Hydropower is a fundamental pillar in the Swedish energy system and accounts for a large part of the Swedish electricity production. The regulation power is also essential for balancing the grid load.  Fortum is one of the leading energy companies within hydropower and Klarälven is a river with high importance, where Fortum owns and operates nine powerplants. These power plants constitute a barrier for the wild salmonids in Klarälven, which need to migrate upstream to reach their spawning area. Since the 1930s, the spawning salmonids have been trapped and transported upstream by lorry. After the spawning period, the smolts and kelts, i.e. the juvenile and spawned salmonids, have to migrate downstream. Due to the lack of fishways, they are forced to pass the eight remaining power plants. This, together with predation, entails a high mortality rate. Two independently performed studies indicates on survival rates of 16 % and 30 %. To stabilize the wild salmonid population, the downstream survival must increase, and a proposed solution is to implement a downstream trap-and-transport solution. This trap implementation could be a step towards the environmental adaptation of hydropower and a part of the action plan proposed in June 2016, during the Agreement on Swedish energy policy. To find the most cost-beneficial environmental measure, a socio-economic assessment method can be used. A Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is a commonly used socio-economic method, which evaluates the benefits and costs during the entire project lifetime. Energiforsk has, within the project FRAM-KLIV, developed a CBA tool that aims to simplify the socio-economic evaluation. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate whether the CBA tool can be used in future permit processes to prioritize between different project proposals to find the most beneficial environmental improvements. In order to evaluate the tool, it was to be applied on the trap-and-transport project in Edsforsen to evaluate the possibility of a socio-economic profitability. Also, the concepts and theory behind CBA was to be analysed and the suitability of translating environmental consequences into monetary values was to be evaluated. In the analysis of Edsforsen, 13 scenarios were developed. The first scenario served as a basis for the other scenarios, which were created as a sensitivity analysis. The result of the CBA showed a large socio-economic benefit and the most important parameter was identified as people’s willingness to pay for an increase of the wild salmonid stock in Klarälven. In the CBA, this parameter had a high uncertainty, as it was based on a survey performed for another project in another part of Sweden. It was found that in order for the socio-economic result to be positive, all households in Sweden must be willing to pay at least 35 SEK. As a complement to the CBA result, an evaluation regarding the marginal cost per fish was performed and an interval of 50-580 SEK per smolt was obtained. However, the calculations were based on several uncertainties and the interval should therefore be interpreted as a guideline rather than a precise result. It was concluded that in situations when a socio-economic analysis is required, and when it is possible to express consequences in monetary values, the method of CBA is appropriate. It is also a suitable methodology for evaluations of large projects, as it provides a comprehensible overview of the costs and the benefits. Despite the criticism directed towards CBA regarding uncertainties and its anthropogenic perspective, it could be concluded that using CBA as a socio-economic assessment method provides a perspicuous and quantitative result. Thus, the usage of CBA in prioritization processes of different environmental measures can be highly useful. Energiforsk’s CBA tool provides a framework with guidelines that can be highly useful and accelerate the analysis process. However, the performance of the tool version used in this thesis was not fully satisfactory due to a few malfunctions. The tool is still under development and it is likely that these errors will be adjusted in future versions. If the malfunctions in the tool would be adjusted, it could become useful for authorities, companies and other actors that wants to evaluate hydropower related environmental measures or when prioritizing between different project proposals to find the most beneficial environmental improvements in future permit processes.

Investigations of the textile industry and apparel sector often reveal unethical behaviours towards workers and lack of transparency in the value chain.  As consumers are getting more conscious and the external pressure and demand for more sustainable clothing increases, companies need to implement management systems to control their operations and ensure actions are socially responsible. The Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) methodology published by the United Nations Environment Programme in 2009 are suggested to measure positive and negative social impacts on stakeholders along a products entire life cycle, from cradle to grave. The methodology is still under development and no methods have yet been standardized or internationally recognized.   To contribute to the development of the S-LCA and its practical use in real world situations, the present study aims to evaluate the applicability of existing methodologies and tools by applying them to a cotton shirt from a small company in Sweden. The case study was performed by conducting an S-LCA following the four phases: Goal and scope; Life Cycle Inventory; Life Cycle Impact Assessment and; Life Cycle Interpretation. Generic country-level data and organisation specific data were collected through questionnaires, document review and desktop screening, while two different assessment tools were tested for the different data types. For generic country-level data, a Social Hotspot Assessment framework developed for this study, was applied and evaluated. For organisation specific data the existing Subcategory Assessment Method (SAM) was subject for feasibility evaluation.   The S-LCA conduction involved several application issues that affect the perceived applicability and feasibility of the methods. Problems identified relate to the definition of system boundaries and uncertainties in the choice of appropriate and relevant indicators. The major problems refer to data collection both in terms of availability and quality issues both with regards to the inventory and assessment phase. Further, in the assessment and interpretation phase uncertainties regarding assessment criteria’s and aggregation of results evolved when using the framework for identifying hotspots, affecting the reliability of the results.   Despite the identified issues, it is evident that it is possible to conduct and finalise a Social Hotspot Assessment using the methodology. However, based on the reliability issues of the results and the effort it requires, it is concluded that the applied framework is not feasible for smaller clothing companies with limited resources. The assessment of organisation specific data by applying SAM, is considered incomplete and identified issues reflect the incompatibility of the method and are thus not considered applicable or feasible for smaller companies.

O Ecodesign Maturity Model (EcoM2) destina-se a auxiliar as empresas na gestão e aplicação do ecodesign, a partir da seleção de práticas gerenciais a serem incorporadas no PDP e processos relacionados. Esta seleção deriva dos resultados da primeira etapa do seu método de aplicação, o diagnóstico do perfil atual de maturidade em ecodesign. Este diagnóstico caracteriza detalhadamente a empresa em relação a sua capacidade na aplicação das práticas e embasa a criação dos projetos de melhoria, sendo a única forma de avaliação existente no modelo. Outros modelos de maturidade apresentam, além de um diagnóstico detalhado, uma avaliação simplificada. Diagnósticos simplificados elaboram um perfil em alto nível das práticas existentes na empresa em pouco tempo, direcionando investigações detalhadas futuras. Neste trabalho, buscou-se explorar estas vantagens e elaborar um método de diagnóstico simplificado. A abordagem metodológica Design Research Methodology direcionou o desenvolvimento do método, com o emprego dos procedimentos revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso para identificação de seus demais requisitos. Os procedimentos/instrumentos de coleta de dados e os elementos construtivos do método, relacionados à avaliação da situação atual no contexto de modelos de maturidade, foram identificados em revisões bibliográficas. Para seleção do procedimento/instrumento de coleta de dados, foi realizada uma análise de seus pontos positivos e negativos, em relação aos requisitos levantados, com o auxílio de duas matrizes morfológicas. A avaliação da utilidade e facilidade de uso do método de diagnóstico simplificado e o seu alinhamento com o EcoM2 foi realizada em um estudo de caso, na mesma empresa do primeiro. Os requisitos identificados para a construção do método foram: avaliar a situação atual da empresa em um tempo menor do que o método tradicional do EcoM2, e em alto nível; envolver apenas um funcionário na avaliação; ser conduzido por um agente externo; atuar como uma etapa de pré-diagnóstico; e evitar o uso de termos técnicos nos itens de avaliação. Eles foram utilizados para analisar 4 procedimentos de coleta de dados – análise documental, observação, entrevistas e workshops – e 3 instrumentos – questionários, matrizes e pro-formulários. Como resultado, questionário e entrevista foram selecionados. A construção do método considerou os elementos de um modelo conceitual de modelos de maturidade referentes à avaliação da empresa e as etapas de condução de diagnóstico organizacional. No estudo de caso para teste, o método recebeu notas máximas nos critérios de avaliação tanto para a dimensão utilidade quanto para facilidade do uso. Os resultados apontam que o diagnóstico simplificado corresponde aos seus requisitos, já que não há necessidade do envolvimento de outros funcionários, é simples, claro e rápido. Quanto ao alinhamento com o modelo, a comparação entre os dois perfis, após conversões de escala, mostraram que 93,94% das respostas dos dois diagnósticos foram semelhantes. Os resultados deste trabalho permitem a expansão do atual método de diagnóstico para uma avaliação simplificada da realidade da empresa, através da elaboração de um perfil em alto nível dos processos formais relacionados ao ecodesign que ela realiza. / Ecodesign Maturity Model (EcoM2) is intended to help companies in the management and application of ecodesign, from the selection of management practices to be incorporated into the PDP and related processes. This selection is derived from the first stage\'s results of the model\'s method application, the \"diagnosis of the current profile of maturity in ecodesign\". This diagnosis characterizes in detail the company in relation to their ability to apply these practices and underlies improvement projects creation, being the only assessment method in the model. Other maturity models have, in addition to a detailed diagnosis, a simplified evaluation. Simplified diagnosis draws a high level profile of existing practices within the company in a short time, guiding future investigations. This study sought to explore these advantages and develop a simplified diagnosis method. The methodological approach Design Research Methodology steered this method development, with use of literature review and case study to identify its other requirements. The data collection procedures/instruments and the building blocks of the method related with the current situation in the maturity models context have been identified in the literature. To select the data collection procedure/instrument, an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses was conducted in relation to raised requirements, with the aid of two morphological matrices. This evaluation of the usefulness and ease of use of the simplified diagnostic method and its alignment with the EcoM2 was held in a case study at the same enterprise where the EcoM2 was applied. The identified requirements for the construction of the method were (a) assess the current situation of the company in a shorter time than the traditional method of EcoM2 at a high level; (b) involve only one employee at the evaluation; (c) be conducted by an external agent; (d) act as a pre-diagnosis step; and (e) avoid using technical terms at the evaluation. They were used to analyze four data collection procedures - document analysis, observation, interviews and workshops - and three instruments - questionnaires, matrices and pro-forms. As a result, questionnaire and interview were selected. The method construction considered the elements of a meta-model from maturity models developed to assess the company and driving steps of organizational diagnosis. In the test case study, the method received top marks in the assessment criteria for both the utility and ease of use. The results show that the simplified diagnosis meets its requirements, since its simple, clear, fast, and there is no need for the involvement of other employees. For alignment with the original model, the comparison between the two resulting profiles, after conversion scale, showed that 93.94% of the responses of the two diagnoses were similar. These results allow the current diagnostic method expansion for a simplified assessment of the companys reality, by drawing up a profile at a high level of formal processes related to performed ecodesign within the company.

La planète se trouve dans un état de dégradation des écosystèmes, d’épuisement des ressources, de tension démographique et d’urgence climatique particulièrement préoccupant. Le découplage de la consommation de matières premières avec l’activité économique est indispensable. En réduisant la pression sur la raréfaction des matières premières, l’économie circulaire peut participer à la lutte contre le dérèglement climatique. Bien que le recyclage ne puisse solutionner seul l’épuisement des ressources, il est indispensable de mettre en œuvre des solutions pour régénérer les matières présentes dans nos déchets. Or l’organisation actuelle de la filière de fin de vie ne semble pas répondre aux besoins de l’économie-monde.Le premier challenge pour déployer des solutions de recyclage en économie circulaire repose sur l’évaluation de la performance des scénarios de recyclage. La méthodologie proposée repose sur plusieurs outils d’analyse : analyse de flux de matières (MFA), Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV) et Analyse de coûts (LCC) dans un cadre technique de référence basé sur l’évaluation des écotechnologies (ETV). Ce travail s’applique en partenariat avec la société MTB. Trois axes de performances ont été retenus : technique, économique et environnemental.Cette évaluation multicritères, intégrés dans la démarche de conception de MTB, permet une communication sous la forme d’indicateurs clés de performances (KPI). Ces indicateurs supplémentaires permettent de quantifier rapidement l’éco-efficience d’un scénario, pour accompagner la prise de décisions des concepteurs lors de la construction de l'offre et du développement des solutions scénarios de recyclage. / The planet is in a particularly worrying state of degradation of ecosystems, depletion of resources, demographic tension and a climate emergency. The decoupling of the consumption of raw materials with economic activity is a relevant action lever. By reducing the pressure on the scarcity of raw materials, the circular economy can participate in the fight against climate change. Although recycling alone cannot solve resource depletion, it is essential to implement solutions to regenerate the materials present in our waste. However, the current organization of the end-of-life sector does not seem to meet the needs of the world economy.The first challenge in deploying recycling solutions in the circular economy is based on evaluating the performance of recycling scenarios. The proposed methodology is based on several analytical tools: Material Flow Analysis (MFA), Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Life Cost Costing (LCC) in a technical reference framework based on the evaluation of environmental technologies (ETV). This work applies in partnership with the company MTB. Three performance axes were chosen: technical, economic and environmental.This multi-criterion assessment, integrated into the MTB design process, allows communication in the form of key performance indicators (KPI). By providing additional performance indicators it is possible to quickly quantify the eco-efficiency, to support decision-making by designers during the development of the recycling pathway.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / IntroduÃÃo: Existe pouco conhecimento sistemÃtico sobre a epidemiologia da tungÃase em Ãreas endÃmicas. SÃo necessÃrios mÃtodos de avaliaÃÃo rÃpida para delimitar Ãreas em risco e possibilitar a implementaÃÃo e avaliaÃÃo do impacto de intervenÃÃes. Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar um mÃtodo epidemiolÃgico rÃpido para estimar a prevalÃncia geral e a gravidade da tungÃase em comunidades endÃmicas com diferentes caracterÃsticas demogrÃficas, sÃcio-culturais e ambientais. Material e MÃtodos: AnÃlise de dez estudos transversais realizados em cinco comunidades, trÃs do Brasil (dados secundÃrios) e duas da NigÃria (dados primÃrios), no perÃodo de 2001-2008. A tungÃase foi diagnosticada clinicamente a partir da presenÃa de lesÃes de Tunga penetrans na epiderme dos indivÃduos. Para elaborar o mÃtodo rÃpido, seis localizaÃÃes topogrÃficas dos pÃs foram selecionadas como potenciais indicadores de infestaÃÃo em nÃvel comunitÃrio. Foram feitas regressÃes lineares, calculados coeficientes de determinaÃÃo (R2) e os valores p. CritÃrios operacionais como rapidez e facilidade do exame tambÃm foram utilizados para a escolha do mÃtodo mais adequado. Resultados: Ao todo, nos dez estudos transversais foram incluÃdos 7.121 indivÃduos. As prevalÃncias da tungÃase variaram entre 21% e 54%. Nas duas comunidades nigerianas a prevalÃncia geral da tungÃase nas 302 pessoas examinadas foi 47% (intervalo de confianÃa 95%: 41%-53%). Os homens foram mais infestados do que as mulheres (51% vs. 44%, p=0,2), assim como as crianÃas em comparaÃÃo aos indivÃduos >15 anos (60% vs. 33%, p<0,0001). Na anÃlise dos potencias mÃtodos rÃpidos, os coeficientes de determinaÃÃo foram altos, variaram entre 70% e 96% para as seis localizaÃÃes topogrÃficas, com valores p significantes (todos <0,002). A prevalÃncia na area periungueal dos pÃs apresentou o mais alto coeficiente de determinaÃÃo (96%), alÃm da maior rapidez e facilidade do exame. As prevalÃncias gerais estimadas a partir da equaÃÃo da reta Y= 1,12 x prevalÃncia na Ãrea periungueal + 5,0 apresentaram mÃdia do erro absoluto de 1,9%. PrevalÃncias graves (> 20 lesÃes), estimadas pela equaÃÃo da reta Y= 0,24 x prevalÃncia na Ãrea periungueal - 3,4, apresentaram erro absoluto mÃdio de 0,9%. ConclusÃo: A tungÃase à um problema de saÃde pÃblica em comunidades pesqueiras na NigÃria. A identificaÃÃo de T. penetrans na Ãrea periungueal dos pÃs pode ser usada como mÃtodo rÃpido e confiÃvel de avaliaÃÃo epidemiolÃgica. Sua aplicaÃÃo auxiliarà na delimitaÃÃo de Ãreas endÃmicas, bem como no planejamento de medidas que visem à reduÃÃo da tungÃase em Ãreas endÃmicas. . / . Rapid assessment methods are needed to delimitation of risk communities and to enable implementation and evaluation of impact interventions. Objective: To develop and assess a rapid epidemiologic method to estimate the overall prevalence of tungiasis and severity of disease in endemic communities with distinct demographic, socio-cultural and environment characteristics. Material and Methods: Analysis data from ten population-based surveys on tungiasis, performed in five endemic communities â three in Brazil (secondary data) and two Nigeria (primary data) â between 2001 and 2008. In all surveys, tungiasis was clinically diagnostic by presence of Tunga penetrans into epidermis of participants. To elaborate rapid assessment method six topographic sites of the feet were selected as potential infestation indicator in community level. Linear regression analyses were performed as well strength of associations (R2) and p values were calculated. Estimated prevalences were calculated for each of the ten surveys and compared to true prevalences. The most useful topographic localization to define a rapid assessment method was select based on the strength of association and operational aspects. Result: In total, 7121 individuals of the five communities were examined. Prevalence of tungiasis varied between 21.1% and 54.4%. In the two Nigerian communities the combined overall prevalence was 47% (142/302; 95% confidente intervale: 41%-53%). Tungiasis were more common in males than in females (51,5% vs. 46,3%; p=0,2). Children prevalence (<14 years) was statistically higher then adolescents and adults prevalence (60% vs. 33%, p<0,0001). In the ten surveys, all strength coefficients were high for the six localizations (ranged between 70% and 96%) and p values were significant (all <0,002). The presence of periungual lesions on the toes showed the highest strength coefficient (R2=96%; P<0.0001) and it was identified as the most useful and rapid localization to estimate the prevalence of tungiasis. Estimating prevalence of tungiasis by equation [estimated prevalence] = 1,12 x [prevalence on periungual sites] + 5,0), the mean absolute error was 1,9%. Tungiasis on this topographic site also reliably estimated prevalence of severe disease (>20 lesions) using the equation [estimated prevalence] = 0,24 x [prevalence on periungual sites] â 3,4); mean absolute error was 0,9%. Conslusion: Tungiasis is a public health problem in the fishing communities in Nigeria. Identification of T. penetrans in the periungual area of the feet can be used as a rapid and reliable method to assess the epidemiological situation of endemic areas. This approach will help to delimit endemic communities and to plan control measures aimed at the reduction of tungiasis. Key-words: Tungiasis; Tunga penetrans; Epidemiology; Rapid assessment method; Public Health; Africa; Brazil

O Ecodesign Maturity Model (EcoM2) destina-se a auxiliar as empresas na gestão e aplicação do ecodesign, a partir da seleção de práticas gerenciais a serem incorporadas no PDP e processos relacionados. Esta seleção deriva dos resultados da primeira etapa do seu método de aplicação, o diagnóstico do perfil atual de maturidade em ecodesign. Este diagnóstico caracteriza detalhadamente a empresa em relação a sua capacidade na aplicação das práticas e embasa a criação dos projetos de melhoria, sendo a única forma de avaliação existente no modelo. Outros modelos de maturidade apresentam, além de um diagnóstico detalhado, uma avaliação simplificada. Diagnósticos simplificados elaboram um perfil em alto nível das práticas existentes na empresa em pouco tempo, direcionando investigações detalhadas futuras. Neste trabalho, buscou-se explorar estas vantagens e elaborar um método de diagnóstico simplificado. A abordagem metodológica Design Research Methodology direcionou o desenvolvimento do método, com o emprego dos procedimentos revisão bibliográfica e estudo de caso para identificação de seus demais requisitos. Os procedimentos/instrumentos de coleta de dados e os elementos construtivos do método, relacionados à avaliação da situação atual no contexto de modelos de maturidade, foram identificados em revisões bibliográficas. Para seleção do procedimento/instrumento de coleta de dados, foi realizada uma análise de seus pontos positivos e negativos, em relação aos requisitos levantados, com o auxílio de duas matrizes morfológicas. A avaliação da utilidade e facilidade de uso do método de diagnóstico simplificado e o seu alinhamento com o EcoM2 foi realizada em um estudo de caso, na mesma empresa do primeiro. Os requisitos identificados para a construção do método foram: avaliar a situação atual da empresa em um tempo menor do que o método tradicional do EcoM2, e em alto nível; envolver apenas um funcionário na avaliação; ser conduzido por um agente externo; atuar como uma etapa de pré-diagnóstico; e evitar o uso de termos técnicos nos itens de avaliação. Eles foram utilizados para analisar 4 procedimentos de coleta de dados &#8211; análise documental, observação, entrevistas e workshops &#8211; e 3 instrumentos &#8211; questionários, matrizes e pro-formulários. Como resultado, questionário e entrevista foram selecionados. A construção do método considerou os elementos de um modelo conceitual de modelos de maturidade referentes à avaliação da empresa e as etapas de condução de diagnóstico organizacional. No estudo de caso para teste, o método recebeu notas máximas nos critérios de avaliação tanto para a dimensão utilidade quanto para facilidade do uso. Os resultados apontam que o diagnóstico simplificado corresponde aos seus requisitos, já que não há necessidade do envolvimento de outros funcionários, é simples, claro e rápido. Quanto ao alinhamento com o modelo, a comparação entre os dois perfis, após conversões de escala, mostraram que 93,94% das respostas dos dois diagnósticos foram semelhantes. Os resultados deste trabalho permitem a expansão do atual método de diagnóstico para uma avaliação simplificada da realidade da empresa, através da elaboração de um perfil em alto nível dos processos formais relacionados ao ecodesign que ela realiza. / Ecodesign Maturity Model (EcoM2) is intended to help companies in the management and application of ecodesign, from the selection of management practices to be incorporated into the PDP and related processes. This selection is derived from the first stage\'s results of the model\'s method application, the \"diagnosis of the current profile of maturity in ecodesign\". This diagnosis characterizes in detail the company in relation to their ability to apply these practices and underlies improvement projects creation, being the only assessment method in the model. Other maturity models have, in addition to a detailed diagnosis, a simplified evaluation. Simplified diagnosis draws a high level profile of existing practices within the company in a short time, guiding future investigations. This study sought to explore these advantages and develop a simplified diagnosis method. The methodological approach Design Research Methodology steered this method development, with use of literature review and case study to identify its other requirements. The data collection procedures/instruments and the building blocks of the method related with the current situation in the maturity models context have been identified in the literature. To select the data collection procedure/instrument, an analysis of their strengths and weaknesses was conducted in relation to raised requirements, with the aid of two morphological matrices. This evaluation of the usefulness and ease of use of the simplified diagnostic method and its alignment with the EcoM2 was held in a case study at the same enterprise where the EcoM2 was applied. The identified requirements for the construction of the method were (a) assess the current situation of the company in a shorter time than the traditional method of EcoM2 at a high level; (b) involve only one employee at the evaluation; (c) be conducted by an external agent; (d) act as a pre-diagnosis step; and (e) avoid using technical terms at the evaluation. They were used to analyze four data collection procedures - document analysis, observation, interviews and workshops - and three instruments - questionnaires, matrices and pro-forms. As a result, questionnaire and interview were selected. The method construction considered the elements of a meta-model from maturity models developed to assess the company and driving steps of organizational diagnosis. In the test case study, the method received top marks in the assessment criteria for both the utility and ease of use. The results show that the simplified diagnosis meets its requirements, since its simple, clear, fast, and there is no need for the involvement of other employees. For alignment with the original model, the comparison between the two resulting profiles, after conversion scale, showed that 93.94% of the responses of the two diagnoses were similar. These results allow the current diagnostic method expansion for a simplified assessment of the companys reality, by drawing up a profile at a high level of formal processes related to performed ecodesign within the company.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-10-01T15:16:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-10-01T15:37:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-01T15:37:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Simone Gonçalves Sales Assunção - 2012.pdf: 7218299 bytes, checksum: 162d103e366ecb7539e9e2c392775d45 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-21 / This paper aims to propose a new method for assessing environmental risks based on the Ecological Risk Analysis method proposed by Faria (1983). Starting from the main scientific methods used for environmental risk assessment, methods of urban planning and environmental sustainability indicators used in models of environmental risk assessment, the new method is tested in the area around Mingau creek, in the neighborhood Parque Amazônia, in Goiania, Goiás, where it had been applied the method proposed by Faria (1983) and also in the vicinity of Santo Antonio creek, located in Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. This method consists in obtaining data from the premise socioeconomic and the physical environment of the study site, determining a rank for each risk factor. Subsequently, these data are checked with the physical medium through an array that uses the aggregate sum of the levels divided by two, rounded statistically when necessary. The results show, generally, the interrelation between the environment factors the physical and socioeconomic environment and reveal in a clear, objective and direct that the environmental risks of the physical environment are interrelated and submitted to each factor inserted in the premise socio-environmental, particularly the direct effects that social factors on the print environment, the deemed to be interdependent. In the method de Faria (1983) each factor is naturally hierarchical individually and that the intersection matrix of the aggregation is by obtaining the intensity of damage indicators, which are the anthropic factors interfering on the natural environment, with indicators sensitivity of damage, that for each natural factor is adopted and an indicator refers to the ability of resistance and resilience of the physical environment. So, are crossed, the risk matrix, the intensity of damage with a sensitivity of damage and gives the level of ecological risk for each natural factor, differently. In this new method more directly, we obtain the level of risk to each factor, whether physical or socioeconomic and then the results are intercepted in a single array of aggregation, which results in the environmental risk of the interrelationship of factors jointly allowing demonstrate a more comprehensive and systemic results of environmental risk assessment. / Este trabalho propõe um novo método para avaliação de riscos ambientais baseado na Análise do Risco Ecológico, proposto por Faria (1983). Partindo-se dos principais métodos científicos utilizados para avaliação de risco ambiental, dos métodos de planejamento urbano e ambiental e dos indicadores de sustentabilidade utilizados nos modelos de avaliação de riscos ambientais, esta proposta foi testada na área do entorno do córrego Mingau, no bairro Parque Amazônia, em Goiânia, Goiás, onde em que já havia sido aplicado o método proposto por Faria (1983) e também no entorno do córrego Santo Antônio, localizado em Aparecida de Goiânia, Goiás. Esse método consiste na obtenção de dados do meio socioeconômico e do meio físico do local de estudo, determinando um nível hierárquico de risco para cada fator. Posteriormente esses dados são cruzados com os do meio físico por meio de uma matriz de agregação. Os resultados expressam, de maneira geral, a inter-relação entre os fatores do meio físico e os do meio socioeconômico e revelam de maneira clara, objetiva e direta que os riscos ambientais do meio físico estão submetidos e inter-relacionados a cada fator inserido no meio socioambiental; principalmente os efeitos diretos que os fatores sociais imprimem sobre os ambientais. No método de Faria (1983) cada fator natural é hierarquizado de maneira individual, sendo que o cruzamento na matriz de agregação se dá por meio da obtenção dos indicadores de intensidade de danos, que são os fatores antrópicos interferindo no meio natural, com os indicadores de sensibilidade de danos. Para cada fator natural é adotado um indicador que se refere à capacidade de resistência e resiliência do meio físico. Assim, são cruzadas, na matriz de risco, intensidade de danos com sensibilidade de danos e obtém-se o nível de risco ecológico para cada fator natural, de forma distinta. Neste novo método de forma mais direta, obtém-se o nível de risco de danos para cada fator, seja físico ou socioeconômico e depois os resultados são interceptados em uma única matriz de agregação, que resulta no risco ambiental da inter-relação dos fatores de uma forma conjunta, permitindo demonstrar de maneira mais abrangente e sistêmica os resultados da avaliação de risco ambiental.

Biomethane made from the anaerobic digestion of organic waste can provide several economic and environmental benefits such as: the valorisation of waste products, increased resource efficiency, increased retention of nutrients through recycling of biogas digestate (Banks, et al., 2011), reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (Börjesson, et al., 2016) as well as the reduction of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter emissions (Börjesson &amp; Berglund, 2007).To help actors understand when and where biomethane solutions can succeed, including the qualitative and quantitative aspects of a solution, an Early Assessment Method has been developed. The categories included in the assessment are potential, feasibility, economic and environmental performance. The Early Assessment Method was developed using a multi-criteria framework and consists of 15 key areas and 24 key indicators that should be considered when assessing biomethane solutions. Each quantitative indicator can be assessed either with site-specific data or by using generic equations and average values while the qualitative indicators are given a five-grade scale to facilitate the assessment.The potential category focuses on assessing how much raw material there is in the investigated area and how much of the usable products can be produced. The final areas are: biomass potential, biomethane potential and bio-fertilizer potential. In the feasibility assessment, qualitative aspects are assessed using a five-grade scale. The key areas for feasibility include: customer demand, competing applications, strategies for renewable fuels, legislation, economic instruments and infrastructure suitability. Performance is assessed both for economic performance and environmental performance to understand how the biomethane solution would perform if implemented. Economic performance includes both an indicator for cost per unit produced and an indicator for the investment cost for each production step. The key areas included are: biogas generation cost, biogas upgrading cost and biomethane distribution cost. The environmental performance is evaluated to understand how environmental aspects would change if biomethane replaced an alternative fuel on the market in the studied region. Key areas to assess this are: climate impact, air quality and nutrient recycling. These areas highlight some important benefits of using biomethane over fossil fuels, which are the most common fuels for heavy-duty vehicles.A two-part Early Assessment Tool was also developed. The tool is included in the method, but can be used separately if the user has a basic knowledge of biomethane. It assists with information collection, through a questionnaire, and structuring and presenting data, through a spreadsheet. The design of the Early Assessment Tool favours simplicity and usability while striving to maintain relevant information. It is meant to be used both for educational and investigative purposes when providing an early assessment of biomethane solutions within a certain region. The result from the tool can aid when making decisions and help with identifying which local actors to involve and what consultancy work might be needed to realise a biomethane solution.

Este trabalho objetiva contribuir para o desenvolvimento de metodologia de análises de vulnerabilidade ecológica de bacias hidrográficas, com foco nos ecossistemas de água doce. Partiu-se de uma base metodológica proposta pela Rede WWF e de sua adaptação para a Bacia Lagos São João. Através da aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida, foi possível realizar uma análise multicriterial que identificou, por um lado, os principais estressores afetando a integridade ecológica da bacia, e sua severidade e frequência, mediante avaliação colaborativa de um painel de especialistas; por outro lado, avaliou-se a sensibilidade da bacia aos estressores selecionados. O uso de ferramentas de sistemas de informação geográfica permitiu espacializar, localizar e quantificar as ameaças (estressores), gerando mapas de risco ecológico, identificando em especial, as unidades mais desequilibradas do território em análise. Estas são indicadas como prioritárias para as ações de conservação dos ecossistemas aquáticos, e dos serviços ecossistêmicos providos, do qual depende grande parte da população da bacia. Esta dissertação apresenta, portanto, duas principais contribuições: um estudo global e preliminar da integridade ecológica da bacia Lagos São João; e, sobretudo, adaptações e detalhamentos da base metodológica desenvolvida pela Rede WWF, replicáveis em outras bacias hidrográficas. Ressalte-se que esta análise constitui etapa preliminar para a definição de estratégias de adaptação e resiliência de bacias hidrográficas às mudanças ambientais globais associadas às variabilidades e mudanças climáticas. / This study aims to contribute to the development of a methodology for the analysis of watersheds ecological vulnerability, focusing on freshwater ecosystems. It Was developed from a methodological base proposed by WWF and its adapted application to Lagos São João Basin. With this methodology, it was possible to perform a multi-criteria analysis identifying, by one side, the major stressors affecting the ecological integrity of the basin, and its severity and frequency, by collaborative evaluation of a panel of experts; on the other side, was evaluated the basin sensitivity to stressors identified. The use of geographic information system tools allowed spatialize, locate and quantify the treats (stressors), generating maps of ecological risk, identifying in particular, the units more unbalanced of the territory in question. These are priority in actions of aquatic ecosystems conservation, and provided ecosystems services, which depends much of the population of the basin. Can be conclude, therefore, that this dissertation presents two main contributions: a global and preliminary study of Lagos São João Basin ecological integrity, and, above all, the adaptations and detailing of the methodology base developed by WWF, replicable to other watersheds. Should be noted that this analysis is the preliminary step for the definition of basins adaptation and resilience strategies to global environmental changes associated with climate variability and change.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SeverinaCVCL_TESE.pdf: 1816207 bytes, checksum: 5755d36ea1a1726759b308b22d1cfcdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / The dyslipidemia and excess weight in adolescents, when combined, suggest a progression of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides these, the dietary habits and lifestyle have also been considered unsuitable impacting the development of chronic diseases. The study objectives were: (1) estimate the prevalence of lipid profile and correlate with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist / height ratio (WHR) in adolescents, considering the maturation sexual, (2) know the sources of variance in the diet and the number of days needed to estimate the usual diet of adolescents and (3) describe the dietary patterns and lifestyle of adolescents, family history of CVD and age correlates them with the patterns of risk for CVD, adjusted for sexual maturation. A cross-sectional study was performed with 432 adolescents, aged 10-19 years from public schools of the Natal city, Brazil. The dyslipidemias were evaluated considering the lipid profile, the index of I Castelli (TC / HDL) and II (LDL / HDL) and non-HDL cholesterol. Anthropometric indicators were BMI, WC and WHR. The intake of energy, nutrients including fiber, fatty acids and cholesterol was estimated from two 24-hour recalls (24HR). The variables of lipid profile, anthropometric and clinical data were used in the models of Pearson correlation and linear regression, considering the sexual maturation. The variance ratio of the diet was calculated from the component-person variance, determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The definition of the number of days to estimate the usual intake of each nutrient was obtained by taking the hypothetical correlation (r) &#8805; 0.9, between nutrient intake and the true observed. We used the principal component analysis as a method of extracting factors that 129 accounted for the dependent variables and known cardiovascular risk obtained from the lipid profile, the index for Castelli I and II, non-HDL cholesterol, BMI, and WC the WHR. Dietary patterns and lifestyle were obtained from the independent variables, based on nutrients consumed and physical activity weekly. In the study of principal component analysis (PCA) was investigated associations between the patterns of cardiovascular risk factors in dietary patterns and lifestyle, age and positive family history of CVD, through bivariate and multiple logistic regression adjusted for sexual maturation. The low HDL-C dyslipidemia was most prevalent (50.5%) for adolescents. Significant correlations were observed between hypercholesterolemia and positive family history of CVD (r = 0.19, p <0.01) and hypertriglyceridemia with BMI (r = 0.30, p <0.01), with the CC (r = 0.32, p <0.01) and WHR (r = 0.33, p <0.01). The linear model constructed with sexual maturation, age and BMI explained about 1 to 10.4% of the variation in the lipid profile. The sources of variance between individuals were greater for all nutrients in both sexes. The reasons for variances were &#61500; 1 for all nutrients were higher in females. The results suggest that to assess the diet of adolescents with greater precision, 2 days would be enough to R24h consumption of energy, carbohydrates, fiber, saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, 3 days would be recommended for protein, lipid, polyunsaturated fatty acids and cholesterol. Two cardiovascular risk factors as have been extracted in the ACP, referring to the dependent variables: the standard lipid profile (HDL-C and non-HDL cholesterol) and "standard anthropometric index (BMI, WC, WHR) with a power explaining 75% of the variance of the original data. The factors are representative of two independent variables led to dietary patterns, "pattern 130 western diet" and "pattern protein diet", and one on the lifestyle, "pattern energy balance". Together, these patterns provide an explanation power of 67%. Made adjustment for sexual maturation in males remained significant variables: the associations between puberty and be pattern anthropometric indicator (OR = 3.32, CI 1.34 to 8.17%), and between family history of CVD and the pattern lipid profile (OR = 2.62, CI 1.20 to 5.72%). In females adolescents, associations were identified between age after the first stage of puberty with anthropometric pattern (OR = 3.59, CI 1.58 to 8.17%) and lipid profile (OR = 0.33, CI 0.15 to 0.75%). Conclusions: The low HDL-C was the most prevalent dyslipidemia independent of sex and nutritional status of adolescents. Hypercholesterolemia was influenced by family history of CVD and sexual maturation, in turn, hypertriglyceridemia was closely associated with anthropometric indicators. The variance between the diets was greater for all nutrients. This fact reflected in a variance ratio less than 1 and consequently in a lower number of days requerid to estimate the usual diet of adolescents considering gender. The two dietary patterns were extracted and the pattern considered unhealthy lifestyle as healthy. The associations were found between the patterns of CVD risk with age and family history of CVD in the studied adolescents / As dislipidemias e o excesso de peso corporal em adolescentes, quando associados, sugerem uma progress?o dos fatores de risco modific?veis para as doen?as cardiovasculares (DCV). Al?m destes, os h?bitos alimentares e de estilo de vida inadequados, tamb?m t?m sido considerados impactantes no desenvolvimento de doen?as cr?nicas. Os objetivos do estudo foram: (1) estimar a preval?ncia das altera??es do perfil lip?dico e correlacionar com o ?ndice de massa corporal (IMC), a circunfer?ncia da cintura (CC) e a raz?o cintura/altura (RCA) em adolescentes, considerando a matura??o sexual; (2) conhecer as fontes de vari?ncia da dieta e o n?mero de dias necess?rios para estimar a dieta habitual dos adolescentes e (3) descrever os padr?es diet?ticos e de estilo de vida dos adolescentes, a hist?ria familiar positiva de DCV e a idade e correlacion?-los com os padr?es de risco para DCV, ajustados pela matura??o sexual. Foi conduzido um estudo transversal com 432 adolescentes de escolas p?blicas municipais da cidade do Natal, RN, Brasil, com idade entre 10-19 anos. As dislipidemias foram avaliadas considerando o perfil lip?dico, o ?ndice de Castelli I (CT/HDL) e II (LDL/HDL) e o colesterol n?o-HDL. Os indicadores antropom?tricos inclu?dos foram o IMC, a CC e a RCA. A ingest?o de energia, dos macronutrientes inclusive a fibra, dos ?cidos graxos e do colesterol foi estimada a partir de dois recordat?rios de 24h (R24h). As vari?veis do perfil lip?dico, antropom?tricas e cl?nicas foram usadas nos modelos de correla??o de Pearson e de regress?o linear multivariada, considerando a matura??o sexual. A raz?o de vari?ncia da dieta foi calculada entre o componente da vari?ncia intrapessoal e interpessoal, determinada pela an?lise de vari?ncia (ANOVA). A xv defini??o do n?mero de dias para a estimativa da ingest?o habitual de cada nutriente foi obtida considerando a correla??o hipot?tica de (r) &#8805; 0,9, entre a ingest?o de nutrientes verdadeira e a observada. Utilizou-se a an?lise de componentes principais (ACP) como m?todo de extra??o dos fatores que representaram as vari?veis dependentes denominadas de risco cardiovascular e obtido a partir do perfil lip?dico, do ?ndice de Castelli I e II, do colesterol n?o-HDL, do IMC, da CC e da RCA. Os padr?es diet?ticos e do estilo de vida foram obtidos a partir das vari?veis independentes, com base nos nutrientes consumidos e na atividade f?sica semanal. No estudo da ACP foram investigadas as associa??es entre os padr?es de risco cardiovascular com os padr?es diet?ticos e do estilo de vida, idade e com a hist?ria familiar positiva de DCV, por meio da an?lise bivariada e regress?o log?stica m?ltipla ajustada pela matura??o sexual. O baixo HDL-c foi a dislipidemia mais prevalente (50,5%) nos adolescentes. Foram verificadas correla??es significativas entre a hipercolesterolemia e a hist?ria familiar positiva de DCV (r=0,19, p<0,01); e a hipertrigliceridemia com o IMC (r=0,30, p<0,01), com a CC (r=0,32, p<0,01) e com a RCQ (r=0,33, p<0,01). O modelo linear constru?do com a matura??o sexual, idade e IMC explicaram cerca de 1 10,4% da varia??o dos valores do perfil lip?dico. As fontes de vari?ncia interpessoal foram maiores para todos os nutrientes, em ambos os sexos. As raz?es de vari?ncias foram &#61500; 1 para todos os nutrientes sendo mais elevadas no sexo feminino. Os resultados sugerem que para avaliar a dieta destes adolescentes, 2 dias de R24h seriam suficientes para consumo de energia, carboidratos, fibra, ?cidos graxos saturados e monoinsaturados. Diferentemente, 3 dias seria o recomendado para a prote?na, xvi lip?deos, os ?cidos graxos poliinsaturados e o colesterol. Dois fatores denominados de risco cardiovascular foram extra?dos na ACP, referentes ?s vari?veis dependentes: o padr?o perfil lip?dico (HDL-C e colesterol n?o-HDL) e o padr?o indicador antropom?trico (IMC, CC, RCA), com um poder de explica??o de 75% da vari?ncia dos dados originais. Os fatores representativos das vari?veis independentes originaram dois padr?es diet?ticos, padr?o dieta ocidental e padr?o dieta prot?ica ; e um relativo ao estilo de vida, padr?o equil?brio energ?tico . Em conjunto, estes padr?es fornecem um poder de explica??o de 67%. Feito o ajuste pela matura??o sexual, permaneceram significativas no sexo masculino as seguintes vari?veis: as associa??es entre ser p?bere e o padr?o indicador antropom?trico (OR=3,32, IC% 1,34-8,17); e entre a hist?ria familiar de DCV e o padr?o perfil lip?dico (OR=2,62, IC% 1,20-5,72). No sexo feminino, identificaram-se associa??es entre a idade ap?s a primeira fase da puberdade com os padr?es indicadores antropom?tricos (OR=3,59, IC% 1,58-8,17) e do perfil lip?dico (OR=0,33, IC% 0,15-0,75). Conclus?es: O baixo HDL-c foi a mais prevalente dislipidemia independente do sexo e do estado nutricional dos adolescentes. A hipercolesterolemia teve influ?ncia da hist?ria familiar positiva de DCV e da matura??o sexual; por sua vez, a hipertrigliceridemia foi fortemente associada aos indicadores antropom?tricos. A vari?ncia interpessoal da dieta foi a maior para todos os nutrientes. Tal fato repercutiu em uma raz?o de vari?ncia menor que 1 e consequentemente em um menor n?mero de dias necess?rios para se estimar a dieta habitual dos adolescentes, considerando o sexo. Os dois padr?es diet?ticos extra?dos foram considerados n?o saud?veis e o padr?o estilo de vida como saud?vel. As associa??es encontradas foram entre os padr?es de xvii risco para DCV com a idade e a hist?ria familiar positiva de DCV nos adolescentes estudados