. The two directions of diversification are the clustering of satellites in two groups of subunits SU1 and SU2 and the arrangement of satellite repeats in section-specific groups. The comparative chromosomal localization of the telomeric repeat, pAv34 and rDNA was investigated by multicolor FISH. B. vulgaris chromosome termini showed unique physical organization of telomeric repeat and the subtelomeric satellite, as studied by high-resolution FISH on extended DNA fibers. The estimated length of the telomeric array was 0.55 - 62.65 kb, the length of pAv34 was 5.0-125.25 kb, the spacer between these sequences spanned 1.0-16.60 kb. Eight various classes of repeats were used to characterize the minichromosomes of the sugar beet fragment addition lines PRO1 and PAT2 by comparative multi-color FISH. The study allowed to propose a schematic pattern of repetitive DNA organization on the PRO1 and PAT2 minichromosomes. PRO1 has an acrocentric minichromosome, while PAT2 possesses a metacentric or submetacentric chromosome fragment. The functional integrity of the fragment addition line centromeres was confirmed by an immunostaining localization of the proteins specific to the active kinetochore. The serine 10-phosphorylated histone H3 was detected in pericentromeric regions of the PRO1 chromosomes. The microtubuli attachment sites were visualized as parts of kinetochore complexes.
17

Molecular-cytogenetic analysis of repetitive sequences in genomes of Beta species and hybrids

Dechyeva, Daryna 07 July 2006 (has links)
The elucidation of the composition and organization of genomes of higher plants is a fundamental problem of modern molecular biology. The genus Beta containing 14 species assigned to the sections Beta, Corollinae, Nanae and Procumbentes provides a suitable system for the comparative study of the nuclear genomes. Sugar beet Beta vulgaris has a genome size of 758 Mbp DNA with estimated 63 % repetitive sequences and the number of chromosomes n=9. The wild beet Beta procumbens is an important natural pool of resistance against pests and tolerance to unfavorable growth conditions. The subject of this research was the isolation and description of new repetitive DNA families from genomes of this Beta species. This work presents the molecular investigation and cytogenetic characterization by high-resolution multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of the satellite and dispersed repetitive sequences in wild and cultivated beet species and in their hybrids. New repetitive sequences were isolated from the B. procumbens genome. The AluI restriction satellite repeats pAp11 are 229-246 bp long and form subfamilies. The satellite is amplified in the section Procumbentes, but also found in distantly related section Beta. Thus, pAp11 is probably an ancient component of Beta genomes. It could be the ancestor of the satellite subfamily pEV4 in B. vulgaris based on sequence analysis, Southern hybridization and comparative FISH. pAp11 was found at centromeric and a few intercalary sites in B. procumbens and formed intercalary blocks on B. vulgaris chromosomes where it co-localized with pEV4. These remarkable differences in the chromosomal position of pAp11 between Procumbentes and Beta species indicate that both satellites were likely involved in the expansion or rearrangement of the intercalary heterochromatin of B. vulgaris. Other two sequence families characterized on molecular, genomic and chromosomal levels are the non-homologous repeats pAp4 and pAp22, 1354 and 582 bp long. They have a dispersed organization in the genome and are widely scattered along B. procumbens chromosomes. pAp4 and pAp22 are specific for the section Procumbentes and can be used as DNA probes to discriminate parental genomes in interspecific hybrids. High-resolution FISH on meiotic chromosomes showed that the both sequences mostly co-localize. The PCR analysis of their flanking regions revealed that pAp22 is a part of a Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) of an Athila-like env-class retrotransposon. This is the first indication that the retrovirus-like DNA elements exist in Beta. An ancient family of subtelomeric satellite DNA pAv34 was isolated from all four sections of the genus Beta and from spinach, a related Chenopodiaceae. Five clones were analyzed from each of the five species. The genomic organization and species distribution of the satellites were studied by sequencing and Southern hybridization. The repeating units in all families are 344-362 bp long and share 46.2-98.8 % similarity. Each monomer consists of two subunits SU1 and SU2 of 165-184 bp. The maximum likelihood and neighbor joining analyses of the 25 subtelomeric satellite monomers and their subunits indicated, that the duplication leading to the emergence of the 360 bp satellite should have occurred early in the phylogeny. The two directions of diversification are the clustering of satellites in two groups of subunits SU1 and SU2 and the arrangement of satellite repeats in section-specific groups. The comparative chromosomal localization of the telomeric repeat, pAv34 and rDNA was investigated by multicolor FISH. B. vulgaris chromosome termini showed unique physical organization of telomeric repeat and the subtelomeric satellite, as studied by high-resolution FISH on extended DNA fibers. The estimated length of the telomeric array was 0.55 - 62.65 kb, the length of pAv34 was 5.0-125.25 kb, the spacer between these sequences spanned 1.0-16.60 kb. Eight various classes of repeats were used to characterize the minichromosomes of the sugar beet fragment addition lines PRO1 and PAT2 by comparative multi-color FISH. The study allowed to propose a schematic pattern of repetitive DNA organization on the PRO1 and PAT2 minichromosomes. PRO1 has an acrocentric minichromosome, while PAT2 possesses a metacentric or submetacentric chromosome fragment. The functional integrity of the fragment addition line centromeres was confirmed by an immunostaining localization of the proteins specific to the active kinetochore. The serine 10-phosphorylated histone H3 was detected in pericentromeric regions of the PRO1 chromosomes. The microtubuli attachment sites were visualized as parts of kinetochore complexes.
18

Synthetic natural products and surrogate genetics as novel strategies for drug discovery

Jacques, Samuel 09 1900 (has links)
Les produits naturels (PNs) englobent une énorme diversité chimique qui a conduit à la découverte de médicaments révolutionnaires contre le cancer, contre les maladies infectieuses et contre d'autres maladies. La majorité des médicaments actuellement approuvés sont des dérivés de PNs, où nombre d’entre eux engagent des cibles considérées comme non thérapeutiques. Malgré ces avantages, les PNs posent des problèmes au niveau de l’isolement, de la déréplication, du réapprovisionnement et de la traçabilité chimique. Compte tenu du besoin urgent de découvrir de nouvelles molécules bioactives contre de nouvelles cibles pour tous les types de maladies, des stratégies innovantes sont nécessaires pour revigorer la découverte de médicaments à partir des PNs. Nous avons développé une plateforme utilisant Saccharomyces cerevisiae pour la production hétérologue de molécules similaire aux PNs, appelée « produits naturels synthétiques » (PNSs). Nous avons synthétisé une vaste bibliothèque de gènes impliqués dans la biosynthèse de PNs (GBSs) provenant de plantes, de champignons et de bactéries, pour lesquels leur contenu en GC et leurs codons ont été optimisés pour l’expression dans S. cerevisiae. Ces gènes sont assemblés en chromosomes artificiels de levure pour générer de vastes bibliothèques combinatoires de BSG pour la production de molécules similaires aux PNs. Les bibliothèques de PNSs peuvent être directement criblées contre des microorganismes ou des cibles spécifiques dans des essais à haut débit. J'ai effectué le criblage de bibliothèques de PNSs contre une variété de cibles bactériennes et humaines. L'un de ces criblages a conduit à la découverte de PNSs ayant une activité antimicrobienne contre un groupe de pathogènes cliniquement pertinents. Récemment, certaines équipes scientifiques, dont la nôtre, ont découvert que l'hyperactivation de la protéase mitochondriale humaine CLPP par les composés anticancéreux ONC201 et ONC212, qui sont présentement en phase préclinique, provoque la mort cellulaire par protéolyse mitochondriale incontrôlée. Cependant, j'ai trouvé que ONC201/212 activent également la version bactérienne de ClpP et ils pourraient donc perturber le microbiome. J'ai donc développé des essais génétiques de substitution dans la levure pour les protéases ClpP afin de cribler pour des activateurs plus spécifiques. Ensuite, j'ai adapté mon approche dans la levure pour le criblage d’inhibiteurs de la protéase principale (Mpro) et de l'endoribonucléase (NendoU) de SRAS-CoV-2, afin de répondre au besoin pour des thérapies antivirales efficaces afin de traiter les personnes atteintes de la forme grave de la COVID-19. Enfin, une autre variante de mon approche dans la levure a également été développée pour le criblage de stabilisateurs de l'interaction entre FKBP12 et calcineurine dans le but d'identifier de nouveaux immunosuppresseurs qui présentent moins d'effets secondaires. Le criblage de ces différents essais m’a permis d’identifier des candidats potentiels pour chaque cible. Bien que les tests faits dans la levure soient utilisés dans le contexte de criblages traditionnels, l’utilisation de la plateforme PNS permet d’explorer un espace chimique inaccessible auparavant afin de favoriser la découverte de médicaments, le tout de manières économique, modulable et durable. / Natural products (NPs) encompass enormous chemical diversity, leading to revolutionary medicines in cancer, infectious disease, and other indications. The majority of currently approved drugs are derived from NPs, with many of them engage targets otherwise viewed as undruggable. Despite these advantages, NPs pose problems in isolation, dereplication, resupply and chemical tractability. Given the pressing need to discover bioactive chemical matter against new targets in all disease areas, innovative strategies are required to reinvigorate NP-based drug discovery. We have developed a Saccharomyces cerevisiae platform for heterologous production of NP-like chemical matter, termed Synthetic Natural Products (SynNPs). We synthesized an extensive library of codon- and GC-content optimized NP biosynthetic genes (BSGs) from plants, fungi and bacteria. These genes are then assembled into programmable yeast artificial chromosomes (YAC) to generate vast combinatorial BSG libraries that produce NP-like molecules. SynNP libraries can be directly screened in high-throughput in either cell- or target-based assays. I constructed and screened SynNP libraries in yeast-based surrogate genetic assays against a variety of bacterial and human targets. One of these screens led to the discovery of SynNPs with antimicrobial activity against a panel of clinically relevant pathogens. Recently, we and others discovered that hyperactivation of the human mitochondrial caseinolytic protease proteolytic subunit (CLPP) by the preclinical anti-cancer compounds ONC201 and ONC212 causes cell death by rampant mitochondrial proteolysis. However, I found that ONC201/212 also activates bacterial ClpP and could therefore disrupt the microbiome. I thus developed yeast-based surrogate genetic assays for ClpP proteases to screen for more specific activators. Then, I adapted my yeast-based approach to screen for inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro) and endoribonuclease (NendoU) to address the need for efficacious antiviral therapies to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, I developed another variant of my yeast-based approach to screen for stabilizers of the interaction between FKBP12 and calcineurin to identify novel candidate immunosuppressants. Screens with these various assay formats allowed me to identify candidate hits for each target. In summary, the SynNP platform allows the exploration of new-to-nature NP-like chemical space for drug discovery in a cost-effective, scalable and sustainable manner, and yeast-based surrogate genetic assays can be used to screen both existing chemical libraries and SynNP libraries.
19

Identifikation von Genen und Mikroorganismen, die an der dissimilatorischen Fe(III)-Reduktion beteiligt sind / Isolation of Genes and Microorganisms Involved in Dissimilatory Fe(III)-Reduction

Özyurt, Baris 21 January 2009 (has links)
No description available.

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