Depuis quelques temps, on note que les objets d’apparence artisanale symbolisent souvent des qualités écologiques telles que des matériaux naturels et une fabrication éthique. Les visées de l’étude ont été d’explorer les perceptions à l’égard des objets à caractère artisanal et cela, en vue de reconnaître quelles qualités écologiques sont attribuées à ces derniers, tout en tentant de comprendre les raisons qui se cachent derrière ces associations. Une étude auprès d’usagers a permis d’explorer l’ensemble des qualités pouvant être liées à ce type d’objet, en considérant plus précisément le rapport entre les qualités écologiques leur étant accordées et leur durée de vie projetée. Pour ce faire, au cours d’entretiens individuels, des thèmes comme l’appréciation à long terme, la signification et la considération de la diversité culturelle ont été examinés. Les résultats montrent entre autres que les objets à caractère artisanal sont caractérisés comme étant composés de matériaux naturels et sains pour la santé des usagers. Leur usure est reconnue comme éveillant les représentations quant à leur « histoire », alors que leur originalité leur confère une « âme ». Enfin, car ils sont considérés comme ayant été fabriqués par des créateurs autonomes, ces objets sont associés à des conditions de travail éthiques et sont perçus comme étant capables de faire tourner l’économie locale. Les renseignements recueillis peuvent informer les théories et la pratique en design industriel quant à la disposition des objets à caractère artisanal à être appréciés par les usagers, de leur durée de vie projetée et du désir de les entretenir et de les léguer. Ce projet constitue un premier répertoire des perceptions entourant ce type d’objet, un champ de recherche encore très peu documenté, malgré qu’il s’inscrive à l’intérieur d’un contexte environnemental et social bien actuel. Les résultats obtenus contribuent à leur façon à la perspective d’une conception, d’une fabrication et d’une consommation davantage viables. / In these days, artisanal-looking objects often symbolize ecological qualities such as natural materials and ethical production. The aims of the study were to explore perceptions towards artisanal looking objects and that, in order to recognize what ecological qualities are attributed to them, while trying to understand the reasons behind these associations. A study of users allowed to explore all the qualities that can be associated with this type of object, considering specifically the relationship between these environmental qualities and their planned lifespan. To do so, topics such as long-term appreciation, meaning and consideration of cultural diversity were examined during individual interviews. Results show that artisanal-looking objects are caracterized as objects being made of materials that are natural and safe for users. As well, their patina stimulates the perception of having a « story », and their originality gives the perception of the object having « soul ». Lastly, because they are considered as being made by independent designers, these objects are associated with ethical working conditions and are perceived as having the capability to drive the local economy. Among other things, the information gathered can inform theory and practice in the field of industrial design on the ability of artisanal-looking objects to be appreciated. Information can also shed light on their planned lifespan in regard to user’s level of emotional attachment, and on the desire of users to preserve and to bestow them upon future generations. This project stands as a first inventory of perceptions pertaining to this type of object, a field of research not yet well documented although it is in line with the current environmental and social context. The obtained results, therefore, contribute to the ongoing project of a more sustainable design, production and consumption.

Depuis quelques temps, on note que les objets d’apparence artisanale symbolisent souvent des qualités écologiques telles que des matériaux naturels et une fabrication éthique. Les visées de l’étude ont été d’explorer les perceptions à l’égard des objets à caractère artisanal et cela, en vue de reconnaître quelles qualités écologiques sont attribuées à ces derniers, tout en tentant de comprendre les raisons qui se cachent derrière ces associations. Une étude auprès d’usagers a permis d’explorer l’ensemble des qualités pouvant être liées à ce type d’objet, en considérant plus précisément le rapport entre les qualités écologiques leur étant accordées et leur durée de vie projetée. Pour ce faire, au cours d’entretiens individuels, des thèmes comme l’appréciation à long terme, la signification et la considération de la diversité culturelle ont été examinés. Les résultats montrent entre autres que les objets à caractère artisanal sont caractérisés comme étant composés de matériaux naturels et sains pour la santé des usagers. Leur usure est reconnue comme éveillant les représentations quant à leur « histoire », alors que leur originalité leur confère une « âme ». Enfin, car ils sont considérés comme ayant été fabriqués par des créateurs autonomes, ces objets sont associés à des conditions de travail éthiques et sont perçus comme étant capables de faire tourner l’économie locale. Les renseignements recueillis peuvent informer les théories et la pratique en design industriel quant à la disposition des objets à caractère artisanal à être appréciés par les usagers, de leur durée de vie projetée et du désir de les entretenir et de les léguer. Ce projet constitue un premier répertoire des perceptions entourant ce type d’objet, un champ de recherche encore très peu documenté, malgré qu’il s’inscrive à l’intérieur d’un contexte environnemental et social bien actuel. Les résultats obtenus contribuent à leur façon à la perspective d’une conception, d’une fabrication et d’une consommation davantage viables. / In these days, artisanal-looking objects often symbolize ecological qualities such as natural materials and ethical production. The aims of the study were to explore perceptions towards artisanal looking objects and that, in order to recognize what ecological qualities are attributed to them, while trying to understand the reasons behind these associations. A study of users allowed to explore all the qualities that can be associated with this type of object, considering specifically the relationship between these environmental qualities and their planned lifespan. To do so, topics such as long-term appreciation, meaning and consideration of cultural diversity were examined during individual interviews. Results show that artisanal-looking objects are caracterized as objects being made of materials that are natural and safe for users. As well, their patina stimulates the perception of having a « story », and their originality gives the perception of the object having « soul ». Lastly, because they are considered as being made by independent designers, these objects are associated with ethical working conditions and are perceived as having the capability to drive the local economy. Among other things, the information gathered can inform theory and practice in the field of industrial design on the ability of artisanal-looking objects to be appreciated. Information can also shed light on their planned lifespan in regard to user’s level of emotional attachment, and on the desire of users to preserve and to bestow them upon future generations. This project stands as a first inventory of perceptions pertaining to this type of object, a field of research not yet well documented although it is in line with the current environmental and social context. The obtained results, therefore, contribute to the ongoing project of a more sustainable design, production and consumption.

Les dernières décennies ont été marquées la surexploitation de nombreux stocks de ressources marines. Po ur limiter ce déclin et restaurer les communautés impactées, l'instauration de mesures de gestion s'est révélée nécessaire. Les Aires Marines Protégées (AMP), initialement développées pour protéger les habitats remarquables et la biodiversité associée, sont de plus en plus utilisées en tant qu'outil de gestion spatialisée des activités de pêche.L'objectif de cette thèse était d'évaluer à l'aide d'indicateurs et de modèles prédictifs (i) l'impact de la mise en place de la Réserve Naturelle des Bouches de Bonifacio (Corse) sur les communautés de poissons et (ii) les bénéfices de ce type de gestion pour l'activité de pêche artisanale locale. Nous avons ensuite développé un modèle et testé (iii) les scénarios de gestion les mieux adaptés au maintien de la ressource de langouste rouge, en déclin dans la réserve, et à son exploitation durable. Les données de captures de la pêche artisanale du sud de la Corse nous ont permis de mettre en évidence l'impact de la pêche plaisancière sur la structure et la biomasse des communautés exploitées. Bien que la forte diminution de l'effort de pêche ait pu contribuer à une augmentation des captures par unité d'effort, l'analyse sous forme de groupes de réponse nous a permis de mettre en évidence une augmentation différenciée des captures de la pêche artisanale en fonction de l'intérêt des espèces pour la chasse au harpon. De plus, nous avons remarqué que la réglementation de la RNBB ne semble pas suffire à la protection d'une espèce emblématique, la langouste rouge. Les indicateurs issus de l'outil de modélisation ISIS-Fish nous ont permis de constater la nécessité d'une restriction plus importante de l'accès à cette ressource dans l'objectif d'une pêche durable. / These last decades have been characterized by a great development of fishing techniques, contributing to the overexploitation of numerous marine fish stocks. In order to limit this collapse and to restore impacted communities, the implementation of management measures was necessary. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), initially developed to protect remarkable habitats and associated biodiversity, are more and more used as a tool for spatial management of fishing activities, by adult export and/or larvae migrations from protected zones to surrounding fisheries.The aim of this PhD was to evaluate using indicators and predictive models (i) the impact of the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve (Corse) implementation on fish communities and (ii) the benefits of such management measures for the local artisanal fishery. We then developed a model and tested (iii) management scenarios for maintaining the spiny lobster resource, en decline in the reserve, into a sustainable exploitation way.Artisanal fishery catch data from south Corsica has permitted to highlight the indirect impact of recreational fishing on exploited fish communities structure and biomass. Whereas a decrease of the fishing effort may contribute to increasing catches per unit effort (CPUE), the analysis using response groups helped us to reveal differentiated increase of the artisanal fishery catches considering the interest of species to spearfishing. Moreover, we noticed than even if the BSNR legislation represents a benefit for many species, it is not sufficient for the emblematic red spiny lobster recover. Indicators issued from the ISIS-Fish model showed that higher restrictions on this resource access are necessary in the objective of sustainable fisheries.

Estima-se que cerca de 16 milhões de mineradores artesanais produzem entre 380 e 450 t de ouro por ano à escala global. Entretanto esta atividade ainda é negligenciada atores sociais e políticos internacionalmente. A equipe do NAP.Mineração vêm desenvolvendo técnicas e conceitos para transformar a mineração artesanal em uma pequena mineração responsável. Dentro destas iniciativas, foi desenvolvido o conceito de reserva mínima e replicação para adequar a pesquisa mineral à realidade da pequena mineral. A ideia central é minimizar o tempo e os recursos financeiros despendidos em pesquisa mineral, minimizando a reserva à apenas o estritamente necessário para o retorno financeiro do investimento inicial. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido uma metodologia de análise econômica para a pequena mineração utilizando o conceito de reserva mínima, com diferentes estratégias de replicação da pesquisa mineral. A metodologia foi aplicada em um estudo de caso, uma pequena mina de ouro no Equador. Foi realizado também uma análise estocástica de sensibilidade à variação futuro do ouro. Os resultados mostram que a abordagem de reserva mínima é sempre mais vantajosa do ponto de vista econômico. Ao final é discutido o perfil de investidores para a pequena mineração. / It is estimated that about 16 million artisanal miners produce on a global scale between 380 and 450 t of gold per year. However, this activity is still neglected social and political actors internationally. The NAP.Mineração team have developed techniques and concepts to transform artisanal mining in a small mining responsibility. Within these initiatives, it developed the concept of minimum reserves and replication to suit mining research to the reality of small mineral. The central idea is to minimize the time and financial resources spent on mineral exploration, minimizing the reservation to only what is necessary to the financial return of the initial investment. This work developed a methodology of economic analysis for small-scale mining using the concept of minimum reserve with different replication strategies for mineral exploration. The methodology was applied in a case study, a small gold mine in Ecuador. It was also made a stochastic analysis future sensitivity variation of gold. The results show that the minimum booking approach is always more advantageous from an economic point of view. At the end it is discussed the profile for investor in the small-scale mining.

Fundamentado na inter-relação dos sistemas naturais, sociais e culturais, esse estudo procurou compreender como se organiza a pesca da manjuba (Anchoviella lepidentostole) em Iguape/ SP, as dinâmicas de apropriação dos espaços produtivos e os conhecimentos envolvidos na prática dessa atividade. Do mesmo modo, objetivou compreender quais os fundamentos que viabilizam o uso compartilhado dos recursos pesqueiros. A partir dessas concepções foram descritas as lógicas comunitárias que permeiam as formas de acesso e exercem a manutenção e a gestão desses espaços.Os contornos do trabalho foram delimitados pelos conhecimentos tradicionais dos pescadores, que, fomentaram, juntamente com as inclinações teóricas utilizadas, o diálogo com o conhecimento cientifico. Buscou-se, dessa forma, valorizar a articulação dos saberes, a interação entre Sociedade e Natureza a fim de colaborar com as discussões contemporâneas sobre o manejo dos recursos naturais. / Based on the ecological, social and cultural interaction, this work has searched for the understanding of Manjuba fishing organization (Anchoviella lepidentostole) in the city of Iguape, (São Paulo Brazil), the dynamic of productive marine space appropriation and the knowledge involved in this practice. At the same time, looked for a comprehension of the fishing resource sharing fundamentals. These concepts were the foundation to the description of the local rules for management that are used by artisanal fishers, and for aspects of territoriality. This work borders were limited by the traditional fishers knowledge, that, together with the theory inclinations foment the scientific knowledge dialog. The final objective was demonstrating the interaction value of the human and nature, include the importance in using local rules for natural fishing resources management.

Esta pesquisa buscou contribuir para o aprofundamento da compreensão do diálogo em processos de educação ambiental (EA) e da formulação de indicadores que permitam averiguar a dialogicidade no fazer das/dos educadoras(es) ambientais, uma vez que se constitui enquanto um princípio-base a ser adotado em processos educadores que sejam de fato transformadores da realidade. Para isso, buscou-se analisar como se deu o processo educador desenvolvido por uma organização não governamental com pescadores artesanais marítimos do litoral paulista, respondendo a seguinte pergunta de pesquisa: As atividades de EA e de pesquisa desenvolvidas por uma ONG com pescadores artesanais marítimos do litoral paulista contribuíram para fomentar o diálogo entre a ONG e os pescadores em busca de uma transição para a pesca responsável e da melhoria das condições existenciais dos pescadores? Os dados foram coletados por meio da análise de documentos e de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, sendo analisados a partir de uma síntese das ideias de Martin Buber, David Bohm, William Isaacs e Paulo Freire sobre o diálogo, composta por um conjunto de perguntas-indicadoras divididas em três categorias: aspectos externos, aspectos internos e ação dialógica. Os resultados encontrados demonstram a incipiência do diálogo na relação entre os atores. Os aspectos externos dialógicos se limitaram à frequência semanal das conversas e a algumas formas de disposição dos participantes em determinados encontros. Os aspectos internos revelaram o estabelecimento de dois tipos de relação: uma antidialógica e outra que chamei de dialógica incipiente por apresentar alguns indícios de emergência do diálogo, não sendo, no entanto, fortes o suficiente para caracterizar a existência de um campo relacional dialógico. Em relação à ação dialógica foi possível verificar o início de um processo de acordo com os princípios dos círculos de cultura. No entanto, a falta de priorização da continuidade de tal processo nos permite afirmar que não houve uma ação dialógica de acordo com os indicadores elaborados, caracterizando-se, assim, enquanto uma emergência dialógica suprimida. Além disso, quanto às estratégias pedagógicas adotadas nos diferentes encontros de EA é possível afirmar que aquela utilizada nos diagnósticos participativos foi a única que potencializou a emergência do diálogo. Por fim, vale destacar as potencialidades dialógicas encontradas nos dois atores da pesquisa. Alguns pescadores apresentaram uma forte postura de abertura ao Outro, inclusive se permitindo enfrentar e superar medos adquiridos em outras relações, realizando, assim, a suspensão de tais pressupostos. A ONG, por sua vez, apresentou importantes atitudes estimuladoras do diálogo, como a escuta genuína, o respeito, a não utilização de linguajar acadêmico e a não imposição de ideias. Todas essas potencialidades devem ser estimuladas juntamente com a criação de novas, de forma a permitir o avanço na existência dialógica e a efetividade da transição para um novo modelo de pesca e de sociedade. / This research sought to contribute to the deepening of the understanding of the dialogue in environmental education (EE) processes and the formulation of indicators that allow to ascertain the dialogicity in the making of the environmental educators, since it constitutes as a base principle to be adopted in educative processes that are in fact transforming reality. To this, we sought to analyze how the educator process developed by a non-governmental organization with maritime artisanal fishermen from the coast of São Paulo answered the following research question: The EE and research activities developed by an NGO with artisanal marine fishermen coast of the state helped to foster dialogue between the NGO and the fishermen in search of a transition to responsible fishing and improvement of the existential conditions of fishermen? The data were collected through the analysis of documents and semi-structured interviews, being analyzed from a synthesis of the ideas of Martin Buber, David Bohm, William Isaacs and Paulo Freire on the dialogue, composed of a set of questions-indicators divided into three categories: external aspects, internal aspects and dialogical action. The results show the incipience of dialogue in the relationship between the actors. The external dialogical aspects were limited to the weekly frequency of the conversations and to some forms of disposition of the participants in certain meetings. The internal aspects revealed the establishment of two types of relation: one anti-dialogical and another that I called incipient dialogic for presenting some signs of emergence of the dialog, not being, however, strong enough to characterize the existence of a dialogical conversational field. In relation to the dialogical action it was possible to verify the beginning of a process according to the principles of the culture circles. However, the lack of prioritization of the continuity of such a process allows us to affirm that there was no dialogical action according to the elaborated indicators, thus characterizing itself as a suppressed dialogical emergency. In addition, regarding the pedagogical strategies adopted in the different EE meetings, it is possible to affirm that the one used in the participatory diagnoses was the only one that potentiates the emergence of the dialogue. Finally, it is worth highlighting the dialogical potentialities found in the two actors of the research. Some fishermen presented a strong attitude of openness to the Other, including allowing themselves to face and overcome fears acquired in other relationships, thus making the suspension of such assumptions. The NGO, on the other hand, presented important stimulating attitudes of dialogue, such as genuine listening, respect, non-use of academic language and non-imposition of ideas. All these potentialities must be stimulated together with the creation of new ones, in order to allow the advancement in the dialogical existence and the effectiveness of the transition to a new model of fishing and society.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-07-11T20:09:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O_IVONICE_SENA_SOUZA_VERS?O_FINAL.pdf: 8972488 bytes, checksum: 6bf18b2a06a00a2f8151129893cfa992 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-11T20:09:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTA??O_IVONICE_SENA_SOUZA_VERS?O_FINAL.pdf: 8972488 bytes, checksum: 6bf18b2a06a00a2f8151129893cfa992 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-30 / Artisanal fishing is gaining prominence in the world scenario and is responsible for much of the fish production, especially in the tropical regions. The small-scale fishing industry benefits little from geotechnology. The objective of this work was to test the use of geotechnologies in the study of fixed fishing gears in the Coastal Zone of the Southern Bahia and Rec?ncavoBaiano Regions. We used high resolution remote sensing images of Google Earth in the identification, mapping, classification and measurement of fixed fishing gear, specifically the fishing rods and the fishing grounds. The structures of these fishing gear have been identified in the best available images and flagged with the Google Earth markers. In the Southern Lowlands, 152 camboas were identified. In the Rec?ncavoBaiano Region, 589 fixed fishing gears were identified for two different types of fishing gear, the fishing fence and the V-shaped cambo. 163 camboas were located in the area of the Marine Extractive Reserve of Bay of Iguape and 426 fishing grounds in the western region of the Bay of All Saints. From the images of Google Earth, it was possible to identify 16 types (different arrangements of the components, with recurrent geometries) for the Southern Lowlands. For the study area of the Lower South, to facilitate the structuring of the data, the area was subdivided into three subareas. For the subarea two were conducted semi-structured interviews with fishermen and camboas owners for the characterization of fishing and the different types of shrimp. There was also the follow-up of some fisheries (fishing) of shrimp. The structures of some samples of the fixed fishing gear types were measured, considering the following measures: the maximum length of the spy the entrance of the room, hallway or camarinha. The use of Google Earth images has enabled a good result in the identification, mapping, classification and measurement of fixed gears of artisanal fishing. The results show that the recent advances in geotechnology and the free access to high resolution satellite images have great potential for aid in the process of recognition and delimitation of artisanal fisheries, as well as in the study of fixed fishing gear, the use of natural resources and the occupation of marine and coastal areas by fishing activity. / A pesca artesanal vem ganhando destaque no cen?rio mundial e ? respons?vel por boa parte da produ??o do pescado, sobretudo nas regi?es tropicais. O setor da pesca artesanal pouco se beneficia com as geotecnologias. O objetivo do trabalho foi testar o uso das geotecnologias no estudo de artes fixas de pesca na Zona Costeira das Regi?es do Baixo Sul da Bahia e Rec?ncavo Baiano. Foram utilizadas imagens de sensoriamento remoto de alta resolu??o do Google Earth na identifica??o, mapeamento, classifica??o e mensura??o das artes fixas de pesca, especificamente as camboas (currais) de pesca e os cercos de pesqueiros. As estruturas destes apetrechos de pesca foram identificados nas melhores imagens dispon?veis e sinalizados com os marcadores do Google Earth. Na regi?o do Baixo Sul foram identificadas 152 camboas. Na Regi?o do Rec?ncavo Baiano foram identificadas 589 artes fixas de pesca de dois tipos de apetrechos diferentes, o cerco de pesqueiro e a camboa em forma de ?V?. Foram localizados 163 camboas na ?rea da Reserva extrativista Marinha da Ba?a do Iguape e 426 cercos de pesqueiros na regi?o oeste da Ba?a de Todos os Santos. A partir das imagens do Google Earth foi poss?vel identificar 16 tipos (diferentes arranjos das componentes, com geometrias recorrentes) de camboas para a Regi?o do Baixo Sul. Para a ?rea de estudo da regi?o do Baixo Sul, para facilitar ? estrutura??o dos dados, a ?rea de estudo foi subdividida em tr?s sub?reas. Para a sub?rea dois foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com pescadores e donos de camboas para a caracteriza??o de pesca e dos diferentes tipos de camboas. Tamb?m foi realizada o, acompanhamento de algumas pescarias (despesca) de camboas. Foram medidas as estruturas de algumas amostras dos tipos de arte fixa de pesca, considerando as seguintes medidas: o comprimento m?ximo da espia a entrada da sala, morredor ou camarinha. O uso das imagens do Google Earth possibilitou um bom resultado na identifica??o, mapeamento, classifica??o e mensura??o das artes fixas da pesca artesanal. Os resultados alcan?ados permitem afirmar que os recentes avan?os das geotecnologias e o acesso gratuito a imagens de sat?lite de alta resolu??o apresentam grande potencial de aux?lio no processo de reconhecimento e delimita??o dos territ?rios da pesca artesanal, assim como no estudo das artes fixas de pesca, monitoramento do uso dos recursos naturais e da ocupa??o dos espa?os marinhos e costeiros pela atividade pesqueira.

Le denté commun, plus couramment appelé denti, Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758), est un poisson marin côtier (0-200m) emblématique et patrimonial en Méditerranée. Il représente un intérêt économique important pour la pêche artisanale et récréative, en Corse en particulier. En tant que prédateur supérieur, il occupe une position clé au sommet de la pyramide trophique. Il dispose un statut de conservation en étant classé comme « Vulnérable » par l’UICN. Malgré son importance écologique et économique, les données disponibles sur cette espèce sont encore limitées. L’objectif de cette thèse vise à améliorer l’état des connaissances sur l’exploitation, la biologie et la structure de population du denti en Corse. En premier lieu, un travail de synthèse bibliographique a été effectué, qui compile toutes les informations parcellaires existantes sur la biologie, l’exploitation, et la structure de population du denti sur l’ensemble de son aire de répartition. De manière générale, il existe un manque d’information, mais à travers les axes développés, ce manuscrit fourni une vision claire de l’état des connaissances actuelles sur le denti et des lacunes qu’il reste à combler. Deuxièmement, une étude a été menée pour déterminer quels facteurs pouvaient influencer les variations spatio-temporelles des captures (CPUE) du denti par la pêche artisanale et décrire la structure démographique de la population exploitée à l’échelle de la Corse. Les CPUE ont varié dans l’espace (profondeur) et dans le temps (mois), mais ont montré une stabilité annuelle. Les résultats ont montré un pic d’exploitation (des individus grands/âgés) au mois de mai pendant la période de reproduction. Cette étude a fourni également les premières cartes à fine échelle de l’exploitation au niveau spatial du denti, avec l’identification de «hot spots», qui représentent probablement des habitats essentiels dans l’histoire de vie de cette espèce. Troisièmement, une étude a comparé l’exploitation du denti par la pêche artisanale et récréative au sein de la Réserve Naturelle des Bouches de Bonifacio. Le denti est ciblé par une grande variété d’engins, ce sont la palangre (pêche artisanale) et la traine (pêche récréative) qui présentent les taux d’exploitation les plus élevés. Au niveau spatial, les captures étaient quantitativement maximales dans les zones de protection renforcée. Les résultats indiquent que la pêche récréative contribue significativement à la mortalité par la pêche de cette espèce dans la zone d’étude (3.4 t/an soit 37 % de l’ensemble des captures). Ensuite, une comparaison de trois différentes méthodes d’estimation d’âge (écailles, otolithes entiers et sectionnés) a été effectuée pour évaluer quelle structure etait la plus fiable et précise et définir les paramètres de croissance du denti en Corse. A partir des résultats obtenus, la lecture sur écaille apparait comme fiable jusqu’à cinq ans, la lecture sur otolithe entier jusqu'à 12 ans et sur otolithe sectionné peut être employée sur toutes les tranches d'âges (âge record de 36 ans). Le taux de croissance dans l’étude est relativement élevé et semble assez rapide par rapport aux études antérieures en Méditerranée. Pour finir, le dernier chapitre avait pour but d'identifier la structure du stock de denti autour de la Corse, par une approche holistique, avec une combinaison de marqueurs : les microsatellites, l'analyse de la forme des otolithes et les communautés de parasites. L’étude a mis en lumière une structuration spatiale complexe de la population, donnant de nouvelles perspectives pour la conservation des stocks de denti en Corse. Cette thèse fourni de nouvelles connaissances sur l’exploitation, la biologie et la structure de population du denti en Corse et préconise des mesures de protection pour promouvoir une gestion durable de cette importante ressource halieutique en Corse. / The common dentex, Dentex dentex (Linnaeus, 1758), is an iconic marine coastal bony fish in the Mediterranean Sea. The common dentex, due to its large size, flesh quality, and high commercial value, is targeted by both artisanal and recreational fishing, especially in Corsica. As a top predator, it is a potential indicator species for the structure and functioning of the coastal ecosystems on which it depends. D. dentex is classified by the IUCN as «Vulnerable». Despite its economic and ecological importance, scientific data on this species in its natural environment are still very scant.The aim of this thesis is to improve the state of knowledge on fisheries, biology and population structure of D. dentex in Corsica. First, a review evaluates the current literature on D. dentex biology, ecology, stock structure, fisheries on its global geographical range. In general, there is a lack of information, but across the developed axes, this manuscript provided a clear view of the current state of knowledge on D. dentex and suggests future research directions to fill important gaps. Secondly, a study was conducted to determine which factors could influence the spatial and temporal variations in catches (CPUE) by artisanal fisheries and describe the demographic structure of the population exploited in Corsica. The CPUE varies over spatial (depth) and temporal scales (month), but show annual stability. The results exhibits a peak of exploitation during May (large/old specimens), probably related to reproductive strategies,. This study generated the first fine scale maps showing the spatial exploitation of common dentex and the identification of exploited fishing grounds clearly indicates the existence of ‘hot spots’, which probably represent essential habitats, of the life history of this species. Third, a study compared the exploitation of common dentex by artisanal and recreational fishing in the Bonifacio Strait Natural Reserve. It is targeted by a wide variety of gears; longline (artisanal fishing) and trolling (recreational fishing) have the highest rate of exploitation. Spatially, catches were quantitatively maximal in partially protected areas. The results suggest also that recreational fishing contributes significantly to total fishing mortality of the common dentex in the study area (3.4 t/year or 37 % of the total catch). Then, a comparison of three methods of age estimation (scales, whole and sectioned otoliths) was performed to evaluate which structure was the most reliable and accurate and define the growth parameters in Corsica. The scales appear suitable for estimating age between 0 and 5 years old, whole otoliths can be used up to 12 years and sectioned otoliths are the most accurate and reliable structure for all age ranges (age record of 36 years). The growth rate of the Corsican common dentex seems very high and quite fast compared to previous studies in the Mediterranean Sea. Finally, the aim of the last chapter was to identify the stock structure of the common dentex around Corsica Island, using a combination of markers that have different spatial and temporal scales of integration: microsatellite DNA markers, otolith shape analysis and parasites communities. A complex population structure around Corsican coasts has been reported, providing a new perspective on common dentex fishery stock conservation and management strategies.This thesis make a significant contribution to the knowledge of several aspects of the fisheries, biology and population structure of common dentex around Corsica Island and recommends protection measures to promote sustainable management of this important halieutic resource in Corsica.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-10-28T08:57:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Emanuel Luiz Pereira da Silva.pdf: 4383267 bytes, checksum: 316e7173c002963dc4fd09f2ed1b2eb1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-28T08:57:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Emanuel Luiz Pereira da Silva.pdf: 4383267 bytes, checksum: 316e7173c002963dc4fd09f2ed1b2eb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-01 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis deals with the territorial expressions of the social question of indigenous people called the Potiguaras belonging to the Environmental Protection Area of the Mamanguape city on the north coast of Paraiba. It aims, from territoriality, analyze the dynamics of the relationships that shape the social and environmental protection arising from artisanal fisheries in the village Tramataia. It starts from the following assumption: the existence of overlapping territorial scales imposed on Potiguaras indigenous people expressed in the productive dynamics of artisanal fisheries, either by economic agents, whether by public officials who interact and conflict in contention for and experiences of territory. The route mapped out for this study, led us to an ethnoecologic and ethnobiological approach that sought transversely in other areas of knowledge, analysis of existing territorial overlaps; of territorial-dispossession, repossession processes of indigenous lands; elucidation of collective experiences within the research as uptake of mediation and analysis of the contradictions inherent in social processes of labor incorporation in artisanal fisheries by commercial logic of carcinoculture. This process made it possible to elucidate thatcthe artisanal fisheries will continue to be an attractive economic activity, both for survival status of indigenous peoples as the maintenance of this protected territory. However, the developed experiments point to the need to strengthen this territory belonging to indigenous people (since its inception), to a renewed environmental management or "modernized" where supervision is exercised as similar environmental audit practice. It allows us to say that the livings of artisanal fisheries in the APA of Mamanguape city suffer conflicting interference due to existing connections with the productive dynamics of contemporary capitalism, expressed in that territory by carcinoculture. However, the first Conference of Indigenous Policy in Paraiba has great potential to set up as a driving force for social transformation. In this space, in this begining of century, it affirms as openness to the dialogue and persuasion between civil society and public officials. It is expected that a new participatory cycle can expand its corporate face and at the same time promote a more immediate connection between the consultation of indigenous society and the effectiveness of the decisions in the implementation of public policies / Essa tese trata das expressões territoriais da questão social dos povos indígenas potiguaras pertencentes à área de Proteção Ambiental do Mamanguape no Litoral Norte da Paraíba. Visa, a partir das territorialidades, analisar a dinâmica das relações que configuram a proteção social e socioambiental advindas da pesca artesanal vivenciadas na aldeia Tramataia. Parte-se do seguinte pressuposto: a existência de sobreposições das escalas territoriais impostas aos povos indígenas potiguaras expressas na dinâmica produtiva da pesca artesanal, seja pelos agentes econômicos, seja pelos agentes públicos que interagem e conflitam na disputa pelo e no território de vivencia. O percurso traçado para esse estudo, nos conduziu a uma abordagem etnoecológica e etnobiológica que buscou de modo transversal em outras áreas do conhecimento, análise das sobreposições territoriais existentes; dos processos de territorialização-desterritorialização-reterritorialização das terras indígenas; elucidação das experiências coletivas vividas no território da pesquisa, como captação das mediações e análise das contradições inerentes aos processos sociais de incorporação do trabalho na pesca artesanal pela lógica mercantil da carcinocultura. Esse processo possibilitou elucidar que a pesca artesanal continuará sendo uma atividade econômica atrativa, tanto pela condição de sobrevivência dos povos indígenas como pela manutenção desse território protegido. Todavia, as experiências desenvolvidas, apontam para a necessidade de fortalecimento desse território pertencente aos povos indígenas (desde a sua origem), para uma gestão ambiental renovada ou ―modernizada‖, onde a fiscalização seja exercida como prática similar à auditoria ambiental. O que nos permite afirmar que as vivencias da pesca artesanal na APA do Mamanguape sofrem interferências conflitantes devido às conexões existentes com a dinâmica produtiva do capitalismo contemporâneo, expresso naquele território pela carcinocultura. Contudo, a primeira Conferência da Politica Indigenista na Paraíba tem grande potencial para se configurar como impulsionadora de transformação social. Esse espaço, neste início de século se afirma como ambiente de abertura ao diálogo e ao convencimento entre sociedade civil e agentes públicos. Espera-se que um novo ciclo participativo possa ampliar sua face societária e, ao mesmo tempo, promova uma conexão mais imediata entre a consulta à sociedade indigenista e a efetividade das decisões na execução de políticas públicas

La pêche, activité ancestrale, contribue aux moyens d’existence de 10 à 12% de la population mondiale. La pêche artisanale génère plus de la moitié des captures mondiales et fournit 90% des emplois correspondants. Au Mexique, elle fournit de l’emploi à plus de 350 000 pêcheurs, organisés principalement en coopératives. Au Sinaloa, « terrain » de la thèse, les coopératives de pêcheurs artisanaux se sont progressivement enfoncées dans une crise qui met en péril leur survie. Elles sont soumises à des défis endogènes et exogènes qui se renforcent mutuellement. Les politiques publiques liées à la pêche artisanale privilégient la préservation de l’environnement et ne contribuent pas à la sortie de la pauvreté des populations côtières. La thèse fait l’hypothèse que cette sortie de la pauvreté nécessite des politiques publiques qui prennent appui sur les coopératives de pêcheurs artisanaux et qui intègrent les trois piliers du développement durable : l’environnement, l’économie et les droits humains. Sur la base d’une étude de cas approfondie et pluridisciplinaire, la recherche propose des outils et des pistes pour l’action qui s’articulent autour d’un modèle ad hoc de renforcement des coopératives. Elle propose notamment un outil de diagnostic de celles-ci, et les conclusions suivantes ont été dégagées : 1) leur rôle économique, social et environnemental justifie leur pérennité 2) cette pérennité incombe tant aux coopératives elles-mêmes qu'à d'autres acteurs 3) les politiques publiques environnementales doivent non seulement intégrer les dimensions économiques et socioculturelles concernant la pêche artisanale, mais doivent aussi mettre en place des moyens légaux qui garantiront leur efficacité. / Fishing, an ancestral activity, contributes to the livelihoods of 10 to 12% of the world's population. Artisanal fisheries generate more than half of the world's catches and provide 90% of the corresponding jobs. In Mexico, it provides employment to over 350,000 fishers, organized mainly in cooperatives. In Sinaloa, the location of the fieldwork, artisanal fisher’s cooperatives have gradually sunk into a crisis that threatens their survival. They are subject to mutually reinforcing endogenous and exogenous challenges. Public policies related to artisanal fisheries that favour the preservation of the environment do not contribute to lifting poverty out of coastal populations. The thesis hypothesizes that poverty exit requires public policies that rely on artisanal fisher's cooperatives and that integrate the three pillars of sustainable development : the environment, the economy and the human rights. On the basis of an in-depth and multidisciplinary case study, the research proposes tools and avenues for action based on an ad hoc model for strengthening cooperatives. In particular, it proposes a tool for diagnosing them, and the following conclusions have been reached : 1) their economic, social and environmental role justifies their perpetuity 2) this perpetuity is the responsibility of both, the cooperatives and other stakeholders 3) environmental public policies must not only integrate the economic and sociocultural dimensions of artisanal fisheries but must also establish legal means to ensure their effectiveness.