No description available.

<p>  </p> <p>Forward genetics discovery of the molecular basis of induced mutants has fundamentally contributed to our understanding of basic biological processes such as metabolism, cell dynamics, growth, and development. Advances in Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies enabled rapid genome sequencing but also come with limitations such as sequencing errors, dependence on reference genome accuracy, and alignment errors. By incorporating pedigree information to help correct for some errors I optimized variant calling and filtering strategies to respond to experimental design. This led to the identification of multiple causative alleles, the detection of pedigree errors, and an ability to explore the mutational spectrum of multiple mutagens in Arabidopsis. Similar to the problems in forward genetic discovery of mutant alleles, variation in genomes complicates the analysis of gene expression affected by natural variation. The plant hypersensitive response (HR) is a highly localized and rapid form of programmed cell death that plants use to contain biotrophic pathogens. Substantial natural variation exists in the mechanisms that trigger and control HR, yet a complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms modulating HR is lacking. I explored the gene expression consequences of the plant HR in maize using a semi-dominant mutant encoding a constitutively active HR-inducing Nucleotide Binding Site Leucine Rich Repeat protein, <em>Rp1-D21,</em> derived from the receptor responsible for perceiving certain strains of the common rust <em>Puccinia sorghi</em>. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) in response to <em>Rp1-D21</em> were identified in different genetic backgrounds and hybrids that exhibit divergent enhancing (NC350) or suppressing (H95, B73) effects on the visual manifestations of HR. To enable this analysis, I created anonymized reference genomes for each comparison, so that the reference genome induced less bias in the mapping steps. Comprehensive identification of DEG corroborated the visual phenotypes and provided the identities of genes influential in plant hypersensitive response for further studies. The locations of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) that determined the differential response of NC350 and B73 were identified using 198 F1 families generated by crossing B73 x NC350 RIL population and <em>Rp1-D21</em>/+ in H95. This identified 3514 eQTL controlling the variability in differential expression between mutant versus wild-type. <em>Trans-</em>eQTL were dramatically arranged in the genome and identified 17 hotspots with more than 200 genes influenced by each locus. A single locus significantly affected expression variation in 5700 genes, 5396 (94.7%) of which were DGE. An allele specific expression analysis of NC350 x H95 and B73 x H95 F1 hybrids with and without <em>Rp1-D21</em> identified <em>cis-</em>eQTL and ASE at a subset of these genes. Bias in the confirmation of eQTL by ASE was still present despite the anonymized reference genomes indicating that additional efforts to improve signal processing in these experiments is needed.</p>

Intresset för användningen av material från förnybara råvaror ökar. Produktionen av vedmassa och material i skogsindustrin genererar dagligen stora mängder biprodukter, särskilt bark. Barken innehåller många värdefulla komponenter som kan förädlas och öka värdet för barken, men först måste de separeras. Målet med denna undersökning var att separera dessa genom att jämföra två olika typer av extraktionsmetoder. Den första metoden använde programmerbar utrustning som namnges accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) och den andra använde manuell teknik som namnges Soxhlet extraktion. Syftet med undersökningen var att avgöra vilken extraktionsmetod som kan användas till att utvinna bark komponenter mest effektivt. Metoden ASE omfattar acetonextraktion och varmvattenextraktion där trycket var 100 bar, temperaturen 100oC och tiden drygt en timme. Soxhletextraktion omfattade enbart acetonextraktion under atmosfäriskt tryck, kontinuerlig värme och tiden 90 minuter. ASE-metoden gav fyra extrakt; acetonextrakt vid 100oC samt varmvattenextrakt vid 100oC, 140oC och 160oC.  Barken som studerades var uppdelad i två fraktioner, fuktig bark och torr bark. En beräkning av utbyte % utfördes efter varje extraktion. Extrakten från fuktig bark hade mörkare färg än extrakten från torr bark. Det uppmätes pH-värden för alla vattenextrakt och den som gav lägst pH var vattenextrakt som erhölls vid 160oC. Slutligen visade utbyteresultaten inga stora skillnader mellan de utförda ASE vattenextraktionerna exklusive extraktfärgen som kan vara en indikation till skillnad i extraherade molekyler. Användningen av sand under varmvattenextraktionerna gav inga förbättringar i extraktionsmetoden. / Interest in the use of materials from renewable sources is increasing. The production of wood pulp and materials in the forest industry generates large amounts of by- products daily, especially tree bark. Bark contains many valuable components which if separated can be used in various types of applications. The aim of this study was to compare two extraction methods. The first method used programmable equipment and is named accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and the second used manual technology and is named Soxhlet extraction.  The purpose of the study was to determine which extraction method can be used to extract bark components more efficiently. The ASE method included acetone extraction and hot water extraction where the pressure was 100 bar, the temperature 100oC and the time just over an hour. Soxhlet extraction involved only acetone extraction under atmospheric pressure, continuous heating, and a time of 90 minutes. The ASE method yielded four extracts: acetone extract at 100oC and hot water extract at 100oC, 140oC and 160oC.  The bark studied was divided into two parts, undried bark and dry bark. Total calculation of yield% was performed after each extraction. The extracts from undried bark had a darker color than the extracts from dry bark. The pH values were measured for all water extracts and the one that gave the lowest pH was obtained at 160oC. Finally, the extraction results did not show any major differences between the ASE water extractions performed excluding the extract color which may be an indication of difference in extracted molecules. The use of sand during the hot water extractions did not improve the extraction method.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-04-12T13:26:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXANDRA APARECIDA DOS REIS.pdf: 2254046 bytes, checksum: bf0291b84101fecae5af414bf1032ff7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-12T13:26:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALEXANDRA APARECIDA DOS REIS.pdf: 2254046 bytes, checksum: bf0291b84101fecae5af414bf1032ff7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / INTRODUCTION: Psoriasis, chronic inflammatory skin disease, Characterized by pink or reddish lesions, covered by whitish and dry scales,Its plaque format is the most common type.In all forms of psoriasis, nail involvement may be present in about 50% of cases.Individuals with psoriasis have nail deformities and a tendency to develop psoriatic arthritis.Psoriatic arthritis inflammatory disease of the joints in a divergent way involves the spine and peripheral joints, can affect up to 30% of people with psoriasis between 5 to 12 years after their development as dactylitis, enthesitis and peripheral joints.This complicates the diagnosis because the involvement of the skin can affect before the joint involvement. There is an immunological development in the pathogenesis of this disease immunized by Th1 and Th17 cells.Recently there is evidence that plays a crucial role in the pathology of psoriatic arthritis.The prevalence of 06% to 42% of patients with psoriasis develop a joint disease. Some studies have been analyzing these items in detail, thus giving rise to methods for measuring quality of life, since to obtain a quality life it is necessary to evaluate the individual as a whole in psychological, social and physical aspects. The questionnaires are instruments, in which they collect information and characterize a composite research technique, in the objective form of questions presented in writing in the research, in application of the knowledge of the researcher.PASE-P: developed as a screening tool for PAs more effectively in individuals with Ps and validated by Husni, et al.2007. Its sensitivity is 76% and specificity is 82%. NAPSI instrument that evaluates each nail by dividing them into four quadrants, to be evaluated for the presence of any alteration coming from both the nail matrix and nail bed. PASI: An instrument developed in 1978 to quantify the severity of Ps in order to evaluate the body surface and was segmented into 04 regions of the head, trunk, lower limbs and upper limbs evaluated on a scale of 0 to 72.DLQI: Questionnaire aiming to obtain detailed data on the quality of life of patients with psoriasis.And it consists of 10 questions about symptoms and feelings, daily activities, leisure, work and school, personal relationships and treatment. CASPAR: Investigates the presence of joint manifestations, dermatological diseases or family history, typical nail changes, the existence of joint swelling and radiological changes. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the presence of arthritis in male and female patients with Ps, aged between 18 and 80 years using a specific questionnaire to evaluate the severity of psoriasis, using PASE-P, NAPSI, PASI, DLQI AND CASPAR. And determine by means of laboratory variables the PCR and FR. OBJECTIVE: To compare and correlate the severity parameters of psoriasis PASE-P, NAPSI, PASI, DLQI and CASPAR in a screening with patients from the dermatology outpatient clinic to identify psoriatic arthritis, seeking correlations with literature content.METHOD: The study used a cross-sectional, longitudinal and prospective study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee (CEP) of the Celso Pierro Hospital and Maternity Hospital (HMCP) in Campinas-SP. RESULTS: During the study, 63 patients did not present withdrawal, 57.1% were men and 42.9% were women. We obtained a statistically significant correlation between PASE-B, which depicts the functionality and the CRP that characterizes the inflammatory activity.Patients with a PASE-P score greater than 44, defined as suspected APs, 15.9% of arthritis. Correlations for PASE-P greater than 44 obtained the following statistically significant correlations PASE-B with PASI r = 0.736, p = 0.037, DLQI with PCR r = 0.900, p = 0.037, PASE-B with PCR; R = 0.360, p-0.021, PASI with NAPSI ML, r = 0.353. There was a statistically significant correlation between PASE-B which depicts functionality and the CRP that characterizes inflammatory activity. DISCUSSION: The choice of PASE-P, NAPSI, DLQI, PASI and CASPAR instruments in psoriasis was to evaluate their applicability in clinical practice. PASE-P has proved to be relevant, since it is a simple and quick and practical resource, and so far there are few studies with the publication in the Portuguese language version. The questionnaire PASS a recent tool to evaluate psoriatic arthritis, developed by Husni, et al, 2007. CONCLUSION: PASE-P as a specific instrument has been shown to be effective in the detection of some PA patients in a group of patients with psoriasis, as seen in the literature. Each case should be individualized and treated according to the association of disease severity parameters. It can be emphasized, therefore, that the association of PASE, CASPAR, NAPSI and DLQI can be of great assistance in clinical practice for both evolutionary follow-up and therapeutic decision-making. Taking into account that according to what was shown in this study the PASE-P is a specific instrument and that in a dynamic and effective way when detecting PAs in patients. / INTRODU??O: Psor?ase doen?a inflamat?ria cr?nica da pele, caracterizada por les?es r?seas ou avermelhadas, recobertas por escamas esbranqui?adas e secas, seu formato em placas ? o tipo mais comum. Em todas as formas de psor?ase o envolvimento ungueal pode estar presente em cerca de 50% dos casos. Os indiv?duos com psor?ase apresentam deformidades nas unhas e tend?ncia a desenvolver artrite psori?sica. A artrite psori?sica doen?a inflamat?ria das articula??es de maneira divergente envolve a coluna vertebral e articula??es perif?ricas, pode afetar at? 30% das pessoas portadoras da psor?ase entre 5 a 12 anos ap?s seu desenvolvimento como dactilite,entesite e articula??es perif?ricas. O que dificulta o diagn?stico pois os envolvimento cut?neo pode acometer antes do comprometimento articular. Existem um desenvolvimento imunol?gico na patog?nese desta doen?a imunodiada por c?lulas Th1 e Th17. Recentemente h? evidencias que desempenham um papel crucial na patologia da artrite psori?sica. A preval?ncia de 06% a 42% dos pacientes com psor?ase desenvolvem uma doen?a articular. Alguns estudos vem analisando minuciosamente estes itens, surgindo assim m?todos para mensurar a qualidade de vida, pois para obter uma vida com qualidade ? necess?rio avaliar o indiv?duo como um todo em aspectos psicol?gicos, social e f?sico. Os question?rios s?o instrumentos, nos quais coletam informa??es e caracterizam uma t?cnica de investiga??o composta, na forma objetiva de quest?es apresentadas por escrito na pesquisa, em aplica??o do conhecimento do pesquisador. PASE-P: desenvolvidos como uma ferramenta de triagem para APs de forma mais eficaz em indiv?duos com Ps e validados por Husni, et al.2007.Sua sensibilidade e de 76% e especificidade de 82%. NAPSI instrumento que avalia cada unha dividindo as em quatro quadrantes, para ser avaliada quanto a presen?a de qualquer altera??o provenientes tanto da matriz da unha quanto leito ungueal. PASI: Instrumento desenvolvido em 1978, para quantificar a gravidade da Ps, com o objetivo de avaliar a superf?cie corporal e para isto foi segmentado em 04 regi?es cabe?a, tronco, membros inferiores e membros superiores, avaliado em uma escala de 0 a 72.DLQI: Question?rio com intuito em obter dados de forma detalhada sobre a qualidade de vida dos portadores da psor?ase. E composto por 10 quest?es sobre sintomas e sentimentos, atividades di?rias, lazer, trabalho e escola, rela??es pessoais e tratamento. CASPAR: Investiga a presen?a de manifesta??es articulares, doen?as dermatol?gicas ou hist?rico familiar, mudan?as ungueais de forma t?pica, exist?ncia de incha?o articular e altera??es radiol?gicas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a presen?a da artrite em pacientes do g?nero masculino e feminino com Ps, com idade entre 18 a 80 anos atrav?s de question?rio espec?fico para avalia??o da gravidade da psor?ase, atrav?s de instrumentos de avalia??o e classifica??o PASE-P, NAPSI, PASI, DLQI E CASPAR. E determinar por meio de vari?veis laboratoriais o PCR e FR. OBJETIVO ESPECIFICO: Comparar e correlacionar os par?metros de gravidade da psor?ase PASE-P, NAPSI, PASI, DLQI E CASPAR em uma triagem com pacientes do ambulat?rio de dermatologia afim de identificar a artrite psori?sica, buscando correla??es com conte?do da literatura. M?TODO: A pesquisa utilizou um estudo transversal, longitudinal e prospectivo, aprovado pelo Comit? de ?tica em Pesquisa (CEP) do Hospital e Maternidade Celso Pierro (HMCP) em Campinas-SP. RESULTADOS: Durante a pesquisa fizeram parte da popula??o 63 pacientes n?o havendo desist?ncia, sendo 57,1% eram homens e 42,9% eram mulheres. Obtivemos correla??o estatisticamente significativa entre o PASE-B, que retrata a funcionalidade e o PCR que caracteriza a atividade inflamat?ria. Pacientes com escore de PASE-P maior que 44, definiram se como suspeita de APs, 15,9% de artrite. Correla??es para o PASE-P maior que 44 obtivemos as seguintes correla??es estatisticamente significativas PASE-B com PASI r= 0,736, p=0,037, DLQI com PCR r=0,900, p=0,037, PASE-B com PCR; r=0,360, p- 0,021, PASI com NAPSI ML, r=0, 353.Houve correla??o estatisticamente significativa entre PASE-B que retrata funcionalidade e o PCR que caracteriza atividade inflamat?ria. DISCUSSAO: A escolha dos instrumentos PASE-P, NAPSI, DLQI, PASI E CASPAR, na psor?ase foram para avaliar suas aplicabilidades na pratica cl?nica. O PASE-P mostrou se relevante, pois e um recurso simples r?pido e pr?tico, e at? o momento h? poucos estudos com a publica??o na vers?o da l?ngua portuguesa. O question?rio PASE uma ferramenta recente em avaliar a artrite psori?sica, desenvolvido por Husni, et al,2007. CONCLUS?O: O PASE-P como instrumento especifico se mostrou eficaz na detec??o de alguns pacientes com APs em um grupo de pacientes com psor?ase, como visto na literatura. Cada caso deve ser individualizado e tratado de acordo com a associa??o dos par?metros de gravidade da doen?a. Pode-se ressaltar, portanto, que a associa??o do PASE, CASPAR, NAPSI e DLQI pode servir de grande aux?lio na pr?tica cl?nica tanto para o acompanhamento evolutivo, quanto para a tomada de decis?es terap?uticas. Levando em considera??o que de acordo com o que foi mostrado neste estudo o PASE-P ? um instrumento espec?fico e que de forma din?mica e eficaz ao detectar a APs em pacientes.

Arsenic contamination of groundwater remains a serious health concern in many areas of the world. Developing countries such as Bangladesh and Nepal are particularly affected because access to high quality water infrastructure is low. Since the 1970s, most water in these countries is sourced from shallow tube wells installed to reduce the spread of diseases associated with poor water hygiene. In this goal they were successful, however by the mid 1990s it became apparent that many of these wells were contaminated by arsenic and that these countries’ rural poor were being slowly poisoned. No simple, cheap, and reliable test for arsenic exists, and efforts to mitigate arsenic contamination have been severely limited by this over the past two decades. Government backed well-testing efforts using commercially available field kits have many issues with reliability, safety, rigour, and transparency, and have lost their urgency over the past decade, while the expensive field test kits remain out of the reach of most ordinary people in these areas. Synthetic Biology offers the technology to develop a new class of biosensor by exploiting bacteria’s natural ability to sense and respond to levels of arsenic considerably lower than commercially available kits which are based on analytical chemistry. In order to reach this goal, we must first develop our understanding of the natural response to arsenic in our chosen host, B. subtilis. Although we have a reasonably good qualitative understanding of the operon responsible for arsenic sensing, very little quantitative analysis has been carried out, and a robust system for ratiometric characterisation has not been established in the bacteria. In this work, a robust platform for rapid ratiometric characterisation is established in B. subtilis. A rigorous mathematical model of the ars operon is developed and analysed before being verified experimentally. This new knowledge is then used to explore synthetic permutations to the natural system aimed at improving the sensor properties of the system. Finally, a biological architecture for an easily tunable biosensor with good characteristics is recommended.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-11T12:55:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 -Caroline Duarte Ribeiro Saad.pdf: 2978508 bytes, checksum: f9f5e929ce4a24c4f1d5568ac64c15ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-11T12:55:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 -Caroline Duarte Ribeiro Saad.pdf: 2978508 bytes, checksum: f9f5e929ce4a24c4f1d5568ac64c15ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / In order to investigate and identify anisakid larvae present in the viscera, the general cavity, mesentery and muscles of marine fish of commercial importance from the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were examined 36 specimens of Lophius gastrophysus, 34 specimens Pagrus pagrus and four specimens of Trichiurus lepturus. The vast majority of fish used was obtained from fish warehouses located in Cabo Frio coast of Rio de Janeiro (23? S and 42 ? W), 36 specimens of L. gastrophysus and 31 P. pagrus. We also obtained three specimens of P. pagrus and four T. lepturus at Mercado S?o Braz, located in Campo Grande, west of the city of Rio de Janeiro, commum fish fauna from the coast of Rio de Janeiro, (21- 23 ? S and 41-45 ? W). Six anisakid species of nematode larvae were found in the mesentery, the general cavity, liver and muscles. Those species are: Anisakis simplex, Terranova sp. Contracaecum sp. Hysterothylacium sp.1, sp.2 and Raphidascaris sp.. Anisakis simplex larvae were found in L. gastrophysus with prevalence (P) of 22.2% and mean abundance (MA) 0.53 for T. lepturus P = 50%; Terranova sp. From L. gastrophysus P = 8.3% and AM = 0.08, T. lepturus P = 25% and P. pagrus P = 5.8%; Contracaecum sp. From L.gastrophysus P = 8.3% and AM = 0.08; Hysterothylacium sp.1 from T. lepturus P = 75% and P. pagrus from P = 100%; Hysterothylacium sp.2 from L. gastrophysus P = 25% and AM = 0.47 and T. lepturus with P = 25%; Raphidascaris sp. From L. gastrophysus from P = 11.1% and AM = 0.42 and P. pagrus from P = 55.8%. These nematodes are described and illustrated herein. A revision of available literature, concerning nematodes belonging to these genera, was made. This is the first record of occurrence of Anisakis simplex, Terranova sp. e Contracaeum sp. parasitizing L. gastrophysus the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro. It was concluded that infection in fish of high consumption and commercial importance, make the consumption of these fish, especially without prior adequate thermal processing, a potential risk from the point of view public health. / Com o objetivo de pesquisar e identificar as larvas de anisak?deos presentes nas v?sceras, cavidade geral, mesent?rio e musculatura de peixes marinhos de import?ncia comercial provenientes do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, foram examinados 36 esp?cimes de Lophius gastrophysus, 34 esp?cimes de Pagrus pagrus e 4 esp?cimes de Trichiurus lepturus. A grande maioria dos peixes utilizados foi obtida de entrepostos de pescados localizados em Cabo Frio, litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro (23? S e 42? W), sendo 36 exemplares da esp?cie L. gastrophysus e 31 de P. pagrus. Foram obtidos ainda 3 exemplares de P. pagrus e 4 de T. lepturus no Mercado S?o Braz, localizado em Campo Grande, zona oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, peixes estes oriundos da costa mar?tima do estado do Rio de Janeiro, (21-23? S e 41-45? W). Seis esp?cies de larvas de nemat?ides anisak?deos foram encontradas, Anisakis simplex, Terranova sp., Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp.1, Hysterothylacium sp.2 e Raphidascaris sp., provenientes do mesent?rio, cavidade geral, f?gado e musculatura. Larvas de Anisakis simplex foram encontradas em L. gastrophysus com preval?ncia (P) de 22,2% e abund?ncia m?dia (AM) 0,53 e em T. lepturus com P=50%; Terranova sp. em L. gastrophysus com P=8,3% e AM=0,08, em T. lepturus com P=25% e P. pagrus com P=5,8%; Contracaecum sp. em L. gastrophysus com P=8,3% e AM=0,08; Hysterothylacium sp.1 em T. lepturus com P=75% e em P. pagrus com P=100%; Hysterothylacium sp.2 em L. gastrophysus com P=25% e AM=0,47 e em T. lepturus com P=25%; Raphidascaris sp. em L. gastrophysus com P=11,1% e AM=0,42 e em P. pagrus com P=55,8%. Estes nemat?ides foram descritos e ilustrados, junto ? revis?o da literatura existente a respeito dos nemat?ides pertencentes aos presentes g?neros. Este ? o primeiro registro da ocorr?ncia de Anisakis simplex, Terranova sp. e Contracaeum sp., parasitando L. gastrophysus do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Concluiu-se que a presen?a de larvas de anisak?deos dos presentes g?neros com preval?ncias de infec??o consider?veis em peixes de elevado consumo e import?ncia comercial, torna o consumo destes peixes, principalmente sem pr?vio e adequado processamento t?rmico, um risco em potencial sob o ponto de vista de sa?de p?blica.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-21T10:29:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Caroline Duarte Ribeiro Saad.pdf: 2978488 bytes, checksum: 8e2ece3be63cb39291f012f0bb36a1dc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-21T10:29:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Caroline Duarte Ribeiro Saad.pdf: 2978488 bytes, checksum: 8e2ece3be63cb39291f012f0bb36a1dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-20 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / In order to investigate and identify anisakid larvae present in the viscera, the general cavity, mesentery and muscles of marine fish of commercial importance from the coast of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were examined 36 specimens of Lophius gastrophysus, 34 specimens Pagrus pagrus and four specimens of Trichiurus lepturus. The vast majority of fish used was obtained from fish warehouses located in Cabo Frio coast of Rio de Janeiro (23? S and 42 ? W), 36 specimens of L. gastrophysus and 31 P. pagrus. We also obtained three specimens of P. pagrus and four T. lepturus at Mercado S?o Braz, located in Campo Grande, west of the city of Rio de Janeiro, commum fish fauna from the coast of Rio de Janeiro, (21- 23 ? S and 41-45 ? W). Six anisakid species of nematode larvae were found in the mesentery, the general cavity, liver and muscles. Those species are: Anisakis simplex, Terranova sp. Contracaecum sp. Hysterothylacium sp.1, sp.2 and Raphidascaris sp.. Anisakis simplex larvae were found in L. gastrophysus with prevalence (P) of 22.2% and mean abundance (MA) 0.53 for T. lepturus P = 50%; Terranova sp. From L. gastrophysus P = 8.3% and AM = 0.08, T. lepturus P = 25% and P. pagrus P = 5.8%; Contracaecum sp. From L.gastrophysus P = 8.3% and AM = 0.08; Hysterothylacium sp.1 from T. lepturus P = 75% and P. pagrus from P = 100%; Hysterothylacium sp.2 from L. gastrophysus P = 25% and AM = 0.47 and T. lepturus with P = 25%; Raphidascaris sp. From L. gastrophysus from P = 11.1% and AM = 0.42 and P. pagrus from P = 55.8%. These nematodes are described and illustrated herein. A revision of available literature, concerning nematodes belonging to these genera, was made. This is the first record of occurrence of Anisakis simplex, Terranova sp. e Contracaeum sp. parasitizing L. gastrophysus the coast of the state of Rio de Janeiro. It was concluded that infection in fish of high consumption and commercial importance, make the consumption of these fish, especially without prior adequate thermal processing, a potential risk from the point of view public health / Com o objetivo de pesquisar e identificar as larvas de anisak?deos presentes nas v?sceras, cavidade geral, mesent?rio e musculatura de peixes marinhos de import?ncia comercial provenientes do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, foram examinados 36 esp?cimes de Lophius gastrophysus, 34 esp?cimes de Pagrus pagrus e 4 esp?cimes de Trichiurus lepturus. A grande maioria dos peixes utilizados foi obtida de entrepostos de pescados localizados em Cabo Frio, litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro (23? S e 42? W), sendo 36 exemplares da esp?cie L. gastrophysus e 31 de P. pagrus. Foram obtidos ainda 3 exemplares de P. pagrus e 4 de T. lepturus no Mercado S?o Braz, localizado em Campo Grande, zona oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, peixes estes oriundos da costa mar?tima do estado do Rio de Janeiro, (21-23? S e 41-45? W). Seis esp?cies de larvas de nemat?ides anisak?deos foram encontradas, Anisakis simplex, Terranova sp., Contracaecum sp., Hysterothylacium sp.1, Hysterothylacium sp.2 e Raphidascaris sp., provenientes do mesent?rio, cavidade geral, f?gado e musculatura. Larvas de Anisakis simplex foram encontradas em L. gastrophysus com preval?ncia (P) de 22,2% e abund?ncia m?dia (AM) 0,53 e em T. lepturus com P=50%; Terranova sp. em L. gastrophysus com P=8,3% e AM=0,08, em T. lepturus com P=25% e P. pagrus com P=5,8%; Contracaecum sp. em L. gastrophysus com P=8,3% e AM=0,08; Hysterothylacium sp.1 em T. lepturus com P=75% e em P. pagrus com P=100%; Hysterothylacium sp.2 em L. gastrophysus com P=25% e AM=0,47 e em T. lepturus com P=25%; Raphidascaris sp. em L. gastrophysus com P=11,1% e AM=0,42 e em P. pagrus com P=55,8%. Estes nemat?ides foram descritos e ilustrados, junto ? revis?o da literatura existente a respeito dos nemat?ides pertencentes aos presentes g?neros. Este ? o primeiro registro da ocorr?ncia de Anisakis simplex, Terranova sp. e Contracaeum sp., parasitando L. gastrophysus do litoral do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Concluiu-se que a presen?a de larvas de anisak?deos dos presentes g?neros com preval?ncias de infec??o consider?veis em peixes de elevado consumo e import?ncia comercial, torna o consumo destes peixes, principalmente sem pr?vio e adequado processamento t?rmico, um risco em potencial sob o ponto de vista de sa?de p?blica.

Change in gene expression is a powerful tool for evolution, because seemingly small expression changes can contribute important steps towards adaptation without necessarily affecting the whole organism. There is still much to learn about how gene expression evolves on genome- and population-wide levels, especially in non-model organisms. This thesis addresses some important questions in gene expression evolution via the quantitative measurement of RNA and protein levels in birds. First, I confirmed the state of incomplete dosage compensation in birds by sequencing the transcriptome of collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis). I showed that pleiotropy governs the evolution of expression male-bias from the Z chromosome. Sex-linked genes in females were more highly expressed than half the male expression level, indicative of a partial up-regulation. A comparison with data from ostrich (Struthio camelus), a bird with non-degenerated sex chromosomes, showed that sex-linked expression male-bias evolved following sex chromosome degradation. Second, using a combination of RNA sequencing and proteome mass spectrometry in chicken (Gallus gallus), I asked whether complete dosage compensation was achieved through regulation at translation. I showed that this was not the case and that incomplete dosage compensation extends to the protein level in birds. In addition, sex-linked genes showed more often an increased amount of regulation at translational level than autosomal genes. Third, I investigated gene expression divergence between collared and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) using RNA sequencing in multiple tissues and individuals. Tissues differed in the degree of expression variance and in the number of divergent genes, which I identified using expression QST. Variance within species was negatively correlated with expression breadth and protein interactivity, indicating that evolutionary constraints act predominantly within interbreeding populations. Among genes unique to one of the species, I identified one gene, DPP7, falling into a large genomic deletion fixed in pied flycatchers. Fourth, I investigated allele-specific expression (ASE) in the two flycatcher populations. ASE was identified from genetic variants within transcripts using RNA sequencing reads. We developed a Bayesian negative binomial approach that gained statistical power by estimating expression variance from combined SNPs within a transcript and overdispersion from the whole dataset.

Τα πολυεπίπεδα νευρωνικά δίκτυα έχουν εφαρμοστεί στο παρελθόν με μεγάλη επιτυχία στην πρόβλεψη χρονοσειρών από το χώρο της οικονομίας. Στην πράξη όμως παρουσιάζουν διάφορα προβλήματα όπως: Εύρεση του βέλτιστου υποσυνόλου χαρακτηριστικών και χρησιμοποίησή τους σαν εισόδου. Εύρεση της βέλτιστης δομής (επίπεδα κρυφών νευρώνων, αριθμός κρυφών νευρώνων). Εύρεση των βέλτιστων τιμών των παραμέτρων του αλγορίθμου εκπαίδευσης των τεχνητών νευρωνικών δικτύων (παράμετρος μάθησης, παράμετρος ορμής κλπ.) Σκοπός της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι η δημιουργίας μιας υβριδικής μεθόδου γενετικών αλγορίθμων και νευρωνικών δικτύων. Ο γενετικός αλγόριθμος θα είναι υπεύθυνος στην εύρεση του βέλτιστου συνδυασμού των παραπάνω προς αναζήτηση παραμέτρων του νευρωνικού δικτύου. Η υβριδική αυτή μέθοδος θα εφαρμοστεί στο πρόβλημα της πρόβλεψης του δείκτη ASE-20 του ελληνικού χρηματιστηρίου καθώς και στο πρόβλημα της πρόβλεψης της ισοτιμίας δολαρίου-Ευρώ. / In the present thesis we attempted to create a combination of genetic algorithms and neural networks. The proposed methodology was applied to the problem of predicting the exchange rate between EUR/USD and the Greek stock market ASE 20 index. The idea of combining these two techniques for the solving of the above mentioned problems emerged by their innate ability of finding solutions where traditional methods fail. On one hand, neural networks imitate the human brain procedures and on the other, genetic algorithms imitate the physical evolution process. In fact, both techniques copy some of nature’s functions. Artificial neural networks, through educating and generalizing manage to learn a problem and provide solutions to it. Genetic algorithms, through the evolution circle can overcome local minima or maxima and reach global ones. Due to their compact, parallel and distributed format and their ability of learning, neural networks make the solving of complicated problems possible, by dividing them in smaller projects, which are taken over by the neural networks according to their capabilities. Due to the advantages of neural networks and genetic algorithms we created a combination of them to predict the exchange rate between EUR/USD and the Greek stock market ASE 20 index.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:46:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CleaMCM.pdf: 417326 bytes, checksum: 8d51335e421592516c6f711c3decffed (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-30 / Hansen?s disease is considered a serious public health problem. In 2006, the Ministry of Health reported that worldwide, Brazil ranked 2nd in the number of cases of the disease, surpassed only by India. The North region is the geographical area in Brazil that presents the most cases. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte, the disease is considered to be eliminated because its prevalence has been identified as 1 per 10.000 inhabitants, criteria established by the State Elimination Letter of 2005. Training programs have been offered by the Coordination for the Control of Hansen?s Disease Program of Rio Grande do Norte, PCH-RN since 1997, with the support of the English governmental agency Leprosy Relief Association, LRA, with no evaluation having been conducted. The objective of this study was to evaluate the training programs in clinical diagnosis of Hansen?s disease and their contribution to the detection of the disease in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The study was conducted in seven municipalities that are known as Regional Public Health Units (URSAPs): S?o Jos? de Mipibu URSAP I, Mossor? URSAP II, Jo?o C?mara URSAP III, Caic? URSAP IV, Santa Cruz URSAP V, Pau dos Ferros URSAP VI and Natal, capital city of the State, in the Metropolitan Region. Physicians and nurses of the Family Health Program PSF were interviewed as to their perceptions of the implementation of the training program in clinica diagnosis of Hansen?s Disease conducted by the PCH-RN. They evaluated their own practice and the training program. These professionals presented a positive evaluation of the program and gave suggestions for future courses. The results of this study suggest the need for permanent education. Data of the disease obtained from the official records of the Secretariat of Health and from the interviews indicate that health education is the means to control Hansen?s disease effectively / A hansen?ase ? considerada um grave problema de sa?de p?blica, pois de acordo com dados do Minist?rio da Sa?de no ano de 2006, o Brasil posicionou-se em 2? lugar no mundo, em n?mero de casos da doen?a. A Regi?o Norte figura como a que mais apresenta casos. No Rio Grande do Norte, a hansen?ase j? ? considerada eliminada, pois possui menos de 1 caso/10.000 habitantes, segundo dados da carta de elimina??o de 2005. No Estado, treinamentos de cl?nica em hansen?ase tem sido oferecidos pela Coordena??o do Programa de Controle da Hansen?ase do Rio Grande do Norte (PCH-RN) desde 1997, com o apoio da organiza??o n?o governamental brit?nica The Leprosy Relief Association (LRA), sem nenhuma avalia??o ter sido realizada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do treinamento de cl?nica em hansen?ase e sua contribui??o para a detec??o da doen?a no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Para avaliar os treinamentos, foi escolhida a an?lise da interven??o. O estudo foi desenvolvido em sete munic?pios, os quais s?o as sedes das regionais de sa?de, atualmente designadas como Unidades Regionais de Sa?de P?blica (URSAPs), que s?o: S?o Jos? de Mipibu URSAP I, Mossor? URSAP II, Jo?o C?mara URSAP III, Caic? URSAP IV, Santa Cruz URSAP V, Pau dos Ferros URSAP VI e em Natal, a capital do Estado, que se localiza na regi?o metropolitana. Foram realizadas entrevistas com m?dicos e enfermeiros do Programa de Sa?de da Fam?lia (PSF), questionando as percep??es desses profissionais sobre a implementa??o do treinamento de cl?nica em hansen?ase, viabilizado atrav?s do Programa de Controle da Hansen?ase do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os profissionais avaliaram a pr?pria pr?tica e o treinamento. Apresentaram uma avalia??o positiva e ofereceram sugest?es para os pr?ximos treinamentos. De acordo com os resultados deste estudo, h? necessidade da educa??o permanente. Tanto os dados oficiais sobre a doen?a apresentados pela Secretaria de Sa?de do Estado, quanto as respostas obtidas nas entrevistas, indicam que o caminho para o controle da hansen?ase, ? o da educa??o em sa?de