The aim of this study is to investigate how learning intentions are sheared and clarified during lessons, as a part of formative assessment. Studies have shown that the capability of formative assessment is an important part of teacher quality and that clarifying the intention with the lessons promotes the activity in the classroom. My study is going to focus on mathematic in a second grade class. The three questions that I am going to investigate are: How learning intentions and criteria for success are sheared and clarified in the instruction in mathematic? How do the pupils describe what the learning intentions in mathematic are? How do the pupils describe how they get to know the learning intentions in mathematic?   The method that I have used to investigate the first question is observation of eight lessons in mathematic, in two different mathematic groups. The second and third questions focus on the pupils and interviews with pupils are therefore used to investigate them.   Formative assessment and strategy one, clarifying and shearing learning intentions and criteria for success are used as a theoretical framework in the analyze of the results. The conclusions I have reached are that the mathematic book is a big prat of the lessons and both the teacher and the pupils make it seem like the main intention of the lessons. A summative test was done during the study and it indicated that high scores seem to be more in focus than the knowledge and understanding. Almost all the pupil that I interviewed describe their IUP-intentions (plan for individually developing) that they have been given in the beginning of the year. The pupils were not sure what the intentions meant and told me that they never used them after they get them, which they do in the Swedish education.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-25T12:40:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - K?nya Maria Vieira Lopes.pdf: 2607038 bytes, checksum: fe1d8123a1e9e069cf7faacf098d7b17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T12:40:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - K?nya Maria Vieira Lopes.pdf: 2607038 bytes, checksum: fe1d8123a1e9e069cf7faacf098d7b17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-14 / The present work originated by concerns arising from experience with pedagogical support in the course of the National Integration of Professional Education to Basic Education in the form of Youth and Adults (PROEJA) of the Federal Campus Araguatins Tocantins, between the years 2008/2009. We focus, among other situations, problems, issues related to assessment of learning. In the teaching-learning evaluation should establish itself as the top decision-making, not just as an end of the educational process. Due to the appearance of inclusion program for Youth and Adult Vocational Education in the form we ask: what are the evaluation procedures used in educational practice that institution? To answer this question we conducted a survey that aimed to analyze the teaching practices used in the evaluation of teaching and learning in the course of the Agribusiness Forum in PROEJA IFTO Araguatins through teaching verbal statement. The qualitative study included: theoretical concepts and procedures of evaluation, development and implementation of a semi-structured questionnaire from teachers the only of the Technical Course on the Agribusiness the campus Araguatins; Tech, study, production and dissemination of data regarding the results of the questionnaire. The corpus investigated is composed of 15 teachers who taught classes in the second half of 2009 in that class. The concepts assigned by teachers to evaluate term indicate that evaluation is a means to verify both the level of learning, skills and competences acquired, the successes and difficulties of the student, such as ensuring that the learning objectives were achieved, using if these results to improve teaching practices. We note the preference of teachers for the use of written evidence to the integrated formative and diagnostic assessment, that assessment tasks such as daily activity, oral examinations and seminars. Such instruments will be assertive in universities and colleges as they contribute effectively to diagnose difficulties advances of student learning and provide actions that contribute to improving the system of teaching and learning. It is noteworthy that this reflection can be enhanced and disseminated by educators within the Office and in other spheres of education / O presente trabalho surgiu mediante inquieta??es advindas da experi?ncia com o acompanhamento pedag?gico no curso do Programa Nacional de Integra??o da Educa??o Profissional ? Educa??o B?sica, na modalidade de Jovens e Adultos (PROEJA), do Instituto Federal do Tocantins Campus Araguatins, entre os anos de 2008 a 2009. Focalizamos, dentre outras situa??es-problemas, aspectos referentes ? avalia??o da aprendizagem. No ensinoaprendizagem a avalia??o deve constituir-se como o in?cio para tomada de decis?es, e n?o apenas como fim do processo pedag?gico. Frente ao surgimento de programa de inclus?o de Jovens e Adultos na modalidade de Educa??o Profissional indagamos: quais s?o os procedimentos avaliativos utilizados na pr?tica educativa dessa institui??o? Para responder tal questionamento realizamos uma pesquisa que objetivou analisar as pr?ticas pedag?gicas utilizadas na avalia??o do processo ensino/aprendizagem no curso T?cnico PROEJA em Agroind?stria do IFTO Araguatins, por meio de declara??o verbal docente. A pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa contemplou: estudos te?ricos dos procedimentos e concep??es avaliativos; elabora??o e aplica??o de um question?rio semi-estruturado junto aos docentes da ?nica turma do Curso T?cnico em Agroind?stria do Campus Araguatins; estudo, produ??o e divulga??o dos dados referentes aos resultados do question?rio. O corpus investigado ? composto de 15 docentes que ministraram aulas no segundo semestre de 2009 na referida turma. Os conceitos atribu?dos pelos docentes ao termo avaliar assinalam que a avalia??o ? um meio para verificar tanto o n?vel de aprendizagem, as habilidades e compet?ncias adquiridas, os sucessos e as dificuldades do estudante, como para verificar se os objetivos de aprendizagem foram atingidos, utilizando-se desses resultados para aprimorar as pr?ticas pedag?gicas. Constatamos a prefer?ncia dos docentes pelo uso da prova escrita, integrado-se ? fun??o formativa e diagn?stica da avalia??o e instrumentos avaliativos tais como: atividade di?ria, provas orais e semin?rios. Tais instrumentos ter?o assertividade nas Institui??es de Ensino ? medida que contribu?rem para diagnosticar efetivamente dificuldades e avan?os do aprendizado do aluno e proporcione a??es que contribuam para a melhoria do sistema de ensino/aprendizagem. Cabe ressaltar que esta reflex?o poder? ser aprimorada e disseminada pelos educadores no ?mbito do Instituto e nas demais esferas educacionais.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-12-13T09:11:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vilma Claro dos Santos.pdf: 1261089 bytes, checksum: 5f0fece0d70f8f74deb419c5429a6afd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-13T09:11:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vilma Claro dos Santos.pdf: 1261089 bytes, checksum: 5f0fece0d70f8f74deb419c5429a6afd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-11-29 / This research deals with the Assessment of Learning in Process (ALP), that has a diagnostic nature. It is applied by the Education Department of the State of São Paulo to public school students. The purpose of this paper is to understand the objectives of the ALP and the factors that contribute or do not contribute to the use of its results by Portuguese and Mathematics teachers of the final years of elementary education. The research, that has a qualitative approach, is divided in two stages: analysis of official documents that guide the development process of the ALP and interviews with two teachers of Portuguese Language, two teachers of Mathematics and a coordinating teacher of a public state school located in Guarulhos. Documentary research was carried out within the scope of the Education Department of the State of São Paulo, the Teaching Department of Guarulhos – North, and the school unit, which is the locus of this investigation. The semi-structured interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data analysis and interpretation were based on two categories: ALP goals and uses of ALP results. Through the analysis of the collected data it was possible to infer some ALP weaknesses, for example, the non-participation of the actors of the school when ALP was implemented, the loss of the diagnostic nature of ALP, which walks beside the official curriculum, the short time for debates between coordinating teachers during the teacher‟s education, and the use of the results as grade by the teachers / O presente trabalho aborda a Avaliação da Aprendizagem em Processo (AAP), uma avaliação de caráter diagnóstico, aplicada pela Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo aos alunos da rede pública. A finalidade deste trabalho é compreender os objetivos da AAP e os fatores que contribuem ou não para o uso dos seus resultados pelos professores de Língua Portuguesa e Matemática dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa,divide-se em duas etapas: análise de documentos oficiais que orientam o processo de desenvolvimento da AAP e entrevistas com dois professores de Língua Portuguesa, dois professores de Matemática e um professor coordenador de uma escola estadual do município de Guarulhos. A pesquisa documental deu-se no âmbito da Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo, da Diretoria de Ensino Guarulhos Norte e da Unidade Escolar, lócus da pesquisa. As entrevistas semiestruturadas foram gravadas e transcritas. A análise e interpretação dos dados foram realizadas por meio de duas categorias: objetivos da AAP e usos dos resultados da AAP. Por meio da análise dos dados coletados foi possível inferir algumas fragilidades na AAP, entre as quais, a não participação dos atores da escola quando da sua implantação, a perda do caráter diagnóstico para servir de acompanhamento do currículo oficial, o pouco tempo para debates entre professores coordenadores durante as formações e o uso dos resultados como nota pelos docentes

Online learning, which began in the area of tertiary and adult learning and professional development, has been spreading rapidly as an alternative way for students to pursue learning in the K-12 sector. While adult learners may be expected to be more experienced students and cope with the variations in the implementation of online learning, younger K-12 students need a more structured approach to organize their online learning experiences. Formative assessment has been promoted as a means of enhancing all learning, including online learning. This study explored the use of the formative assessment process in the design and facilitation of an asynchronous discussion among high school students. The community of inquiry model provided a lens for the evaluation of the learners' experiences, and students' cognitive presence was assessed in this quasi experimental study. The study addressed whether implementation of an assessment for learning approach in the design and facilitation of an asynchronous discussion would result in significant differences in cognitive presence messages. Content analysis was used to classify discussants' statements according to levels of cognitive presence. Chi-squared analysis was performed to determine independence among levels of cognitive presence and assessment for learning. The findings indicated that there was a significant relationship between the incidence of different levels of cognitive presence statements and assessment for learning. The findings also suggested a way to empower K-12 online learners to play a more significant role in their learning and make their experiences more impactful. However, study with more diverse populations and incorporating measures of achievement is recommended.

The aim of this study was to analyze the assessment of the primary school, from the teacher’s perspective. There has been an ongoing discussion regarding assessment and about the purposes of assessment for a long time. But there is a paucity of research on what teachers believe about. This study examined primary teachers’ beliefs on major purposes of assessment. Assessment is the process of gathering and interpreting information about students’ learning. The main purpose of assessment is to stimulate and encourage students' cognitive and social development. There are several types of assessment but the most relevant for this study is: assessment of learning (summative assessment) and assessment for learning (formative assessment). Assessment of learning looks at a student’s performance or presentation on a specific task or at the end of a part of teaching and learning. Assessment for learning should be used as a regular part of teaching and learning. The information teachers’ gain from assessment activities should be used to shape the teachers future teaching and that assessment for learning should be an essential and integrated part of the teaching and learning process. The main intention with assessment is to allow for students to demonstrate what they know and can do. It is also important that students are involved in the assessment process This study is based on interviews and qualitative research studies. I interviewed four teachers from two different schools.

The purpose of the present study was to use an alternate psychoeducational assessment method to examine learning potential of Indian students in an academic domain, specifically Algebra. The study examined six Indian adolescents early in their Year Seven Mathematics. For the purpose of this study, the students were classified as achievers or non-achievers based on Canadian Test of Basic Skills (CTBS) grade equivalent scores, and Grade 7 Mathematics marks on the First Report Card.<p> A cross-case analysis of verbal and nonverbal protocol data gathered from the six Indian achieving and non-achieving Grade Seven students, and reduced through use of a technique developed by Giorgi, yielded information regarding the subjects' internalization processes of algebraic concepts. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development methodology, which was employed in the study, permitted the researcher to investigate processes used by the students during learning, maintenance, and near and far transfer tasks. While verbal and nonverbal communication styles appeared to distinguish achieving from non-achieving students, those same traits did not seem to affect efficiency in problem solving as observed during the present study. Other characteristics such as language usage, questioning techniques, and risk taking were the traits which most clearly affected the students' problem solving skills.<p> During the present study, formal metacognitive data proved hard to collect. This may be attributed to the reluctance of some students to participate in the questioning, and to the difficulty other students experienced In understanding the questions. All students had difficulty at some stage of the study in generating a rule to explain how they had solved the problems.<p> The results of the present study indicated that there were qualitative differences in problem solving between subjects. Those qualitative differences did not follow a pattern of achievement versus non-achievement as delineated by CTBS scores and classroom evaluation in Mathematics. Zone proximal development methodology provided a process assessment which uncovered learning potential profiles that were masked by static standardized tests.

The purpose of the present study was to use an alternate psychoeducational assessment method to examine learning potential of Indian students in an academic domain, specifically Algebra. The study examined six Indian adolescents early in their Year Seven Mathematics. For the purpose of this study, the students were classified as achievers or non-achievers based on Canadian Test of Basic Skills (CTBS) grade equivalent scores, and Grade 7 Mathematics marks on the First Report Card.<p> A cross-case analysis of verbal and nonverbal protocol data gathered from the six Indian achieving and non-achieving Grade Seven students, and reduced through use of a technique developed by Giorgi, yielded information regarding the subjects' internalization processes of algebraic concepts. Vygotsky's zone of proximal development methodology, which was employed in the study, permitted the researcher to investigate processes used by the students during learning, maintenance, and near and far transfer tasks. While verbal and nonverbal communication styles appeared to distinguish achieving from non-achieving students, those same traits did not seem to affect efficiency in problem solving as observed during the present study. Other characteristics such as language usage, questioning techniques, and risk taking were the traits which most clearly affected the students' problem solving skills.<p> During the present study, formal metacognitive data proved hard to collect. This may be attributed to the reluctance of some students to participate in the questioning, and to the difficulty other students experienced In understanding the questions. All students had difficulty at some stage of the study in generating a rule to explain how they had solved the problems.<p> The results of the present study indicated that there were qualitative differences in problem solving between subjects. Those qualitative differences did not follow a pattern of achievement versus non-achievement as delineated by CTBS scores and classroom evaluation in Mathematics. Zone proximal development methodology provided a process assessment which uncovered learning potential profiles that were masked by static standardized tests.

In distance education, lack of face-to-face communication prevents instructors from observing students&rsquo / activities efficiently, especially in crowded sessions, and consequently they fail to effectively assess the performance of distant learners. On the other hand, in spite of being physically distant, instructor should monitor students&rsquo / activities and assess their performance effectively so that learners can be informed as quickly as possible of how well they are doing. This thesis aims to develop an e-learning tool for distance education that integrates asynchronous and synchronous learning environments to offer an enriched e-learning platform. The tool enables instructor to keep track of students&rsquo / activities, assesses learners&rsquo / participation during online synchronous sessions dynamically, and provides asynchronous access to assessment data after the lectures. In this way, it is aimed to monitor performance of distant learners by the instructor more efficiently.

Das Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, zur Erforschung von Instruktion beizutragen, welche effektiv das Lernen von Schülerinnen und Schülern unterstützt. Derartige Instruktion leistet ihren Beitrag zu guter Bildung. Da Instruktion verändert werden kann, um Bildung zu verbessern, ist sie als Variable von großem Interesse. Um Instruktion im Sinne guter Bildung verändern zu können, ist es notwendig zu wissen, welche Instruktionsformen effektiv darin sind, das Lernen zu unterstützen. Weiterhin ist es notwendig zu wissen, welche Mechanismen diesen Instruktionsformen zugrunde liegen. Eine bedeutende Form effektiver Instruktion ist das Eins-zu-Eins-Tutoring. Mechanismen, die für die Effektivität des Tutorings als zentral gelten, sind dabei die Diagnosen und die Diagnosegenauigkeit von Tutorinnen und Tutoren. Diese Mechanismen sind bisher jedoch nicht intensiv untersucht worden. Aus diesem Grund werden in der Dissertation die Diagnosen und die Diagnosegenauigkeit von Tutorinnen und Tutoren näher betrachtet. Im Speziellen werden zwei Arten von Diagnosen untersucht. Dies sind erstens Diagnosen, die Tutorinnen und Tutoren fortlaufend während einer Tutoringsitzung durchführen (d. h. formative Diagnosen). Zweitens werden Diagnosen analysiert, die Tutorinnen und Tutoren nach dem Ende einer Tutoringsitzung erstellen (d. h. summative Diagnosen). Im Zusammenhang mit dieser Dissertation wurden zwei empirische Studien durchgeführt. In beiden Studien wurden Tutandinnen und Tutanden im Schulalter von Tutorinnen und Tutoren unterrichtet, die über mehr Wissen verfügten, als ihre Lernenden. Es wurde angenommen, dass Tutorinnen und Tutoren mit Lehrerfahrung besser darin sind das Verständnis von Tutandinnen und Tutanden zu diagnostizieren als Tutorinnen und Tutoren ohne Lehrerfahrung. In der ersten Studie wurde der Einfluss von Lehrerfahrung auf die Diagnosen von Tutorinnen und Tutoren empirisch überprüft. Zu diesem Zweck wurden die Diagnosegenauigkeit von Tutorinnen und Tutoren mit Lehrerfahrung (d. h. Lehrkräfte) und die Diagnosegenauigkeit von Tutorinnen und Tutoren ohne Lehrerfahrung (d. h. Studierende) untersucht und miteinander verglichen. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde auch die Beziehung zwischen den formativen Diagnosen einer Tutorin oder eines Tutors und den summativen Diagnosen einer Tutorin oder eines Tutors analysiert. Weiterhin wurde der Nutzen der formativen Diagnosen einer Tutorin oder eines Tutors für das Lernen der Tutandin bzw. des Tutanden erforscht (siehe Kapitel 1, Artikel 1 und 2). In der zweiten Studie wurde experimentell geprüft, ob die Diagnosen von Studierenden als Tutorinnen und Tutoren durch ein kurzes Training verbessert werden können. Das Training zielte dabei auf die Förderung eines interaktiven Tutoringstils. Die Idee für das Design des Trainings beruhte darauf, dass Tutandinnen und Tutanden wahrscheinlicher ihr eigenes Verständnis äußern, wenn Tutorinnen und Tutoren einen interaktiven Tutoringstil realisieren. Basierend auf den zusätzlichen Informationen über das Verständnis ihrer Tutandin bzw. ihres Tutanden sollten Tutorinnen und Tutoren mit einem interaktiven Tutoringstil besser in der Lage sein, summativ das Verständnis der Tutandin bzw. des Tutanden zu diagnostizieren als Tutorinnen und Tutoren mit einem weniger interaktiven Tutoringstil (siehe Kapitel 2, Artikel 3). Wie die erste Studie (vgl. Kapitel 1) belegt, diagnostizieren Tutorinnen und Tutoren im Durchschnitt das Verständnis ihrer Tutandin oder ihres Tutanden bestenfalls mäßig genau. Allerdings waren Lehrkräfte genauer darin, summativ das Verständnis ihrer Tutandin bzw. ihres Tutanden zu diagnostizieren als Studierende (vgl. Artikel 1). Darüber hinaus zeigte die erste Studie, dass alle Tutorinnen und Tutoren interaktive Instruktionsstrategien einsetzten, um formativ das Verständnis ihrer Tutandin bzw. ihres Tutanden zu diagnostizieren. Mehr formative Diagnosen führten in diesem Zusammenhang zu mehr Lernen. In vergleichbarer Weise zogen mehr formative Diagnosen auch genauere summative Verständnisdiagnosen nach sich. Auch in Bezug auf die formativen Diagnosen unterschieden sich Lehrkräfte von Studierenden. Konkret heißt dies, dass Lehrkräfte häufiger Instruktionsstrategien zum formativen Diagnostizieren des Verständnisses ihrer Tudandin bzw. ihres Tutanden einsetzten als Studierende. Dieser Unterschied im Ausmaß formativer Diagnosen bedingte auch den Unterschied zwischen Lehrkräften und Studierenden bezüglich der summativen Diagnosegenauigkeit (vgl. Artikel 2). Die Ergebnisse der ersten Studie weisen darauf hin, dass Tutorinnen und Tutoren im Allgemeinen nicht sehr gut darin sind, summativ das Verständnis von Tutandinnen und Tutanden zu diagnostizieren. Dessen ungeachtet diagnostizieren Tutorinnen und Tutoren formativ das Verständnis einer Tutandin bzw. eines Tutanden zumindest in gewissem Maß. Da zudem mehr formative Diagnosen zu mehr Lernen führen, kann angenommen werden, dass diese formativen Diagnosen tatsächlich zu den Mechanismen zählen, die Tutoring effektiv machen. Tutoring könnte somit noch effektiver werden, wenn man das formative Diagnostizieren förderte. Da außerdem beobachtet wurde, dass formative Diagnosen bessere summativen Diagnosen nach sich zogen, kann weiterhin angenommen werden, dass verbessertes formatives Diagnostizieren genauere summative Diagnosen mit sich brächte. Schließlich war auch Lehrerfahrung relevant für bessere Diagnosen. Im Speziellen verwendeten Lehrkräfte häufiger Strategien formativer Diagnose als Studierende. Dieser Unterschied erklärte auch, warum Lehrkräfte genauer summativ diagnostizierten als Studierende. Offensichtlich kann somit ein intensiverer Gebrauch von Strategien zur formativen Verständisdiagnose als beobachtbarer Indikator für Lehrerfahrung angesehen werden. Tutorinnen und Tutoren waren durchaus in der Lage, einen interaktiven Tutoringstil zu realisieren, wenn sie darin trainiert wurden, die interaktiven Instruktionsstrategien formativen Diagnostizierens zu verwenden, die in der ersten Studie beobachtet worden waren. Dies wurde in der zweiten Studie festgestellt (vgl. Kapitel 2). Allerdings wurden dadurch die summativen Diagnosen der trainierten Tutorinnen und Tutoren nicht genauer als die summativen Diagnosen der untrainierten Tutorinnen und Tutoren. Stattdessen waren die trainierten Tutorinnen und Tutoren weniger genau darin als die untrainierten, summativ das Verständnis ihrer Tutandin bzw. ihres Tutanden zu diagnostizieren. Dieses unerwartete Ergebnis wurde dadurch erklärt, dass die trainierten Tutorinnen und Tutoren stärker als die untrainierten einen interaktiven Tutoringstil realisierten. Die Ergebnisse der zweiten Studie werden in Bezug auf mögliche Unzulänglichkeiten in der kognitiven Informationsverarbeitung auf Seiten der Tutorinnen und Tutoren interpretiert. Diese Unzulänglichkeiten hängen möglicherweise damit zusammen, dass die Tutorinnen und Tutoren in dieser Studie keine Lehrerfahrung besaßen. Die gerade gelernten Strategien umzusetzen mag daher die kognitive Kapazität der Tutoren stark beansprucht haben. Obwohl die trainierten Tutorinnen und Tutoren mehr Informationen von ihrer Tutandin bzw. ihrem Tutanden gewannen, waren sie in der Folge möglicherweise nicht in der Lage, diese Informationen angemessen zu verarbeiten. Auf diese Weise kann erklärt werden, warum ein interaktiverer Tutoringstil nicht zu genaueren summativen Diagnosen führte. Eine Konsequenz, die aus dieser Interpretation gezogen werden kann, wäre es, das Design des Trainings abzuwandeln. Genauer gesagt, könnten die Tutorinnen und Tutoren die von ihrer Tutandin bzw. ihrem Tutanden gewonnenen Informationen möglicherweise besser verarbeiten, wenn sie die Strategien formativen Diagnostizierens intensiver während der Trainingsphase übten. Zusätzlich könnte das Design der Studie verändert werden, die durchgeführt worden war, um die Trainingseffekte zu analysieren. Spezifischer, würde die Informationsverarbeitung der Tutorinnen und Tutoren möglicherweise auch verbessert, wenn die summative Diagnose später erfolgte und wenn die Tutorinnen und Tutoren so die Gelegenheit erhielten, die Strategien formativen Diagnostizierens während mehrerer realer Tutoringsitzungen zu üben. Im Ergebnis überträfen die trainierten Tutorinnen und Tutoren die untrainierten eventuell tatsächlich darin, das Verständnis ihrer Tutandin bzw. ihres Tutanden summativ genau zu diagnostizieren. Durch die Analyse der Diagnosen von Tutorinnen und Tutoren trägt diese Dissertation dazu bei, die dem Tutoring zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen zu verstehen. Die Ergebnisse der Dissertation können weiterhin dazu dienen, Tutoring noch effektiver zu machen. Die Dissertation bietet somit einen wesentlichen Einblick in das Feld effektiver Instruktion.

It has been shown in various research contexts that action programs do not always work as they should, even though there are clear guidelines on how the action programs should be designed and used. The aim of this study is to illustrate which processes that occur before an action program as well as how these processes lead to action that will give the student the support he or she needs. Through qualitative interviews with eight teachers, I have tried to answer the questions that I created. I have tried to answer my research questions that I have made based on the purpose. The questions are; What type of inquiry will be done if a student risk to not reach the knowledge goals? How will the inquiry support the action program? In what way does the action program support pupils in special needs? The result of my survey show that the survey being done for an action program is very individual-focused and that the mapping rarely shows on the teachers role or school environment to students who fall into special needs. It also shows that teachers find it difficult to identify the students who have general learning difficulties. It also emerged that there are teachers who do not believe that the action program helps students in need of special support, that educators believe that it depends on many different factors if the action program becomes to support the students or not. One factor are including the teachers themselves. Conclusions to be drawn from the survey is such that it is the pedagogue attitude toward the action program that governs whether it helps the student in need of special assistance or not. A further conclusion is that the action programs structure are similar to the formative assessment within the assessment theory, assessment for learning. / Det har i olika forskningssammanhang framkommit att åtgärdsprogrammen inte alltid fungerar som de ska, trots att det finns tydliga direktiv om hur åtgärdsprogrammen ska utformas och användas. Syftet med detta examensarbete var att belysa vilka processer som sker innan ett åtgärdsprogram upprättas samt på vilket sätt dessa processer leder till det åtgärdsprogram som ska ge eleven det stöd som han eller hon behöver. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer med åtta pedagoger har jag försökt besvara de frågeställningar som jag utifrån detta syfte utformat. De frågeställningar jag utgått ifrån var: Vilken typ av utredning, kartläggning sker om en elev riskerar att inte uppnå kunskapsmålen? Påverkas utformandet av åtgärdsprogrammet utifrån den utredning, kartläggning som gjorts? På vilket sätt stödjer åtgärdsprogrammet eleven som är i behov av särskilt stöd? Resultatet av min undersökning visade att den kartläggning som görs inför ett åtgärdsprogram är väldigt individfokuserad och att kartläggningen sällan visar på lärarens roll eller skolmiljöns betydelse för eleven som hamnar i behov av särskilt stöd. Det visar även att pedagogerna upplever svårigheter att kartlägga de elever som har generella inlärningssvårigheter. Det visade även att det finns pedagoger som inte anser att åtgärdsprogrammet hjälper elever i behov av särskilt stöd, att pedagogerna anser att det beror på många olika faktorer om åtgärdsprogrammet blir till något stöd för eleverna som är i behov av stöd eller inte, däribland pedagogerna själva. Slutsatser som kan dras av undersökningen är till exempel att det är pedagogens inställning till åtgärdsprogrammet som styr om det hjälper eleven som är i behov av särskilt stöd eller inte. En ytterligare slutsats var att åtgärdsprogrammens uppbyggnad liknar den formativa bedömningen inom assessment teorin, bedömning för lärande.