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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

An in-vitro evaluation of repair protocols applied to composite resin

Irari, Ken W. January 2016 (has links)
Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The shift towards minimally invasive dentistry has meant that dental practitioners are now undertaking procedures that are conservative and preserve as much of the existing tooth structure as possible. Repairing composite is a more conservative way of managing damaged restorations when compared to their replacement. A number of different protocols for repairing composite restorations exist but there is little information as to which is the most effective method. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect the following treatment procedures have on the shear bond strength of repaired composite: i. Five different repair protocols, ii. Two different types of repair composite materials and iii. Aging in artificial saliva prior to repairing. Materials and methods: Two hundred and forty composite cylinders of 5mm diameter and 5mm height made from Filtek Supreme XTE (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared with the aid of a silicon matrix. They were then divided into two groups: a hundred and twenty of these cylinders were aged in a solution of artificial saliva for 28 days and the remaining samples were left unchanged with no aging. All the aged and non-aged composite cylinders were then randomly allocated to six groups of twenty each corresponding to the repair protocol applied. The first group from both of the aged and non-aged samples was treated by roughening the top surface with a diamond bur followed by an application of Scotchbond 1XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). The second group received a surface roughening with a diamond bur,etching with 35% phosphoric acid and application of Scotchbond 1XT. The third group received an application of Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and the fourth one had a single application of Tetric N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) on its top surface. The fifth group was treated by blasting with COJET Sand (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) particles together with an application of Scotchbond Universal. The final group was used as the control where no surface treatment was done. After the surface treatments, each of the composite samples was repaired by the addition of fresh composite in the shape of cylinders measuring 3mm in diameter and 4mm in height. This was done with the aid of a silicon matrix. Within each treatment sub-group (n=20), 10 cylinders were repaired using either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram. All two hundred and forty repaired samples were then subjected to shear bond strength testing on a Universal testing machine. Data analysis: The results of the shear bond strength tests expressed in megapascals (MPa) were recorded and analysed for the effect of three different factors under consideration. The effectiveness of the repair protocols, type of composite and aging in artificial saliva were compared using the analysis of variance. Differences within the groups were identified using a post hoc analysis. Results: The mean highest repair shear bond strength was observed when COJET Sand in conjunction with Scotchbond Universal was used to repair the aged composite blocks. There were no significant differences in the shear bond strength observed when either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram was used as the repair composites. Aging in artificial saliva led to a mean reduction of 18.08% in the repair bond strength across the six treatment groups. Conclusions: The application of a surface treatment and intermediate adhesive is crucial in improving bond strength in the composite repair interface. Repair with Filtek Supreme XTE and Tetric N-Ceram was equally effective. Aging in artificial saliva produced significantly reduced bond strength.
2

The design, build and validation of a realistic artificial mouth model for dental erosion research

Qutieshat, Abu-Baker S. January 2015 (has links)
This work investigated the design parameters necessary for the build and use of an in vitro artificial mouth model built for dental erosion research. It also ascertained the working knowledge of dentists concerning the Human Tissue Act (HTA) and explored an alternative tissue for erosion-testing to human enamel. The design inputs for the artificial mouth were acquired by an innovative observational study conducted upon human volunteers and used in the decisions made in the setting of the fluids’ kinematic behaviour and how the associated devices were to function. This novel system was sought to mimic the interaction of saliva and the dental substrate during the process of consuming an erosive beverage. The model allows researchers to gather data using customizable experimental diets without the technical burden of dealing with a non-realistic regime. The design and build of the artificial mouth model along with its associated equipment and parameters are described and a manual for operation of the model is appended. The device is designed on a fully adjustable multitask basis in which the operator can set several variables such as the desirable salivary kinematic behaviour, offensive beverage flow rate, and volume of consumption. This, subsequently, allows the samples preloaded on the system to be tested for surface characteristics (i.e. surface hardness and surface profilometry) to determine the extent of erosion if any. The model also allows the resultant solution to be analysed for traces of calcium and phosphate ions. To validate the capabilities of the artificial mouth system a set of diets was performed repeatedly. The high degree of agreement and the consistency of results showed that the model is able to mimic realistic scenarios and is capable of producing reliable, reproducible and accurate outcomes. Ostrich eggshell proved to be a potential alternative erosion substrate which is fortuitous as the lack of knowledge on the HTA had meant human enamel was less readily available.
3

Efeito do tratamento com gel clareador na relação cálcio-fósforo do esmalte dentário

Scannavino, Fábio Luiz Ferreira [UNESP] 04 August 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-08-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 scannavino_flf_dr_arafo.pdf: 378447 bytes, checksum: 9d6b0a484cc6df523b71d9e895eadc2c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O clareamento dentário tem sido uma prática popular no consultório odontológico, pois remove pigmentações que tornam o dente escuro, obtendo-se dessa maneira um resultado estético satisfatório. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a relação Cálcio-Fósforo (Ca-P) e o efeito da saliva nos dentes submetidos ao clareamento dentário com peróxido de hidrogênio 35%. Foram utilizados 60 espécimes provenientes de 30 incisivos centrais bovinos hígidos, divididos em seis grupos distintos. Os espécimes do grupo controle foram imersos em água destilada. No grupo 1, realizou-se somente clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% ativado por LED. No grupo 2 foi realizado o clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% e imersão em saliva artificial por dois dias. No grupo 3 foi realizado o clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% e aplicação de flúor tópico neutro 2%. No grupo 4 após o clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% seguido de flúor tópico neutro 2%, os espécimes foram imersos em saliva artificial por dois dias e, no grupo 5 repetiu-se o procedimento do grupo 4 com a imersão em saliva artificial por quinze dias. Todos os espécimes foram preparados para análise por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-AES). A análise de variância revelou diferença estatística (p<0.05) entre os grupos: o grupo 3 apresentou redução de 7,5% na relação Ca-P comparado ao controle. No entanto, os valores dos grupos 1, 4 e 5 não diferiram significantemente do grupo controle. Os resultados evidenciam que o clareamento produz uma redução na proporção Ca-P que pode ser minimizada pela ação da saliva. / Teeth whitening has been a popular procedure in dental offices, because it removes pigmentations that make a tooth become dark, obtaining in this way a satisfactory aesthetic outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the Calcium-Phosphorus (Ca-P) and the effects of saliva on the teeth that had undergone whitening using hydrogen peroxide 35%. 60 specimens from bovine incisors were used, divided into six distinct groups. The specimens from the control group were immersed in distillated water. In group 1, the whitening was made by using hydrogen peroxide 35% activated by LED. In group 2, the whitening using hydrogen peroxide 35% and immersion in artificial saliva for two days was performed. In group 3, the whitening was made by with hydrogen peroxide 35% and application of neutral topic fluoride 2%. In group 4, after the whitening using hydrogen peroxide 35% followed by neutral topic fluoride 2%, the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for two days and, in group 5, the same procedure as in group 4 was performed, but they were immersed in artificial saliva for 15 days. All specimens were prepared for analysis for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The variance analysis revealed statistical difference (p<0.05) between the groups, and group 3 presented a 7.5% reduction in to Ca-P compared to control. However, the values for groups 1, 4, and 5 did not differ significantly from the control group. The results show that whitening produces a reduction in the ratio Ca-P that can be minimized by the action of the saliva.
4

Efeito do tratamento com gel clareador na relação cálcio-fósforo do esmalte dentário /

Scannavino, Fábio Luiz Ferreira. January 2008 (has links)
Resumo: O clareamento dentário tem sido uma prática popular no consultório odontológico, pois remove pigmentações que tornam o dente escuro, obtendo-se dessa maneira um resultado estético satisfatório. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a relação Cálcio-Fósforo (Ca-P) e o efeito da saliva nos dentes submetidos ao clareamento dentário com peróxido de hidrogênio 35%. Foram utilizados 60 espécimes provenientes de 30 incisivos centrais bovinos hígidos, divididos em seis grupos distintos. Os espécimes do grupo controle foram imersos em água destilada. No grupo 1, realizou-se somente clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% ativado por LED. No grupo 2 foi realizado o clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% e imersão em saliva artificial por dois dias. No grupo 3 foi realizado o clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% e aplicação de flúor tópico neutro 2%. No grupo 4 após o clareamento com peróxido de hidrogênio 35% seguido de flúor tópico neutro 2%, os espécimes foram imersos em saliva artificial por dois dias e, no grupo 5 repetiu-se o procedimento do grupo 4 com a imersão em saliva artificial por quinze dias. Todos os espécimes foram preparados para análise por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma acoplado indutivamente (ICP-AES). A análise de variância revelou diferença estatística (p<0.05) entre os grupos: o grupo 3 apresentou redução de 7,5% na relação Ca-P comparado ao controle. No entanto, os valores dos grupos 1, 4 e 5 não diferiram significantemente do grupo controle. Os resultados evidenciam que o clareamento produz uma redução na proporção Ca-P que pode ser minimizada pela ação da saliva. / Abstract: Teeth whitening has been a popular procedure in dental offices, because it removes pigmentations that make a tooth become dark, obtaining in this way a satisfactory aesthetic outcome. The aim of this study was to assess the Calcium-Phosphorus (Ca-P) and the effects of saliva on the teeth that had undergone whitening using hydrogen peroxide 35%. 60 specimens from bovine incisors were used, divided into six distinct groups. The specimens from the control group were immersed in distillated water. In group 1, the whitening was made by using hydrogen peroxide 35% activated by LED. In group 2, the whitening using hydrogen peroxide 35% and immersion in artificial saliva for two days was performed. In group 3, the whitening was made by with hydrogen peroxide 35% and application of neutral topic fluoride 2%. In group 4, after the whitening using hydrogen peroxide 35% followed by neutral topic fluoride 2%, the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for two days and, in group 5, the same procedure as in group 4 was performed, but they were immersed in artificial saliva for 15 days. All specimens were prepared for analysis for Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The variance analysis revealed statistical difference (p<0.05) between the groups, and group 3 presented a 7.5% reduction in to Ca-P compared to control. However, the values for groups 1, 4, and 5 did not differ significantly from the control group. The results show that whitening produces a reduction in the ratio Ca-P that can be minimized by the action of the saliva. / Orientador: Lourdes Aparecida Martins dos Santos-Pinto / Coorientador: Antonio Carlos Hernandes / Banca: Angela Cristina Cilense Zuanon / Banca: Lizeti Toledo de Oliveira Ramalho / Banca: Maria Cristina Borsatto / Banca: Marlei Seccani Galassi / Doutor
5

Comparative in vitro study of selected physical properties of activa, cention n and vitremer

Mohammed Khair, Ro'aa Mohammed Jafar Mohammed January 2021 (has links)
Magister Theologiae - MTh / This study aimed to determine the association between dimensional change and surface roughness (Ra) of Vitremer, Activa and Cention N after immersing them into two different media: acidic and artificial saliva media for the period of a year. Measurements were made at 10 time intervals during the observation period.
6

Modeling contaminant transport in polyethylene and metal speciation in saliva

Tang, Jia 13 July 2010 (has links)
Properties of both chemical contaminants and polymers can impact contaminant diffusivity and solubility in new and aged polyethylene materials for pipes and geomembranes. Diffusivity, solubility, polymer and chemical properties were measured for thirteen contaminants and six polyethylene materials that were new and/or aged in chlorinated water. Tree regression was used to select variables, and linear regression was used to develop predictive equations for contaminant diffusivity and solubility in polyethylene. Organic contaminant properties had greater predictive capability than polyethylene properties. Model coefficients significantly changed between new materials to chlorine-aged materials, indicating changes of polyethylene properties impact the interaction between contaminants and polymers. The metallic flavor of copper in drinking water influences the taste of water and can cause the taste problems for water utilities. The mechanism of metallic flavor caused by these metals is related to free or soluble ions. Free copper concentrations were measured at different pH in diluted artificial saliva using a cupric ion selective electrode. Three major proteins in human saliva: α-amylase, mucin and lactoferrin, were added in the artificial saliva and the impacts on the chemical speciation of copper were analyzed. Inorganic saliva components, typically phosphate, carbonate and hydroxide combined with copper and greatly influenced the levels of free copper in the oral cavity. Proteins such as α-amylase, mucin and lactoferrin also impacted the chemical speciation of copper, with different affinity to copper. Mucin had the greatest affinity with copper than α-amylase. / Master of Science
7

Avaliação da resistência à corrosão de titânio comercialmente puro submetido à desinfecção química e polarização em salivas artificiais com diferentes pHs / Evaluation of corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium submitted to chemical disinfection and polarization in artificialsalivas with different pHs

Raimundo, Lariça Barbosa 26 August 2010 (has links)
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ação de hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético na resistência à corrosão de titânio comercialmente puro, grau 4, (Ticp-4) em salivas artificiais, ácida e neutra, com diferentes períodos de imersão, por meio de ensaio de polarização potenciodinâmica anódica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectrometria dispersiva de raios-X. Corpos-de-prova cilíndricos (5 mm x 5 mm) de Ticp-4 foram envolvidos com fio de cobre e fita isolante, este conjunto foi incluído em tubos de PVC (25 mm x 15 mm) e preenchidos com resina poliéster quimicamente ativada, após a polimerização da resina esses eletrodos de trabalho que foram polidos mecanicamente com lixas, feltros e pastas. Os 54 eletrodos de trabalho foram divididos em nove grupos (n=6) referentes às soluções e períodos de imersão: água destilada (controle), hipoclorito de sódio 1% (10 e 40 minutos), ácido peracético 0,2% (10, 30, 40 e 120 minutos) e ácido peracético 2% (30 e 120 minutos). Após serem imersos nas soluções, foram divididos em 2 subgrupos (n=3), pois os ensaios de polarização anódica foram realizados em triplicatas e utilizados dois eletrólitos, salivas artificiais pH 4,8 e pH 6,8. No ensaio de polarização anódica foi utilizada uma célula eletroquímica constituída por um eletrodo de referência do tipo calomelano saturado (ECS), um contra-eletrodo de platina e o eletrodo de trabalho constituído pelas amostras de Ticp-4, com taxa de varredura de 1 mV/s, partindo-se do potencial de corrosão (Ecorr) até 800 mVECS. Os dados do potencial de corrosão (Ecorr) e corrente de passivação (Ipass) obtidos das curvas de polarização foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste t Student. Na comparação entre salivas ácida e neutra os valores de Ecorr e Ipass em todas soluções desinfetantes e períodos propostos não apresentaram diferença estatísitica. A comparação dos valores de Ecorr e Ipass entre água destilada (controle) e soluções desinfetantes em saliva ácida também não mostrou diferença, porém em saliva neutra houve diferença entre os valores de Ipass entre água destilada e hipoclorito de sódio 1% por 40 minutos e entre os valores de Ecorr entre água destilada e ácido peracético 2% por 120 minutos. Entre períodos de imersão, em saliva ácida, houve diferença entre os valores de Ipass do hipoclorito de sódio 1% 10 e 40 minutos e entre os valores de Ecorr do ácido peracético 0,2%. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura associada à energia dispersiva por Raio-X não mostrou diferença entre água destilada e as diferentes soluções desinfetantes frente as salivas ácida e neutra. Conclui-se que as curvas de polarização anódica foram similares em todos os ensaios, apesar das diferenças estatísticas salientadas para Ipass e Ecorr, não ocorreu corrosão superficial em quaisquer amostras após desinfecção e polarização em salivas ácida e neutra. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura associada à espectrometria por dissolução de raios-X não revelaram alterações superficiais nas amostras de titânio comercialmente puro. / This study aimed to assess the corrosion resistance in a grade-4 commercially pure titanium (CP Ti-4) under action of sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid, during different immersion periods, in acid or neutral artificial saliva for anodic potentiodynamic polarization test. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used in conjunction with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). This study aimed to assess the corrosion resistance in a grade-4 commercially pure titanium (CP Ti-4) under action of sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid, during different immersion periods, in acid or neutral artificial saliva for anodic potentiodynamic polarization test. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used in conjunction with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Cylindrical CP Ti-4 specimens (5 mm x 5 mm) were involved with copper wire and electrical tape, this set was enclosed in PVC pipe (25 mm x 15 mm) and filled with chemically activated polyester resin to obtain the fifty-four working electrodes which were, then, mechanically polished with sandpaper, felt and polishing paste. The 54 working electrodes were divided into nine groups (n = 6) for solutions and immersion periods: distilled water (control), sodium hypochlorite 1% (10 and 40 minutes), peracetic acid 0.2% ( 10, 30, 40 and 120 minutes) and 2% peracetic acid (30 and 120 minutes). After being immersed in the solutions, they were divided into two subgroups (n = 3), because the anodic polarization tests were performed in triplicate and two electrolytes were used: artificial saliva pH 4.8 and pH 6.8. A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as a reference electrochemical electrode for the anodic polarization test with a platinum counter electrode and a working electrode consisting of CP Ti-4 samples with a 1 mV/s scan rate , starting from the corrosion potential (Ecorr) to 800 mVECS. Data for corrosion potential (Ecorr) and for passive current (Ipass) obtatined from the polarization curves were statistically analyzed by Students t-test. When comparing the Ecorr and Ipass values for acid and neutral saliva and disinfectant solutions during all the periods the statistics presented no difference. The comparison of Ecorr and Ipass values between distilled water (control) and disinfecting solutions in acid saliva also showed no difference, but in neutral saliva there was difference for the values of Ipass between distilled water and 1% sodium hypochlorite for 40 minutes and for the values of Ecorr between distilled water and 2% peracetic acid for 120 minutes. When comparing immersion periods, the acid saliva showed different Ipass values for 1% sodium hypochlorite in 10 and 40 minutes and between the Ecorr values for 0.2% peracetic acid. The scanning electron microscopy associated with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy showed no difference between distilled water and the different disinfectant solutions when in acid or neutral saliva. It is concluded that the polarization anodic curves for both acid and neutral saliva were similar in all trials, despite the statistical differences highlighted for Ipass and Ecorr, surface corrosion did not occur in any samples after disinfection and polarization in acidic and neutral saliva. Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy associated with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy revealed no surface changes in the commercially pure titanium samples studied.
8

Estudo eletroquímico de ligas à base de cobalto-cromo e níquel-cromo / Electrochemical study of Co-Cr and Ni-Cr based alloys

Souza, Klester dos Santos 04 August 2011 (has links)
Ligas metálicas não nobres são amplamente utilizadas em odontologia desde a segunda metade do século XX. Várias ligas metálicas para utilização em próteses sobre o implante dentário têm sido propostas nos últimos anos, visando uma melhor interação metal-cerâmica e maior resistência eletroquímica ao ambiente bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e comparar o comportamento eletroquímico in vitro de ligas à base de cobalto-cromo e níquel-cromo, utilizadas em supra estruturas de implantes dentários. Estas ligas foram estudadas em meios de solução aquosa de NaCl 0,15 mol L-1, saliva artificial e NaCl 0,15 mol L-1 com adição de caseína, fluoreto de sódio ou ácido acético, a partir de técnicas eletroquímicas e não eletroquímicas. Como técnicas eletroquímicas foram empregadas: medidas de potencial de circuito aberto, curvas de polarização anódica, cronoamperometria, voltametria cíclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. As técnicas não eletroquímicas utilizadas foram: espectroscopia de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica (EAA-FG), espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios-X (XPS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). Foram realizados testes de citotoxicidade utilizando a metodologia de incorporação do vermelho neutro. Uma boa correlação foi estabelecida entre os resultados obtidos pelas diferentes técnicas. Em solução de NaCl e saliva artificial as ligas apresentaram a seguinte ordem de resistência à oxidação: CoCrW < NiCrMo < CoCrMo. O filme formado em meio de saliva artificial se mostrou mais protetor do que o formado em meio de NaCl para todas as ligas, indicando que componentes presentes na saliva ao se adsorverem na superfície conferem uma maior proteção à mesma. As análises por XPS confirmaram a existência de um filme rico em Cr(III) com pequena concentração de cobalto e de níquel no filme passivo. As análises por EAA-FG a potenciais mais positivos mostraram que nesta região há oxidação generalizada, com a total dissolução do filme passivo e formação de Cr(VI), Ni(IV) e Co(II). As análises por MEV-EDS, para a superfície das ligas CoCrW e NiCrMo, apresentaram uma superfície quase homogênea e composições semelhantes antes e após 8h de imersão em meio de NaCl e em saliva artificial. A caseína atuou inibindo os processos de oxidação sobre a liga CoCrW e NiCrMo e sua atuação se tornou mais intensa com o aumento do potencial. A liga NiCrMo apresentou maior resistência à corrosão em meio de caseína quando comparada com a liga CoCrW. Os íons fluoreto atuam melhorando as características passivantes do filme, mas este efeito decresce com o aumento do potencial; a presença de ácido acético causa um aumento do efeito passivante do filme, à medida que cresce o potencial. As ligas CoCrW e NiCrMo não apresentaram efeito citotóxico, de acordo com a metodologia utilizada. / No noble metallic alloys are largely employed in odontology since the second part of the XX centrury. Different alloys have been proposed in order to be used in prosthesis on dental implants at last years, with the objective to obtain electrochemical resistance to oral environment. The aim of this work is to evaluate and to compare the electrochemical behavior \"in vitro\" of Co-Cr and Ni-Cr based alloys, used on dental implants structures. These alloys were studied in 0.15 mol L-1 NaCl aqueous in the absence and presence of casein, artificial saliva, sodium fluoride and acetic acid, using electrochemical and non-electrochemical techniques. Open circuit potencial measurements, anodic polarization curves, cronoamperometry, cyclic voltametry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used as electrochemical techniques. Atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace (EAA-GF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scaning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used as non electrochemical techniques. Cytotoxicity tests using the neutral red incorporation methodology were performed. A good correlation between the different techniques it was obtained. The alloys presented the following corrosion resistance order: CoCrW < NiCrMo < CoCrMo. The film formed in artificial saliva has been showed a better protective action than the observed in NaCl medium for the three studied materials as an indicative of the adsorption of substances present on saliva and the consequent inhibitive effect. XPS analysis have confirmed the presence of a Cr2O3 film with low Co(II) and Ni(II) concentrations. EAA-GF analysis at more positive potentials have shown the presence of generalized oxidation with total dissolution of the passive film resulting in Cr(VI), Ni(IV) and Co(II) ions as soluble products. MEV and EDS analysis have shown a quasi homogeneous and similar surface before and after 8h immersion in NaCl and artificial saliva. Casein has acted as inhibitor for oxidation process of CoCrW and NiCrMo in NaCl medium and its effects increases as the potential becomes more positive. The alloy NiCrMo presented a higher corrosion resistance in NaCl solution containing casein when compared to the CoCrW alloy. Ions fluoride has promoted a better performance of the film at Ecorr but its effects decreases at more positive potentials.The presence of acetic acid increases the passivating effect as potencial becomes more positive. Cytotoxicity was not observed for the alloys studied, using the described methodology
9

Avaliação da resistência à corrosão de titânio comercialmente puro submetido à desinfecção química e polarização em salivas artificiais com diferentes pHs / Evaluation of corrosion resistance of commercially pure titanium submitted to chemical disinfection and polarization in artificialsalivas with different pHs

Lariça Barbosa Raimundo 26 August 2010 (has links)
O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ação de hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético na resistência à corrosão de titânio comercialmente puro, grau 4, (Ticp-4) em salivas artificiais, ácida e neutra, com diferentes períodos de imersão, por meio de ensaio de polarização potenciodinâmica anódica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectrometria dispersiva de raios-X. Corpos-de-prova cilíndricos (5 mm x 5 mm) de Ticp-4 foram envolvidos com fio de cobre e fita isolante, este conjunto foi incluído em tubos de PVC (25 mm x 15 mm) e preenchidos com resina poliéster quimicamente ativada, após a polimerização da resina esses eletrodos de trabalho que foram polidos mecanicamente com lixas, feltros e pastas. Os 54 eletrodos de trabalho foram divididos em nove grupos (n=6) referentes às soluções e períodos de imersão: água destilada (controle), hipoclorito de sódio 1% (10 e 40 minutos), ácido peracético 0,2% (10, 30, 40 e 120 minutos) e ácido peracético 2% (30 e 120 minutos). Após serem imersos nas soluções, foram divididos em 2 subgrupos (n=3), pois os ensaios de polarização anódica foram realizados em triplicatas e utilizados dois eletrólitos, salivas artificiais pH 4,8 e pH 6,8. No ensaio de polarização anódica foi utilizada uma célula eletroquímica constituída por um eletrodo de referência do tipo calomelano saturado (ECS), um contra-eletrodo de platina e o eletrodo de trabalho constituído pelas amostras de Ticp-4, com taxa de varredura de 1 mV/s, partindo-se do potencial de corrosão (Ecorr) até 800 mVECS. Os dados do potencial de corrosão (Ecorr) e corrente de passivação (Ipass) obtidos das curvas de polarização foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste t Student. Na comparação entre salivas ácida e neutra os valores de Ecorr e Ipass em todas soluções desinfetantes e períodos propostos não apresentaram diferença estatísitica. A comparação dos valores de Ecorr e Ipass entre água destilada (controle) e soluções desinfetantes em saliva ácida também não mostrou diferença, porém em saliva neutra houve diferença entre os valores de Ipass entre água destilada e hipoclorito de sódio 1% por 40 minutos e entre os valores de Ecorr entre água destilada e ácido peracético 2% por 120 minutos. Entre períodos de imersão, em saliva ácida, houve diferença entre os valores de Ipass do hipoclorito de sódio 1% 10 e 40 minutos e entre os valores de Ecorr do ácido peracético 0,2%. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura associada à energia dispersiva por Raio-X não mostrou diferença entre água destilada e as diferentes soluções desinfetantes frente as salivas ácida e neutra. Conclui-se que as curvas de polarização anódica foram similares em todos os ensaios, apesar das diferenças estatísticas salientadas para Ipass e Ecorr, não ocorreu corrosão superficial em quaisquer amostras após desinfecção e polarização em salivas ácida e neutra. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura associada à espectrometria por dissolução de raios-X não revelaram alterações superficiais nas amostras de titânio comercialmente puro. / This study aimed to assess the corrosion resistance in a grade-4 commercially pure titanium (CP Ti-4) under action of sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid, during different immersion periods, in acid or neutral artificial saliva for anodic potentiodynamic polarization test. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used in conjunction with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). This study aimed to assess the corrosion resistance in a grade-4 commercially pure titanium (CP Ti-4) under action of sodium hypochlorite or peracetic acid, during different immersion periods, in acid or neutral artificial saliva for anodic potentiodynamic polarization test. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was used in conjunction with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Cylindrical CP Ti-4 specimens (5 mm x 5 mm) were involved with copper wire and electrical tape, this set was enclosed in PVC pipe (25 mm x 15 mm) and filled with chemically activated polyester resin to obtain the fifty-four working electrodes which were, then, mechanically polished with sandpaper, felt and polishing paste. The 54 working electrodes were divided into nine groups (n = 6) for solutions and immersion periods: distilled water (control), sodium hypochlorite 1% (10 and 40 minutes), peracetic acid 0.2% ( 10, 30, 40 and 120 minutes) and 2% peracetic acid (30 and 120 minutes). After being immersed in the solutions, they were divided into two subgroups (n = 3), because the anodic polarization tests were performed in triplicate and two electrolytes were used: artificial saliva pH 4.8 and pH 6.8. A saturated calomel electrode (SCE) was used as a reference electrochemical electrode for the anodic polarization test with a platinum counter electrode and a working electrode consisting of CP Ti-4 samples with a 1 mV/s scan rate , starting from the corrosion potential (Ecorr) to 800 mVECS. Data for corrosion potential (Ecorr) and for passive current (Ipass) obtatined from the polarization curves were statistically analyzed by Students t-test. When comparing the Ecorr and Ipass values for acid and neutral saliva and disinfectant solutions during all the periods the statistics presented no difference. The comparison of Ecorr and Ipass values between distilled water (control) and disinfecting solutions in acid saliva also showed no difference, but in neutral saliva there was difference for the values of Ipass between distilled water and 1% sodium hypochlorite for 40 minutes and for the values of Ecorr between distilled water and 2% peracetic acid for 120 minutes. When comparing immersion periods, the acid saliva showed different Ipass values for 1% sodium hypochlorite in 10 and 40 minutes and between the Ecorr values for 0.2% peracetic acid. The scanning electron microscopy associated with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy showed no difference between distilled water and the different disinfectant solutions when in acid or neutral saliva. It is concluded that the polarization anodic curves for both acid and neutral saliva were similar in all trials, despite the statistical differences highlighted for Ipass and Ecorr, surface corrosion did not occur in any samples after disinfection and polarization in acidic and neutral saliva. Analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy associated with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy revealed no surface changes in the commercially pure titanium samples studied.
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Estudo eletroquímico de ligas à base de cobalto-cromo e níquel-cromo / Electrochemical study of Co-Cr and Ni-Cr based alloys

Klester dos Santos Souza 04 August 2011 (has links)
Ligas metálicas não nobres são amplamente utilizadas em odontologia desde a segunda metade do século XX. Várias ligas metálicas para utilização em próteses sobre o implante dentário têm sido propostas nos últimos anos, visando uma melhor interação metal-cerâmica e maior resistência eletroquímica ao ambiente bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar e comparar o comportamento eletroquímico in vitro de ligas à base de cobalto-cromo e níquel-cromo, utilizadas em supra estruturas de implantes dentários. Estas ligas foram estudadas em meios de solução aquosa de NaCl 0,15 mol L-1, saliva artificial e NaCl 0,15 mol L-1 com adição de caseína, fluoreto de sódio ou ácido acético, a partir de técnicas eletroquímicas e não eletroquímicas. Como técnicas eletroquímicas foram empregadas: medidas de potencial de circuito aberto, curvas de polarização anódica, cronoamperometria, voltametria cíclica e espectroscopia de impedância eletroquímica. As técnicas não eletroquímicas utilizadas foram: espectroscopia de absorção atômica com atomização eletrotérmica (EAA-FG), espectroscopia de fotoelétrons excitados por raios-X (XPS), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). Foram realizados testes de citotoxicidade utilizando a metodologia de incorporação do vermelho neutro. Uma boa correlação foi estabelecida entre os resultados obtidos pelas diferentes técnicas. Em solução de NaCl e saliva artificial as ligas apresentaram a seguinte ordem de resistência à oxidação: CoCrW < NiCrMo < CoCrMo. O filme formado em meio de saliva artificial se mostrou mais protetor do que o formado em meio de NaCl para todas as ligas, indicando que componentes presentes na saliva ao se adsorverem na superfície conferem uma maior proteção à mesma. As análises por XPS confirmaram a existência de um filme rico em Cr(III) com pequena concentração de cobalto e de níquel no filme passivo. As análises por EAA-FG a potenciais mais positivos mostraram que nesta região há oxidação generalizada, com a total dissolução do filme passivo e formação de Cr(VI), Ni(IV) e Co(II). As análises por MEV-EDS, para a superfície das ligas CoCrW e NiCrMo, apresentaram uma superfície quase homogênea e composições semelhantes antes e após 8h de imersão em meio de NaCl e em saliva artificial. A caseína atuou inibindo os processos de oxidação sobre a liga CoCrW e NiCrMo e sua atuação se tornou mais intensa com o aumento do potencial. A liga NiCrMo apresentou maior resistência à corrosão em meio de caseína quando comparada com a liga CoCrW. Os íons fluoreto atuam melhorando as características passivantes do filme, mas este efeito decresce com o aumento do potencial; a presença de ácido acético causa um aumento do efeito passivante do filme, à medida que cresce o potencial. As ligas CoCrW e NiCrMo não apresentaram efeito citotóxico, de acordo com a metodologia utilizada. / No noble metallic alloys are largely employed in odontology since the second part of the XX centrury. Different alloys have been proposed in order to be used in prosthesis on dental implants at last years, with the objective to obtain electrochemical resistance to oral environment. The aim of this work is to evaluate and to compare the electrochemical behavior \"in vitro\" of Co-Cr and Ni-Cr based alloys, used on dental implants structures. These alloys were studied in 0.15 mol L-1 NaCl aqueous in the absence and presence of casein, artificial saliva, sodium fluoride and acetic acid, using electrochemical and non-electrochemical techniques. Open circuit potencial measurements, anodic polarization curves, cronoamperometry, cyclic voltametry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used as electrochemical techniques. Atomic absorption spectroscopy with graphite furnace (EAA-GF), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scaning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were used as non electrochemical techniques. Cytotoxicity tests using the neutral red incorporation methodology were performed. A good correlation between the different techniques it was obtained. The alloys presented the following corrosion resistance order: CoCrW < NiCrMo < CoCrMo. The film formed in artificial saliva has been showed a better protective action than the observed in NaCl medium for the three studied materials as an indicative of the adsorption of substances present on saliva and the consequent inhibitive effect. XPS analysis have confirmed the presence of a Cr2O3 film with low Co(II) and Ni(II) concentrations. EAA-GF analysis at more positive potentials have shown the presence of generalized oxidation with total dissolution of the passive film resulting in Cr(VI), Ni(IV) and Co(II) ions as soluble products. MEV and EDS analysis have shown a quasi homogeneous and similar surface before and after 8h immersion in NaCl and artificial saliva. Casein has acted as inhibitor for oxidation process of CoCrW and NiCrMo in NaCl medium and its effects increases as the potential becomes more positive. The alloy NiCrMo presented a higher corrosion resistance in NaCl solution containing casein when compared to the CoCrW alloy. Ions fluoride has promoted a better performance of the film at Ecorr but its effects decreases at more positive potentials.The presence of acetic acid increases the passivating effect as potencial becomes more positive. Cytotoxicity was not observed for the alloys studied, using the described methodology

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