The eighteenth century witnessed the proliferation of voluntary associations throughout the British-Atlantic world. These voluntary associations consisted of groups of men with common interests, backgrounds, or beliefs that were willing to pool their resources in order to achieve a common goal. Enlightenment Scotland was home to large numbers of clubs ranging from small social clubs to large national institutions. The records of these societies suggest that most, if not all, of the men who formed them believed that defining and performing Scottish identity was important to preserving the social and cultural traditions of Scottishness in the absence of state institutions. These patriotic associations followed Scots across the Atlantic and provided the model for similar clubs in the American colonies. This thesis examines the construction and performance of Scottish identity by Scottish clubs in Scotland and America from c.1750-1832. It, in contrast to the existing historiography of Scottish identity, asserts that associations were vehicles through which Scottish identity was constructed, expressed, and performed on both sides of the Atlantic. It demonstrates that clubs provided Scots with the tools to manufacture identities that were malleable enough to adapt within a wide variety of political and cultural environments. This was particularly important in a period that witnessed major political disruption in the shape of the American and French Revolutions. By directly comparing Scottish societies in both Scotland and America, the thesis also reassesses and revises common attitudes about the relationship between Scottish identities at home and in the wider diaspora. Often seen as distinct entities, this thesis emphasises the similarities in the construction of Scottish identity, even in divergent national contexts. Drawing on a variety of sources ranging from rulebooks, minute books, and published transactions to memoirs, newspaper articles, letters, and even material goods, this thesis reveals that the Scottish identity constructed and performed by associations in America was no less ‘Scottish’ than that formulated in Scotland, indeed it paralleled and built upon the practices and attitudes developed in the home country. It rested on the same foundation, yet followed a different political trajectory as a result of the differing environment in which it was expressed and the different communities of Scots that expressed it. Indeed, the comparison between Scottish clubs in Scotland and America demonstrates that modern Scottish identity is the creation of a diasporic, transnational Scottish experience.

In late-eighteenth-century Dublin, options were limited for an expanding reading public who wished to consult quality printed works. During this period of the Anglican Ascendancy, membership to institutional libraries or participation in associational activities was largely limited to elites and those from the Established Church. The Dublin Library Society provided a public reference library service without restrictions of confession, connection, elections, or status—with admission based only on ability to pay the initial two-guinea charge (and one thereafter). Using hitherto neglected primary sources, particularly contemporary newspapers, this thesis will examine the origins of the Dublin Library, public reaction towards it, and its position promoting cultural patriotism and inclusivity in public library service provision in late-eighteenth-century Dublin. Also, a detailed prosopographical analysis of the library’s founding subscribers, specifically for their occupational backgrounds and associational activities, will show that the library represented a cross-section of Dublin’s reading public and help identify the social and cultural milieu in the capital. Through a combination of historical and prosopographical research on the library and its members, this study aims to contribute to both library history and the wider fields of social, cultural, and urban history of Dublin. The library was founded amidst a backdrop of Irish patriotism evidenced by the achievement of legislative independence from Britain. Dubliners expressed their patriotism through participation in clubs and societies that promoted Irish cultural, commercial, political, and social improvement and self-sufficiency. Further Enlightenment ideals of toleration and intellectual cultivation were embodied in these associations. By the end of this examination, the Dublin Library Society will be regarded not only as significant in the expansion of Dublin’s literary public sphere, but also a noteworthy location of the Irish Enlightenment in the capital.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19536号 / 理博第4196号 / 新制||理||1602(附属図書館) / 32572 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 工藤 洋, 教授 田村 実, 教授 石田 厚 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Les relations entre plantes et herbivores occupent une part importante des travaux concernant le rôle de la biodiversité dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. Les effets de la diversité des plantes sur les herbivores et la phytophagie se répartissent le long d’un continuum entre résistance et susceptibilité par association, ces deux concepts décrivant respectivement la réduction ou au contraire l’augmentation des dégâts causés par les herbivores avec la diversité des plantes dans les communautés végétales. Si de nombreux travaux menés dans différents écosystèmes suggèrent que la résistance par association est plus fréquente que la susceptibilité par association, les mécanismes sous jacents restent discutés et semblent dépendre de la plus ou moins grande spécialisation des herbivores et de l’identité des espèces végétales associées. En particulier deux questions se posent : (1) quel est l’effet de la diversité des plantes sur la diversité des insectes, et principalement sur les insectes herbivores ? (2) Quelle composante de la diversité des plantes explique le mieux la résistance et la susceptibilité par association ? La méta-analyse présentée dans cette thèse montre que la diversité des animaux augmente avec la diversité des plantes, quels que soient les écosystèmes et les taxons considérés. Dans le cas des Arthropodes, la richesse spécifique des herbivores est mieux corrélée à la richesse spécifique des plantes que celle des prédateurs. De plus, la diversité des herbivores augmente plus rapidement que la diversité des prédateurs avec la diversité des plantes. Ces observations soulèvent un paradoxe : si la diversité des herbivores augmente avec celle des plantes, comment expliquer les nombreux cas où la phytophagie diminue (résistance par association) ? Cette question a fait l’objet d’une approche expérimentale centrée sur le chêne pédonculé et fondée sur la manipulation de la diversité spécifique et génétique des essences forestières. Il en ressort que ces deux niveaux de diversité ont des effets contrastés sur la phytophagie. Les dégâts causés par les insectes herbivores généralistes tendent à augmenter avec la diversité génétique chez leur hôte (susceptibilité par association), alors que les spécialistes ne répondent pas à la diversité génétique chez le chêne. Au contraire, la diversité spécifique est à l’origine d’une résistance par association pour les herbivores spécialistes mais elle est sans effet sur les généralistes. Un résultat original émerge des travaux présentés dans cette thèse : les effets de la diversité des plantes sur les insectes herbivores et leurs dégâts s’exprimeraient principalement à l’échelle locale – celle d’un arbre et de ses voisins immédiats – au travers de « l’apparence » des arbres, une variable conditionnée par leur taille et celle de leurs voisins. La prise en compte de la spécialisation des insectes herbivores et des différentes composantes de la diversité des arbres contribue donc à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans la résistance et la susceptibilité par association des forêts mélangées. / Functional and structural consequences of plant diversity on insect communities and herbivoryThe relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning remains a key issue in ecology. In particular it has been suggested that plant species diversity can trigger plant-insect interactions, ranging from associational resistance (higher herbivory in monocultures than in more diverse plant communities) to associational susceptibility (higher herbivory in plant mixtures). Although it is now widely acknowledged that associational resistance is more frequent than associational susceptibility, the underlying mechanisms are still debated and seem to depend on herbivore specialization and plant species identity. To contribute to this debate we addressed two questions: (1) What are the consequences of plant diversity for insect herbivore diversity? (2) Which component of plant diversity better accounts for herbivory? On the basis of a meta-analysis we show in this report that animal diversity significantly increase with increasing plant diversity, regardless of habitats or taxa. In arthropods, herbivores species richness increases more steeply with plant richness than predator richness. This result raises an apparent paradox: if herbivore diversity is positively correlated with plant diversity, why herbivory decreases with increasing plant diversity (associational resistance)? To solve this paradox we developed an experimental approach focused on pedunculate oak and based on the manipulation of tree genetic and species diversity. We showed that generalist and specialist herbivores respond differently to the two levels of tree diversity. Herbivory by generalist herbivores significantly increased with oak genetic diversity (i.e. associational susceptibility) while specialist herbivores did not respond to the genetic diversity of their host tree. Conversely, tree species diversity triggered associational resistance to specialist insect herbivores but had no effect on generalists.  The novelty of this works also lies in the identification of a new mechanism that may account for associational resistance in tree species mixtures: host apparency. More apparent oak trees – those that are taller than their neighbours – are more prone to insect damage. Increasing tree species diversity comes together with higher probability of associating faster growing species (such as pine or birch) than can hide neighbouring oaks, reducing their apparency and then their susceptibility. Our findings suggest that accounting for the diet breadth of insect herbivores and the different components of tree diversity can contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to associational resistance or susceptibility in mixed forests.

Les herbivores consomment les tissus végétaux et affectent la survie et la croissance des végétaux. Les ennemis naturels des herbivores peuvent réguler leurs populations et indirectement diminuer les dommages sur la végétation. Les relations entre plantes, herbivores et prédateurs sont liées aux caractéristiques intrinsèques des espèces végétales mais aussi influencées par la communauté végétale environnante. L'hypothèse de résistance par association stipule qu'une communauté végétale diversifiée entraîne une diminution des dégâts sur une plante cible par dilution, répulsion des herbivores et/ou favorisation des ennemis naturels. Inversement, les herbivores peuvent se concentrer sur la plante-cible dans une communauté végétale diversifiée (susceptibilité par association). L'objectif de cette thèse est d'évaluer 1) l'influence de la composition de la communauté végétale sur les herbivores et leurs dommages sur une plante-cible, 2) l'impact de la régulation des herbivores par les prédateurs et 3) les interactions entre herbivores, communauté végétale et prédateurs, et les conséquences pour les intensités d'herbivorie sur la plante-cible. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur les dommages causés par les insectes herbivores sur des plantules d'essences forestières feuillues (Betula pendula, Quercus robur et Q. ilex). La variété importante de communautés végétales, au niveau inter (essences dominantes) et intraparcellaire (présence, structure et composition), nous a permis de tester les effets du voisinage végétal sur les insectes herbivores et leurs dommages sur les plantules cibles. Les oiseaux insectivores sont les principaux prédateurs d'insectes et nous avons cherché à estimer les effets de leur exclusion sur les insectes et les conséquences pour les plantules, et ceci le long des gradients de composition du voisinage végétal. Enfin, le degré de spécialisation (spécialiste/généraliste) et le mode de vie (exo/endophyte) ont été caractérisés car ils conditionnent les réponses des insectes herbivores à la végétation voisine ainsi que la prédation avienne. Le voisinage végétal des plantules-cibles modifie la charge en herbivores et les dommages engendrés. Ces réponses sont liées à la spécialisation de l'insecte herbivore : la colonisation des plantules par les espèces spécialistes (mineuses de feuilles) est négativement affectée par la structure de la végétation locale (présence, recouvrement arbustif). Les dommages d'insectes généralistes augmentent avec la richesse spécifique des peuplements et dans les parcelles dominées par des espèces conspécifiques. Les abondances des insectes externes et leurs dommages sont régulés par les oiseaux insectivores mais cet effet indirect dépend de l'espèce de plantule-cible et de la composition de la communauté végétale. Les effets de cascade trophique sont les plus intenses dans les parcelles de pin maritime où les plantules constituent une ressource nouvelle pour les niveaux trophiques supérieurs. Plus localement, le voisinage végétal modifie la sensibilité des arthropodes à la prédation: les oiseaux insectivores bénéficient aux plantules lorsque les proies sont plus accessibles (végétation environnante supprimée).Pour conclure, une des principales richesses de ces résultats vient de la mise en évidence d'interactions très fortes existant entre les effets des oiseaux insectivores et la végétation environnante. Les effets indirects des prédateurs et directs de la végétation environnante sont très liés au degré de spécialisation des insectes phytophages et à leur mode de vie. / Herbivory is thought to depend on intrinsic plant resistance traits and negatively affect survival and growth of plants. Predators can depress herbivore populations and thereby indirectly limit the consumption of primary producers. The surrounding vegetation is also expected to modify the interactions between a focal plant, its herbivores and their natural enemies. The surrounding vegetation may disrupt the colonisation and the consumption of a focal plant by insect herbivores, providing associational resistance. Increasing diversity of neighbouring vegetation can decrease resource availability or enhance herbivores control by predators. By contrast, associational susceptibility may occur with higher levels of herbivory in a focal plant in more diverse plant communities. We tested 1) the effect of the neighbouring vegetation on the levels of herbivory on seedlings, 2) the indirect impact of predators on herbivores and subsequent herbivory, and 3) the interactions between surrounding vegetation, focal plants, herbivores and predators. We examined the damage caused by insect herbivores on three native broadleaved species. We then compared the importance of taxonomic similarity between seedlings and canopy tree species and the structure and composition of surrounding vegetation at both large- and small-scales. Birds are vertebrate predators likely to limit damage to plants and facilitate plant growth by consuming herbivorous insects. We estimated their effects by excluding them from focal plants, and compared their interactive effects with vegetation diversity or removal. The effects of surrounding vegetation and avian predation were also disentangled on concealed- vs. external-feeding guilds (predation sensitivity) and specialist- vs. generalist-insects.Surrounding vegetation of focal seedlings influences the abundance of insect herbivores and damage. Specialist insects (leaf miners) are affected by the understorey vegetation close to oak seedlings, decreasing with its presence or structural diversity. The damage caused by generalist insects depend on the large-scale composition of plant communities, and increase with tree species richness and cover or on conspecific forest habitats. Exclusion of insectivorous birds affects insect herbivory in a species-specific manner, and also greatly varies with forest habitats and presence of vegetation around focal plants. The indirect effect of bird predation on leaf damage is observed on seedlings beneath noncongeneric canopy trees. The removal of local surrounding vegetation affects the top-down effect of insectivorous birds on insect herbivores, according to their sensitivity to predation and the accessibility of preys. To conclude, our studies provide experimental evidences of interactive effects between bird predation and neighbouring vegetation on insect herbivores and levels of herbivory. These indirect effects are strongly related to the specialisation of herbivores and to their sensitivity to bird predation.

Partant de la multiplicité des conseils dispensés aux jeunes diplômés quant à la valorisation de leurs activités associatives, cette recherche interroge la place donnée à ce sujet dans le processus de recrutement et notamment les facteurs qui favorisent une prise en compte croissante des compétences qui y sont acquises. Elle s'appuie sur une enquête miroir quantitative (questionnaire en ligne) puis qualitative de 75 entretiens, auprès de jeunes diplômés de niveau Bac +5 et de recruteurs, managers, RH ou intermédiaires du recrutement. La recherche interroge l'image que les recruteurs ont de ces activités, notamment sur le potentiel de compensation des manques ressentis au travail qu'ils leur prêtent. Elle met l'accent sur les transformations à la fois des entreprises et du travail des cadres qui poussent certains recruteurs à considérer ces activités comme porteuses de compétence. Elle envisage également le candidat jeune diplômé comme un véritable acteur du recrutement, réflexif, stratège et capable de convaincre un recruteur de sa compétence. / Considering how much advice is given to young graduates regarding how they should leverage their associational activities, our research focuses on how these activities are mobilised during the recruitment procedure. It elaborates on the factors that foster the taking into account of the skills that are developed through these activities. It draws on a quantitative (CAWI) and qualitative survey (75 interviews) targeting both "Bac +5" graduates and recruiters (HR professionals, recruitment agencies and managers). The research investigate the recruiters' perception these activities, including the compensation mechanisms they see between them and the work situation. It emphasizes on the transformations of both companies and the executives' positions, that lead some recruiters to consider these activities as skill-providing. It views the young graduate as a genuine actor of the recruitment procedure: a reflexive strategist who is able to convince the recruiter of his or her skill set.

The major aim of this study is to evaluate the role of Turkish non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the consolidation of democracy in Turkey regarding the characteristics defined by the classical pluralist theories, starting with the ideas of Alexis de Tocqueville, and by contemporary pluralist approaches to civil society. To that end, characteristics of two examples, iHD and KiH-Y&Ccedil / V will be examined using three dimensions: effectiveness, enhancing solidarity and responsibility, and the dimension of inner democracy. As the methodology of the case study, in-depth interview techniques were adapted for capturing the qualities of the organizations in a detailed way. At that level, in-depth interviews from each organization were conducted with members having different positions. In addition to this, all written documents obtained from the organizations were scanned and the relevant ones have been examined for the sake of the study. Since the aim of the study is to understand what part Turkish NGOs play in the consolidation of democracy in Turkey considering the assumptions of classical and contemporary pluralist school in their analysis of voluntary associations and interest groups, this study espoused an associational concept of democracy as the method of work, which is a contemporary concept that underlines the democratic role of free and voluntary associations. In this context, this study tries to discuss the following questions: To what extent are Turkish NGOs independent from the state? To what extent can they have leverage on governmental policies? Do they mitigate conflict through overlapping interests? Do they enhance social trust, tolerance, compromise and a sense of solidarity in society and within their organization? To what extent are they democratic, pluralist and horizontally structured inside their organization and to what extent they are democratic regarding their decision making process? Are they open and inclusive enough in their membership recruitment techniques?

Submitted by ANA KARLA PEREIRA RODRIGUES (anakarla_@hotmail.com) on 2017-09-13T13:44:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2306772 bytes, checksum: 7de98a9e51516a9c44f57def3e8e9114 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-13T13:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2306772 bytes, checksum: 7de98a9e51516a9c44f57def3e8e9114 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study seeks to analyze the workers' associations in the Parahyba do Norte in the period between 1881 and 1930. These workers who lived through in the period the end of the 19th century and the first decades of the 20th century in the capital of Parahyba organized politically through mutual aid associations. From this analysis we seek to understand how the working class developed its class identity through relationships, through the associative culture present in the formation of this process. For this, in the introduction, we made a brief overview of the history of work, highlighting the need to study the associational life. At another time of the dissertation, we show how the economic policy and aesthetic exercised in the process of modernization of the capital has affected the living conditions of the working class, we also did the mapping of the associations founded in the period. Then we insert the associations in the scenario presented and observe its workings. Finally, we analyze the case of the Sociedade de Artistas e Operarios Mechanicos e Liberais, where we highlight the process of institutionalizing the relationship with the world of politics and the state. As theoretical foundation we used the referential of Social History English, we use various sources such as: book of minutes, government reports, almanacs and newspapers. The selected documentation allowed to understand how the associations effectively marked the life of the working class in the capital of Parahyba. / Este trabalho visa analisar o associativismo mutualista dos trabalhadores na Parahyba do Norte no período compreendido entre 1881 e 1910. Estes sujeitos históricos que viveram o período do fim do século XIX e os primeiros anos do século XX na capital da Parahyba se organizaram politicamente por meio de sociedades que previam o auxílio mútuo. A partir dessa análise buscamos compreender como a classe trabalhadora desenvolveu a identidade de classe em meio as suas relações, tendo em vista a cultura associativa presente na formação desse processo. Para isso, ainda na introdução fizemos um breve percurso da historiografia do trabalho, salientando a necessidade de estudar a vida associativa. Nos outros momentos da dissertação, apresentamos como à política econômica e estética exercida no processo de modernização da capital afetou as condições de vida da classe trabalhadora, onde também mapeamos as sociedades fundadas no período trabalhado. Em seguida, inserimos as associações no cenário apresentado e observamos os seus funcionamentos. Por último, analisamos o caso da Sociedade de Artistas e Operários Mecânicos e Liberais, onde destacamos o seu processo de institucionalização, a relação com o mundo da política e o Estado. Como fundamentação teórica, utilizamos o referencial da História Social Inglesa e utilizamos diversas fontes como: livro de atas, relatórios de governos, almanaque e jornais. A documentação selecionada permitiu compreender como o associativismo marcou efetivamente a vida da classe trabalhadora na capital da Parahyba.

Few people know that the first sessions of the General Assembly of the UN in 1946 were held in a place of worship - Westminster Central Hall. It was part of an ambitious construction programme, initiated by the Wesleyan Methodists, which resulted in Central Halls in most British cities. They were, and in some cases still are, flexible, multi-functional spaces used on a daily basis for a wide range of purposes. They are widely perceived as public space but they are also sacred - camouflaged churches, created as sites for missionary activity and social outreach by a faith which from its origins has challenged the dichotomy between sacred and secular space. They have never been systematically studied – even their number and locations were unknown. This thesis tells their story by presenting them as an undocumented building type of social and cultural significance. It explores the concept of building type and the dimensions of social and cultural analysis that may be explored with the method. The typological approach is then demonstrated with a specific monographic focus on Methodist Central Halls from the 1880s to the present. Using a combination of visual methods, archival research and personal testimony, the analysis offers insights into the many aspects of Methodism through the long twentieth century – the church’s spatial distribution, its modes of mission and worship, its cultural identity and its business model. These centrally located assembly halls with their landmark architecture are for many towns still the top venues for meeting and entertainment. The typology of such public sacred spaces is not only a chapter in the history of British cities but provides findings of wide interest for religion and society.

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