La maîtrise de la pré-tension revêt d’une grande importance pour garantir la tenue mécanique des assemblages boulonnés, et ce quel que soit le mode de sollicitations auquel ils sont soumis. En particulier, pour les chargements transverses et sous sollicitations de fatigue, un niveau de pré-tension insuffisant ne permet pas d’exploiter la capacité de transfert d’effort des interfaces entre pièces assemblées. Un niveau de pré-tension très important n’est pas souhaitable non plus, car cela génère des phénomènes de fatigue de contact ou de matage excessif sous tête qui ont un effet néfaste sur la durée de vie des assemblages et des structures aéronautiques. Le serrage contrôlé des fixations permet ainsi de produire et de maintenir un équilibre entre les modes de transfert d’effort, permettant ainsi d’exploiter pleinement leur potentiel et obtenir une tenue optimale de l’assemblage. L’objectif de ce travail est d’apporter une contribution à la compréhension et à l’exploitation des assemblages boulonnés à serrage contrôlé. Une approche hybride a été adoptée afin de démontrer l’effet bénéfique d’une pré-tension contrôlée. La modélisation numérique a permis de comprendre les mécanismes de transfert d’effort et de prédire la tenue mécanique des assemblages aéronautiques de façon satisfaisante. La démarche expérimentale a été exclusivement basée sur des techniques dites de serrages alternatifs. L’objectif est d’avoir une faible incertitude sur la valeur de la précontrainte installée, permettant d’évaluer la performance mécanique des assemblages boulonnés. La tenue en fatigue des assemblages boulonnés, travaillant en matage-cisaillement, est largement améliorée grâce à l’application d’une précontrainte précise. La maîtrise des paramètres intrinsèques au maintien de la force axiale de serrage tel que la nature de l’interface entre pièces assemblées, la rigidité des fixations et la nature de l’ajustement, permet également d’esquisser un potentiel d’optimisation non négligeable des assemblages boulonnés. / Axial preload is a fundamental parameter that needs to be correctly mastered in order to ensure the mechanical strength of bolted joints. In the case of bolted shear joints under fatigue solicitations, a low preload does not allow to exploit the load carrying capacity of the friction interfaces. A high preload is undesirable as it can generate fretting fatigue phenomena or excessive under head contact pressure that may lead to decrease fatigue lives of aeronautical joints and structures. Controlled preload application generates and maintains equilibrium of load transfer mechanisms, inducing a full use of their potential and leading to an optimal fatigue life of the joint. This study focuses on aeronautical preloaded joints with the objective of understanding the effects of controlled preload over the mechanics of shear joints and exploiting the contribution of preload to enhance their fatigue lives. For this purpose, a hybrid approach has been adopted to demonstrate the beneficial effect of controlled preload. Numerical modelling has been carried out to better understand the preload influence but also to predict the mechanical strength of bolted joints. The experimental database has been generated using exclusively alternative tightening techniques, in order to reduce the scatter on final preload and therefore evaluate the effect of controlled preload in a more accurate way. The fatigue strength of bolted shear joints has been significantly improved for most of tested configurations due to the application of accurate axial preload. The effects of many other parameters, as the nature of interface, the stiffness of fasteners or the radial adjustment has also been assessed and permits to identify an additional potential optimization of bolted joints.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marina Aparecida Oliveira dos Santos Correa.pdf: 4260079 bytes, checksum: cc45e9081156732aab37e367a0d47824 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-14 / This actual study investigates the logic about Pentecostal Assemblies of God churches (IPAD). The theological denomination "Ministries" tells about the organization of these denominations and arrange on their dynamic, ramification process of the church and as their divergences and strategy of domination. Starting from the investigations of historical documents and studies of empirical data - primary sources - and the studies about origins and foundation of IPAD, this current research exposes the mythic origins, the history about this denomination, discourse and analysis its logic of operation. The ADs ministries follow theirs objective profiles in certain moments or situations, not necessarily according with the pre-established or situations, keep these traditional patterns in others questions and enlarge his continuity of works by consentment, or by "fraternal ties" between the ministries and the churches. The typologies about power written by Max Weber, the field concept written by Pierre Bourdieu, ideological concepts and hegemony offers a theoric arsenal to this analysis, about speech and "ministerial" practice of ADs churches / O presente estudo investiga a lógica dos Ministérios das Igrejas Pentecostais Assembleias de Deus (IPAD). A denominação teológica Ministérios expressa a organização da denominação e acomoda em sua dinâmica, processos de ramificação da igreja bem como suas divergência e estratégias de dominação. Partindo das investigações de documentos históricos e levantamentos de dados empíricos fontes primárias e de estudos sobre a origem e fundação da IPAD, a presente pesquisa expõe as origens míticas, a história dessa denominação e discorre e analisa a sua lógica de funcionamento. Os Ministérios das ADs seguem os seus perfis objetivados em determinados momentos ou situações, não necessariamente em acordo com as regras préestabelecidas, conservam esses padrões tradicionais em outras questões ampliam sua continuidade de trabalhos por meio de consenso, ou, pelos laços fraternos entre os Ministérios e igrejas. As tipologias de poder de Max Weber, o conceito de campo de Pierre Bourdieu e os conceitos de ideologia e hegemonia oferecem o arsenal teórico para a análise, do discurso e da prática ministerial das Igrejas ADs

En droit algérien, comme en droit français, la Production de la norme juridique passe par plusieurs étapes, depuis la phase de préparation jusqu’a l’ application, elle subit l’intervention de plusieurs acteurs législatifs qui créent un déséquilibre des pouvoirs en matière d’initiative entre les deux chambres du parlement , que vient atténuer la révision constitutionnelle algérienne de 2016, ensuite entre le parlement et le pouvoir exécutif, ce dernier a la maitrise sur toute la procédure législative en matière de débat législatif jusqu’a son adoption, le texte reste toujours au stade de projet tant que le veto du président de la république par la demande d’une seconde lecture ou pour retard de promulgation n’est pas levé. Ce n’est pas pour autant que le texte devient applicable, car en dernière étape le texte demeure tributaire du conseil constitutionnel qui, une fois saisi, peut modifier, ou tout simplement rejeter tout le texte pour une inconstitutionnalité. Est-il pour autant vrai qu’en Algérie, le parlement est dépossédé de sa fonction initiale, qui est la production de la norme juridique. Quid du parlement français? / In Algerian law, as in French law, the production of the legal standard goes through several stages, from the preparation phase to the implementation, it undergoes the intervention of several legislative actors that create an imbalance of powers within the lawabout the legislative initiative between the two chambers of parliament that enhances the Algerian Constitutional Review of 2016 and then between the Parliament and the Executive, the latter has control over the entire legislative procedure in terms of legislative debate until its adoption, the text is still in the draft stage as long as the veto of the President of the Republic,by the request for a second reading or for the delay of promulgation, is not lifted. This does not mean that the text becomes applicable because in the last step, the text depends on the constitutional council which, once entered, can correct, remove, reshape, a part or reject all the text for an unconstitutionality. Is it nevertheless true that in Algeria, the parliament is dispossessed of its original function, which is the production of the legal norm. Quid of the French parliament?

Um dos grandes mistérios da ciência é compreender como sistemas nervosos são capazes de realizar as extraordinárias operações computacionais que realizam. Provavelmente, encéfalos são as estruturas nas quais energia e matéria estão organizadas da forma mais complexa no universo. Central na computação cerebral está o conceito de neurônio. A forma como neurônios computam é motivo de intensa investigação científica. Um consenso atual é que neurônios formam grupos transientes (assembleias) a fim de representar coisas, de realizar operações computacionais, e de executar processos cognitivos; embora os mecanismos que fundamentam a computação por assembleias ainda não seja bem compreendido. Aqui é proposta uma forma pela qual se explica como computação por assembleias pode acontecer. Dois componentes são fundamentais para formação de coalizões neurais: a relação temporal entre grupos de neurônios e o fator de acoplamento entre eles. Assembleias pressupõe neurônios pulsantes; portanto, simulamos computação por assembleias em redes neurais pulsantes. A abordagem usada nesta tese é funcional; apresentamos um arcabouço teórico sobre propriedades, princípios, e dinâmicas que permitem operações computacionais por coalizões neurais. É apresentado na tese que: (i) quando neurônios formam assembleias está implícito que um tipo de função lógica estocástica ocorre, (ii) assembleias podem formar grupos com feedback, criando grupos biestáveis, (iii) grupos biestáveis criam representações internas dos eventos que os criaram, (iv) assembleias podem se ramificar e também dissolver outras assembleias, o que dá origem a algoritmos complexos. Esta é uma investigação inicial sobre computação em assembleias neurais, e há muito a ser feito. Nesta tese apresentamos os conceitos basais para esta nova abordagem. Há um conjunto de programas nos apêndices que permitem ao leitor simular formações de assembleias, ramificações, inibições, reverberações, entre outras propriedades e componentes de nossa proposta. / One of the greatest mysteries in science is to comprehend how brains are capable of realizing the extraordinary computational operations they do. Probably, brains are the structures in which matter and energy are organized in the most complex way in the Universe. Central to the brain computation is the concept of neuron. How neurons compute is motive of intensive scientific investigation. A prevailing consensus is that neurons form transient groups (assemblies) in order to represent things, for realizing computational operations, and for executing cognitive processes; although the mechanisms that substantiate such computation by neural assemblies are not yet well understood. In this thesis we propose a form that explains how neural assembly computation may occur. It is shown that two components are fundamentals for neural coalition formation: the temporal relation among neural groups, and the coupling factor among them. In this sense, neural assemblies presuppose spiking neurons; therefore, here we simulate assembly computing using spiking neural networks. In this thesis it is presented basically a functional approach; thus, it presents a theoretical approach concerning the properties, principles, characteristics, and components that allow the computational operations in neural coalitions. It is presented in the thesis that: (i) as neurons form assemblies it is implicit that a kind of stochastic logic function occurs; (ii) assemblies may form groups that feedback each other, creating bistable groups; (iii) bistable groups internally represent the event that created them; (iv) assemblies may branch and dissolve other assemblies, what give rise to complex algorithms. This is an initial investigation about neural assembly computing and there is a lot to be done; however, in this thesis we present the basal concepts for this new approach. There are programs in the appendices that allow the reader to simulate assembly formation, branching, inhibition, reverberation, among other properties and components in our proposal.

Um dos grandes mistérios da ciência é compreender como sistemas nervosos são capazes de realizar as extraordinárias operações computacionais que realizam. Provavelmente, encéfalos são as estruturas nas quais energia e matéria estão organizadas da forma mais complexa no universo. Central na computação cerebral está o conceito de neurônio. A forma como neurônios computam é motivo de intensa investigação científica. Um consenso atual é que neurônios formam grupos transientes (assembleias) a fim de representar coisas, de realizar operações computacionais, e de executar processos cognitivos; embora os mecanismos que fundamentam a computação por assembleias ainda não seja bem compreendido. Aqui é proposta uma forma pela qual se explica como computação por assembleias pode acontecer. Dois componentes são fundamentais para formação de coalizões neurais: a relação temporal entre grupos de neurônios e o fator de acoplamento entre eles. Assembleias pressupõe neurônios pulsantes; portanto, simulamos computação por assembleias em redes neurais pulsantes. A abordagem usada nesta tese é funcional; apresentamos um arcabouço teórico sobre propriedades, princípios, e dinâmicas que permitem operações computacionais por coalizões neurais. É apresentado na tese que: (i) quando neurônios formam assembleias está implícito que um tipo de função lógica estocástica ocorre, (ii) assembleias podem formar grupos com feedback, criando grupos biestáveis, (iii) grupos biestáveis criam representações internas dos eventos que os criaram, (iv) assembleias podem se ramificar e também dissolver outras assembleias, o que dá origem a algoritmos complexos. Esta é uma investigação inicial sobre computação em assembleias neurais, e há muito a ser feito. Nesta tese apresentamos os conceitos basais para esta nova abordagem. Há um conjunto de programas nos apêndices que permitem ao leitor simular formações de assembleias, ramificações, inibições, reverberações, entre outras propriedades e componentes de nossa proposta. / One of the greatest mysteries in science is to comprehend how brains are capable of realizing the extraordinary computational operations they do. Probably, brains are the structures in which matter and energy are organized in the most complex way in the Universe. Central to the brain computation is the concept of neuron. How neurons compute is motive of intensive scientific investigation. A prevailing consensus is that neurons form transient groups (assemblies) in order to represent things, for realizing computational operations, and for executing cognitive processes; although the mechanisms that substantiate such computation by neural assemblies are not yet well understood. In this thesis we propose a form that explains how neural assembly computation may occur. It is shown that two components are fundamentals for neural coalition formation: the temporal relation among neural groups, and the coupling factor among them. In this sense, neural assemblies presuppose spiking neurons; therefore, here we simulate assembly computing using spiking neural networks. In this thesis it is presented basically a functional approach; thus, it presents a theoretical approach concerning the properties, principles, characteristics, and components that allow the computational operations in neural coalitions. It is presented in the thesis that: (i) as neurons form assemblies it is implicit that a kind of stochastic logic function occurs; (ii) assemblies may form groups that feedback each other, creating bistable groups; (iii) bistable groups internally represent the event that created them; (iv) assemblies may branch and dissolve other assemblies, what give rise to complex algorithms. This is an initial investigation about neural assembly computing and there is a lot to be done; however, in this thesis we present the basal concepts for this new approach. There are programs in the appendices that allow the reader to simulate assembly formation, branching, inhibition, reverberation, among other properties and components in our proposal.

Les complexes de polyélectrolytes (PECs) sont typiquement formés par interaction électrostatique entre deux polyélectrolytes de charge opposée. Alors que de nombreuses études ont été consacrées aux propriétés de ces complexes, l'objectif de la thèse est de mieux comprendre le rôle de l’intensité de l’interaction entre deux polyélectrolytes sur la morphologie des complexes ainsi que la cinétique et la thermodynamique de la complexation. Différents systèmes complexants, faibles et forts, donnant lieu à la formation de coacervats ou de précipités ont été choisis et étudiés sur une large gamme de rapport de charges (Z[+]/[-]) afin d'obtenir différents états physiques (soluble, colloïdal, phase dense). La morphologie des complexes a été déterminée par microscopie (optique, fluorescence, force atomique) et diffusion de rayonnement (lumière, neutrons). La cinétique et la thermodynamique de complexation ont été étudiées par utilisation respective d'un mélangeur à flux stoppé et de la calorimétrie de titration isotherme. Les résultats obtenus permettent de mettre en évidence un certain nombre de caractéristiques permettant de distinguer les systèmes complexants forts et faibles. En particulier, les complexes forts sont hors équilibre d'un point de vue thermodynamique et en conséquence ils présentent une forte dépendance aux conditions initiales de complexation. Un autre aspect important et qui pourrait être à l'origine de la distinction entre les complexes forts et faibles est l'énergie d'hydratation des polyélectrolytes qui a été déterminée pour de nombreux polyélectrolytes et corrélée aux propriétés des complexes. / Complexes of polyelectrolytes (PECs) are oppositely charged polymers assemblies held together by electrostatic interaction. As the non-covalent assembly of macromolecules/colloids in solution has been thoroughly investigated over the last decade with a particular emphasis put on the morphology of the final aggregates as a function of the building blocks-chemistry, the objective of this thesis is to come to a better understanding of the influence of interaction strength between polyelectrolytes on complexes morphologies, as well as kinetics and thermodynamics of the complexation. For this study, weakly and strongly interacting systems given rise to coacervate and precipitate phases has been elected. Those systems have been studied on a wide charge ratio scale (Z[+]/[-]) to span several physical states of the PECs (soluble and colloidal PECs, dense phases). Morphologies of assemblies are assessed by microscopy (optical, fluorescence, atomic force) and scattering techniques (neutron, light). Kinetics and thermodynamics of the complexation process are studied by use of a stopped-flow mixing device and an isothermal titration calorimeter. Results gave us keys to discriminate strongly interacting systems from weakly interacting ones. In particular, the ‘strong systems’ are showed to be non-equilibrium assemblies, ie. the formulation pathway or the way these different macromolecules are coming into contact is then a key step. Another important aspect that could explain the complexation process behavior is the hydration energy of the polyelectrolytes. Calorimetry measurements have been performed for numerous polyelectrolytes and then correlated to complexes properties.

La tesi ricostruisce alcuni momenti fondamentali della storia della contea principesca di gradisca, per approfondire i rapporti intercorsi tra 'centro' e 'periferia', tra gli Eggenberg/Asburgo e la nobiltà della contea. / The dissertation reconstructs some fundamental moments of the history of the princely county of Gradisca, in order to study relationships between 'centre' and 'periphery' in depth, between the Eggenberg/Habsburg and the nobility.

Bolted joints are often the most critical parts with respect to fatigue life of structures. Therefore, it is important to analyze these components and the forces they are subjected to. A one-dimensional nite element model of a bolted joint is created and implemented as a program module in the Saab software `DIM', together with a complete graphical user interface allowing the user to generate the structure freely, and to apply both mechanical and thermal loads. Available methods for calculating fastener exibility are reviewed. The ones derived by Grumman, Huth and Barrois are implemented in the module, and can thus be used when dening a geometry representing a bolted joint assembly. Investigations have shown that it cannot be said that either method is generally better than the other. Calculated properties of interest include the fastener forces, plate bearing and bypass loads, and - for simpler geometries without thermal loads - the load distribution between rows of fasteners. The program is fully functional and yields numerically accurate results for the most commonly used joints where fasteners connect two or three plates each. It has limited functionality on geometries with fasteners connecting four or more plates and for a certain loading combination also for three plates, due to the tilting of the fasteners not being accounted for in the model for these cases. Also, there is no explicit method available for nding an accurate value for the fastener exibility for these, less common, joint structures.

This paper is mainly anchored in assemblies and parades handled by police agency¡¨. First of all, assemblies and parades are the basic human rights protected by our constitution. The purpose of the police¡¦s involvement in the handling of those activities is to safeguard citizens¡¦ exercise of their rights. Secondly, from analysis of practical cases and through verification of experimental activities and modification of theories, reasonable and proper principles of handling such activities can be submitted as a reference for policemen¡¦s law enforcement and education and training. Finally, the study discusses the contents and regulations of the Law of Parade and Demonstration. It also provides directions of modification of the law through theories and experiments in order to make the law more perfect, protect human rights granted by the constitution, and further inspire people¡¦s law-abiding spirit. From my practical experiences in handling assemblies and parades over the years in police organizations of basic level and this study, the author found that the cases of assemblies and parades in Kaohsiung City during the period from 2001 to 2005 were different in their types. Case-by-case analysis, examination of evidence and deductive method were adopted to examine if the police adhere to the principles of ¡§protecting lawful assemblies¡¨, ¡§banning unlawful assemblies, and ¡§imposing sanction against violence¡§, and if they take the positions of ¡§To rule by law¡¨, ¡§administrative neutrality¡¨ and ¡§strict enforcement of law¡¨ at the same time. If not, the results will turn out to be different. In recent years, people¡¦s political consciousness has been rising and the assertion of individual rights and interests has aroused more and more attention. Besides, the two-party system has almost taken shape in Taiwan. Consequently, assemblies and parades become normal in today¡¦s plural and diversified society. The police should know how to play the role of law enforcement and protector correctly. To achieve the goal, the policemen should accumulate their practical experiences and carry out case analysis continuously. By combining ¡§theories¡¨ with ¡§practices¡¨ together, this study reflects the advantages and disadvantages of the police in handling assemblies and parades at current stage, and point out the direction of amendment to the present Law of Parade and Demonstration. Finally, this study submits one set of concrete and feasible plan for the police agency to follow, and I hope that the plan will be helpful in handling assemblies and parades in the future.

This thesis is concerned with modeling geometric patterns. Specifically, a clear and practical definition for regular patterns is proposed. Based on this definition, this thesis proposes the following modeling setting to describe the semantic transfer of a model between various forms of pattern regularity: (1) recognition or identification of patterns in digital models of 3D assemblies and scenes, (2) pattern regularization, (3) pattern modification and editing by varying the repetition parameters, and (4) establishing exceptions (designed irregularities) in regular patterns. In line with this setting, this thesis describes a representation and approach for designing and editing hierarchical assemblies based on grouped, nested, and recursively nested patterns. Based on this representation, this thesis presents the OCTOR approach for specifying, recording, and producing exceptions in regular patterns. To support editing of free-form shape patterns on surfaces, this thesis also presents the imprint-mapping approach which can be used to identify, extract, process, and apply relief features on surfaces. Pattern regularization, modification, and exceptions are addressed for the case of relief features on surfaces.