A New Ionospheric Model (ANIMo) based upon the physics of production, loss, and vertical transport has been developed. The model is driven by estimates of neutral composition, temperature and solar flux and is applicable to the mid-latitude regions of the Earth under quiet and moderate geomagnetic conditions. This model was designed to exhibit specific features that were not easy to find all together in other existing ionospheric models. ANIMo needed to be simple to use and interact with, relatively accurate, reliable, robust and computationally efficient. The definition of these characteristics was mostly driven by the intention to use ANIMo in a Data Assimilation (DA) scheme. DA or data ingestion can be described as a technique where observations and model realizations, called background information, are combined together to achieve a level of accuracy that is higher than the accuracy of the two elements taken separately. In this project ANIMo was developed to provide a robust and reliable background contribution. The observations are given by the Global Positioning System (GPS) ionospheric measurements, collected from several networks of GPS ground-station receivers and are available on on-line repositories. The research benefits from the Multi-Instrument Data Analysis System (MIDAS) [Mitchell and Spencer, 2003; Spencer and Mitchell, 2007], which is an established ionospheric tomography software package that produces three dimensional reconstructions of the ionosphere starting from GPS measurements. Utilizing ANIMo in support of MIDAS has therefore the potential to generate a very stable set-up for monitoring and study the ionosphere. In particular, the model is expected to compensate some of the typical limitations of ionospheric tomography techniques described by Yeh and Raymund [1991] and Raymund et al. [1994]. These are associated with the lack of data due to the uneven distribution of ground-based receivers and limitations to viewing angles. Even in regions of good receiver coverage there is a need to compensate for information on the vertical profile of ionisation. MIDAS and other tomography techniques introduce regularization factors that can assure the achievement of a unique solution in the inversion operation. These issues could be solved by aiding the operation with external information provided by a physical model, like ANIMo, through a data ingestion scheme; this ensures that the contribution is completely independent and there is an effective accuracy improvement. Previously, the limitation in vertical resolution has been solved by applying vertical orthonormal functions based upon empirical models in different ways [Fougere, 1995; Fremouw et al., 1992; Sutton and Na, 1994]. The potential for the application of a physical model, such ANIMo is that it can provide this information according to the current ionospheric conditions. During the project period ANIMo has been developed and incorporated with MIDAS. The result is A New Ionospheric Data Assimilation System (ANIDAS); its name suggests that the system is the implementation of ANIMo in MIDAS. Because ANIDAS is a data ingestion scheme, it has the potential to be used to perform not only more accurate now-casting but also forecasting. The outcomes of ANIDAS at the current time can be used to initialise ANIMo for the next time step and therefore trigger another assimilation turn. In future, it is intended that ANIMo will form the basis to a new system to predict the electron density of the ionosphere – ionospheric forecasting.

Land-surface models (LSMs) are crucial components of the Earth system models (ESMs) that are used to make coupled climate-carbon cycle projections for the 21st century. The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) is the land-surface model used in the climate and weather forecast models of the UK Met Office. JULES is also extensively used offline as a land-surface impacts tool, forced with climatologies into the future. In this study, JULES is automatically differentiated with respect to JULES parameters using commercial software from FastOpt, resulting in an analytical gradient, or adjoint, of the model. Using this adjoint, the adJULES parameter estimation system has been developed to search for locally optimum parameters by calibrating against observations. This thesis describes adJULES in a data assimilation framework and demonstrates its ability to improve the model-data fit using eddy-covariance measurements of gross primary productivity (GPP) and latent heat (LE) fluxes. The adJULES system is extended to have the ability to calibrate over multiple sites simultaneously. This feature is used to define new optimised parameter values for the five plant functional types (PFTs) in JULES. The optimised PFT-specific parameters improve the performance of JULES at over 85% of the sites used in the study, at both the calibration and evaluation stages. The new improved parameters for JULES are presented along with the associated uncertainties for each parameter. The results of the calibrations are compared to structural changes and used in a cluster analysis in order to challenge the PFT definitions in JULES. This thesis concludes with simple sensitivity studies which assess how the calibration of JULES has affected the sensitivity of the model to CO2-induced climate change.

A presente tese define-se como uma reflexão acerca das políticas de identidade promovidas pelo estado colonial português e pela Frente de Libertação de Moçambique, com ênfase nos cem anos que antecederam a independência, proclamada em junho de 1975. Procurando uma perspectiva multidisciplinar, a análise é orientada por conceitos que procuram destacar fatores determinantes da concepção de dualismo inerente à situação colonial. A abordagem das várias estratégias culturais a que recorreu a metrópole para sustentar sua \"vocação\" imperial constitui um dado significativo do trabalho que procurou compreender algumas particularidades do projeto lusitano, com a preocupação de enquadrá-lo num processo mais amplo que não poderia desconsiderar os passos da História no ocidente. Partindo do estudo das duas concepções de assimilação e sua continuidade no luso-tropicalismo (e sua instrumentalização pelo Estado Novo português), a análise focaliza a gênese do nacionalismo e a nova dinâmica que a tática de guerrilha, implementada pela luta de libertação nacional, introduz no território de Moçambique. No que se refere à política de identidade nacional proposta pela FRELIMO, foi privilegiada pela pesquisa a dialética que ela estabelece com as sociedades tradicionais. / The present thesis deals with the identity policies promoted by the Portuguese colonial State and the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), with emphasis on the last hundred years before independence, proclaimed in June 1975. Aiming at a multidisciplinary approach, the analysis is oriented by concepts that put in evidence determinant factors of the dualistic nature of colonial situation. The approach to the various cultural strategies used by Portugal to support its imperial \"vocation\" represents a significative part of this study. It tries to understand some details of the Portuguese project, by framing it within a wider perspective that could not neglect Western History. Starting from the study of the two conceptions of assimilation and its luso-tropicalistic development (the use of the theory carried out by the Portuguese \"New State\" regime) the analysis focus on the origins of nationalism as well as on the new dynamics introduced in the territory by the guerrilla tactics used during national liberation struggle. Concerning FRELIMO\'s national identity policy, this research privileges the dialectics it establishes with traditional societies of Mozambique.

Scholars have studied and debated the causes and dynamics of assimilation for decades. Still, existing work has yet to explain how we get from encounter, interaction and taking assimilative “steps” toward the other to judging the other as “socially similar.” I introduce two innovations in approach to address this issue. First, I borrow from theories of collective action, narrative networks, uncoupling and “wrong” tales to ask how societies and their memories are simultaneously re-made. Second, I shift the focus to established residents, who are generally conspicuous outsiders to explanations of the multilateral process of social assimilation in migrant-receiving communities. I conducted a case study of Hicksville, a suburban Long Island hamlet and migration gateway; immersed myself in 150+ years of village history through the study of archival documents and oral histories; and chose three empirical puzzles for in-depth analysis. The first empirical chapter theorizes the long-term consequences of the state appropriation and demolition of the west side of Hicksville’s historical Broadway for a road widening project in the late 1960s. The second investigates the relegation of turn-of-the-century ethnic settlements to the sidelines of shared memory. The third explains the mis-remembering of civil rights era “race riots” outside a local real estate office. I argue that unsettlement of existing relational matrices produces action, silence and storytelling; that silences create the narrative space for stories to uncouple from narratives and narratives from networks; and that within these spaces, ‘wrong” tales, narrative anchor stitching, narrative infilling, and other creative forms of historytellling emerge. As memories, narratives and social relations shift, a village society gets re-member-ed. In conclusion, I illuminate a novel pathway for studying the achievement of social similarity as a multilateral narrative process by closely examining the dynamics of silence and storytelling in one migrant-receiving village.

The main objective of this thesis is to investigate acoustic cues for the voicing contrast in stops in Russian for effects of speaking rate and phonetic environment. Although the laryngeal contrast in Russian is assumed to be a [voice] contrast, very few experimental studies have looked at the acoustic properties of Russian voiced and voiceless stops. Most claims about acoustic properties of stops and phonological processes that affect them (voice assimilation and final devoicing) have been made based on impressionistic transcriptions. The present study provides evidence that (1) voicing in voiced stops is affected by speaking rate manipulation, (2) stops in Russian retain underlying voicing contrast in presonorant position and voice assimilation occurs only in obstruent clusters, and (3) phonological processes of voice assimilation and final devoicing do not result in complete neutralization. The target of the investigation is voiced and voiceless intervocalic stops, stops in clusters, and final stops in different prosodic positions within a word and at the phrase level. The acoustic cues to voicing (duration of voicing, stop closure duration, vowel duration, f0, and F1) were measured from the production data of 14 monolingual speakers of Russian recorded in Russia. Speakers produced words and phrases with target stops in three speaking rate conditions: list reading, slow rate and fast rate. The data were analyzed in 5 blocks focusing on (1) word-internal stops, (2) voice assimilation in stops in prepositions, (3) cases of so-called "sonorant transparency", (4) voice assimilation in stops before /v/, and (5) voicing processes across a word boundary. The results of the study present a challenge to the widely-held assumption that phonological processes precede phonetic processes at the phonology-phonetics interface. It is shown that the underlying contrast leaves traces on assimilated and devoiced stops. To account for the findings, a phonology-phonetics interface that allows interaction between the modules is required. In addition, the results show that temporal cues are affected by speaking rate manipulation, but the effect of rate on voicing is found only in voiced stops. Duration of voicing and VOT in voiceless stops are not affected by speaking rate. The results also show that no effect of C2 is obtained on voicing in C1 stops in in obstruent-sonorant-obstruent clusters, thus no "phonological sonorant transparency to voice assimilation" is found in Russian. Rather, the study provides evidence that there is variation in production of voicing in stops in prepositions, and that voice assimilation in stops before /v/ followed by a voiced obstruent is optional for some speakers.

In 2016, University X was awarded a grant to pilot Project Rebound. Project Rebound assist people who are formerly incarcerated navigate the admissions process and graduate from University X with bachelors or master’s degrees. The purpose of this research is to investigate the difficulty that the formerly incarcerated face when assimilating into a new environment far removed from the confines of prison. The current study will answer the questions: what does an effective reentry program look like at University X, and what interventions are most correlated with success? University X’s Project Rebound uses risk assessment instruments and focuses on behavioral outcomes. Using self-administered anonymous surveys, we will identify which interventions or programs are needed to develop a successful college reentry program for formerly incarcerated individuals. Our students require multiple services, which suggests a need for collaboration across other campus programs and county agencies.

There are currently no research studies that investigate the relationship between acculturation and leadership values and practices among the Indigenous Tribes on the Northern Plains of the United States. The study was initiated because Native American Elders on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation were concerned that traditional altruistic leadership style was being lost in today's Native American leadership practice. Accordingly, acculturation and servant leadership theories were used to guide the study. A sequential explanatory mixed methods design incorporated the use of quantitative data based on the Servant Leadership Profile (SLP) and the Native American Acculturation Scale. (NAAS). The study included 51 Oglala Sioux tribal leaders, program directors, elected officials and traditional headsmen. The NAAS measured the respondent's orientation towards Native American versus dominant cultural values. The SLP measured the orientation towards the practice of servant leadership. The qualitative component involved interviews with 6 tribal leaders, 2 from each level of acculturation, to increase the understanding of the relationship between cultural orientation and leadership. The levels of acculturation were low, traditional (17.6%), moderate, bicultural (68.6%) and high, assimilated (13.7%). Qualitative themes revealed leadership values similar to servant leadership among all 6 respondents regardless of acculturation level. The bi-cultural participants identified in my study may create innovative ways of defining themselves and society itself for purposes of social change bridging the gap between divisions of traditional and assimilated individuals.

The rates of algal production and Sphaerotilus assimilation in the lower Logan River benthos were investigated in 1966 and 1967 . The rate of annual gross primary production (3,416 Kcal/m2/yr) was estimated from the relation of pigments to the photosynthetic rate of benthic communities in a submersible, metabolism chamber. The photosybthetic rate was predicted with high precision when a measure of the accessory pigments (D480/D665 and/or chlorophyll-c ) was considered with the chlorophyll-a . The pigment density estimates were obtained from the community present on paraffin-coated, concrete hemispheres after immersion in the river for periods ranging from 11 to 20 weeks. The daily rate of energy utilization by Sphaerotilus (1.3 c a l/m2/day) was estimated from the observed generation time of this bacterium on glass slides suspended in the river at various locations and metabolic coefficients obtained from other sources. The magnitude of microbial activity in the river water Has estimated to be 448 cal/m2/day. The accumulation rate of Sphaerotilus biomas s on glass slides was 0.3 mg? (net weight)/m-/48 hours , and could be predicted from the temperature, nitrate (plus nitrate) content , and the dissolved organic carbon content of the river water. The generation time of Sphaerotilus (average was 20 hours) could be predicted f rom temperature, nitrate (plus nitrite) content, and velocity of t he water. The daily P/B coefficient for this bacterium was 1.20.

Does the parental involvement of interracial families have different effects on children's academic achievement compared to same-race families? This study compares parental involvement in children's education and the academic outcomes of White-Asian families and White and Asian families. Five dimensions of parental involvement are examined: educational expectations, school involvement, home involvement, parental control and parental social networks. Based on data from The Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, generalized estimating equations (GEEs) are used to analyze the variability of academic achievement produced by the interaction of involvement dimensions and family types. Asian mother-White father families rank the highest in most forms of involvement. They are most active in school and most frequent in interacting with their child at home, and they also show the highest level of contacts with parents of their child's friends. However, only home-based involvement is a stronger predictor of reading scores compared to White parents families. Asian parents generally expect their child to go much further in school and tend to express higher levels of parental control. But it is home involvement that has a stronger effect on reading achievement while school involvement is a stronger predictor of math achievement. Although White parents have the lowest educational expectations for their children, their expectations and school involvement tend to have stronger effects on children's reading achievement. What improves educational attainment for children from White mother-Asian father families is not significantly different from other families.

A sequential dependency occurs when the response on the current trial is correlated with responses made on prior trials. Sequential dependencies have been observed in a variety of both perception and memory tasks. Thus, sequential dependencies provide a platform for relating these two cognitive processes. However, there are many issues associated with measuring sequential dependencies and therefore it is necessary to develop measurement models that directly address them. Here, several measurement models of sequential dependencies for both binary and multi-interval response tasks are described. The efficacy of the models is verified by applying them to simulated data sets with known properties. Lastly, the models are then applied to real-world data sets which test the critical assumption that the underlying processes of sequential dependencies are modulated by attention. The models reveal increased vigilance during testing decreases the degree of sequential dependencies.