"The rights of refugees and basic human rights are inextricably linked. Today's human rights abuse is tomorrow's refugee movements. Quite often, refugees' rights are curtailed by the same states that declare them in accordance with international and domestic instruments, only because they are non-nationals. While the foundation of refugee rights is the principle that all men and women have the right to belong to a society in which they are protected by the state, the respect to the principle of non-refoulement is at the core of being a refugee. Even though the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) proclaims rights to all, including refugees, states use international principles of sovereignty to shut their doors in front of asylum seekers. Furthermore, it is not easy to utilise international mechanisms of protection to instigate complaints against a potential host state, based on its arbitrary act to shut its doors. This is because one needs to seek remedies before authorities of the same country where she or he has been denied. In addition, international law has few precedents on the matter even assuming it was treated as an exception to the former rule. This situation puts refoulement victims in a dilemma. ... Since the first time when the wave of asylum seekers from Rwanda hit Tanzania in 1959, the flow of refugees continues. Tanzania has hosted refugees not only from its neighbouring countries, but also as far as from South Africa, Zimbabwe and Somalia. With an estimated number of 602,00 refugees population in 2004, Tanzania was among the top five refugee-hosting countries in the world. Tanzania ratified the international and regional refugee instrumetns, as well as other human rights instruments that may enhance the protection of refugees. Subsequently, Tanzania enacted appropriate legislation in order to make the refugee instruments enforceable within the national legal framework. The principle of non-refoulement is enshriend in all legal instruments of which Tanzania has an international, regional and national obligation to respect. However, in recent years a trend of sporadic incidents in which the principle of non-refoulement was not respected, has been observed. For instance, in October 2004, 68 Burundian asylum seekers were forced to return to Burundi following the orders of the local authorities. One of the most recent incidents occurred in January 2005 when the government returned two families of nine persons, despite assurances made to UNHCR that they would be granted refugee status. This research looks at the obligation of the Government of Tanzania to protect rights of asylum seekers and refugees. This is in line with the principle of non-refoulement as enshrined under international and regional instruments of which Tanzania ratified. It further explores the role of international communities in responsibility sharing (often referred to in the humanitarian community as 'burden sharing') as a way to ensure that all states respect the principle of non-refoulement. ... The first part of this research is the introduction, that is, the background to the problem, problem statement, scope of the research, hypotheses, objective of the research, literature review, research methodology, and outline of chapters. The second chapter looks at the right to non-refoulement under international, regional and national legal instruments. Chapter three deals with respect of the principle of non-refoulement in the refugee operation of Tanzania. Chapter four examines the relationship between the principle of non-refoulement and responsibility sharing with a view to reflect on the role of the international community in promoting refugee rights. The last chapter is the conclusion of the research and recommendations." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Atangcho Nji Akonumbo at the Department of Social Science and Management, Catholic University [of Central Africa] in Yaounde, Cameroon / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

During 2015 South Africa, a single country with far fewer resources than the EU, had to provide refuge for approximately 72,000 asylum seekers. This global infl ux of people has been classifi ed as a crisis, placing extreme pressure on the economical, social and urban systems of many cities. Threatened by xenophobia and a bureaucratic legal process, many of these international visitors are treated to a reluctant welcome upon entering South Africa. In a context such as Marabastad, characterised by urban sprawl, singleuse territories and reduced density, exceedingly migratory populations are forced to contend for informal opportunities and sources of survival, often to the detriment of the existing urban fabric. In spite of this, mobile individuals have found a way to situate themselves and organise their surroundings without fi gurative representation within an urban context scattered with 'ruins' of past utopian ideologies. Through a recombination of the contradictory facets of architecture, namely fetish and fossil, utopia and ruin, the Vulnerable Asylum investigates the ability of heritage architecture to accommodate new migrant citizens. The resultant architecture off ers possibilities in providing an architectural platform for the economies, communities and potentials brought into South Africa by international visitors, incorporating rather than excluding them. / Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016. / Architecture / MArch (Prof) / Unrestricted

This qualitative study is about the experiences of school-age children with multiple and multidirectional migration, and about how they challenge the established conceptualisation of social and educational integration and contribute to a better understanding of globalisation and transnationalism. Reasons and ways my study participants got involved in this form of migration were elaborated on, and their experiences and the effects on their lives and educational attainments were examined. This exploration connects to the scarce research literature on the diverse forms of migration among children and delivers evidence for the importance of looking into the individual biographical experiences of school-age children in order to rethink and adapt concrete measures supporting local educational and social integration.:1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Framework 3. Secondary literature review 4. Research questions and research methods 5. Cases and Context 6. Findings of the data analysis 7. Discussion and outlook Secondary literature List of Figures and Charts Table of content for the Appendix / Die Dissertation befasst sich mit Biografien von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit einer mehrfachen und mehrdirektionalen Migrationserfahrung während ihres Schulpflichtalters und diskutiert, wie diese Erfahrungen die etablierte Konzeptualisierung der sozialen und schulischen Integration herausfordern und zu einem besseren Verständnis von Globalisierung und Transnationalismus beitragen. Es wurde untersucht, aus welchen Gründen und auf welche Art und Weise meine StudienteilnehmerInnen in dieser Migrationsform involviert waren, sowie welche Auswirkungen ihre mehrfache und mehrdirektionale Migrationserfahrung auf ihr Leben und ihre Bildungskarriere hatten.:1. Introduction 2. Theoretical Framework 3. Secondary literature review 4. Research questions and research methods 5. Cases and Context 6. Findings of the data analysis 7. Discussion and outlook Secondary literature List of Figures and Charts Table of content for the Appendix

Illegal immigration is one of the current problems that occupy the European agenda. With the beginning of the revolutionary movements called 'the Arab Spring' in the Middle East and North Africa, Europe has faced massive uncontrolled migration waves. In this period, the asylum applications in European countries have broken a record in the history of the EU. This situation has impelled the European Union and its member states to take certain measures. However, political disagreements were observed over some of the measures taken by the EU. In light of these developments, this thesis will focus on illegal immigration movements from the Middle East and North Africa region to Europe right after the beginning of the Arab Spring (in other words from at the end of 2010 to now). In this context, this master's thesis aims to give the immigration and asylum policies of the European Union aiming to prevent these illegal immigration waves and to evaluate the political positions of the Visegrad countries during this period.

International protection proceedings Abstract The content of this diploma thesis is a discussion of the procedural side of international protection. In order to understand this topic, it is first necessary to realize where relevant sources can be found. The sources of international law in the form of soft law will help us to understand the general principles of the area. The legal regulation valid in the Czech Republic can be found at the level of European Union legislation and at the level of national regulations of the Czech Republic. It is also appropriate to define some basic concepts. The definition of the concept of international protection proceedings with the help of the concept of a decision on international protection is absolutely essential for this work. This umbrella concept has undergone its own development in the past. The definition of the boundaries of the concept of international protection proceedings is also carried out in this work by means of the so-called other proceedings from the Asylum Act. The thesis also deals with the basic building blocks of the whole process, which are the basic principles of proceedings in matters of international protection and the fundamental rights of the applicant, which match his position during the proceedings to meet the requirements of a fair trial....

Since 2015, Greece has been in an unprecedented position. The Syrian civil war triggered the movement of more than 850,000 arrivals into Greece during 2015 (UNHCR, 2015). Being geographically situated as the closest European country to the east of Syria, Greece had to deal with a large increase in the number of migrating peoples to the country and by proxy, the European Union. This research seeks to understand how power relations between the island’s local population and its asylum seeker population are represented through an analysis of the discourse produced by the local daily press. In particular, the research reviews the discourse surrounding the island’s main square occupation by asylum seekers in April 2018. The theory of the established and outsiders is the framework used for the analysis, while Critical Discourse Analysis and General Inductive Approach constitutes the methodological ground of the thesis. The analysis showcases that Lesvos’ local daily press reproduces a discourse in line with the established and outsiders theory, attributing the local population as being established and the asylum seekers as being outsiders.

This essay examines the discursive construction of the image of refugees, asylum seekers, immigrants, and migrants in a 1,472-million word corpus of UK press online articles published between January 2015 and December 2021. A corpus-based approach revealed the most frequent collocates of the four query terms, i.e.refugee(s), asylum seeker(s), immigrant(s), and migrant(s). The collocates were grouped into analytical categories which were based on the results of the previous research in the field. The corpus analysis informed the following critical discourse analysis. For this purpose, two articles where the most frequent collocate for each query term was used were randomly selected and analyzed. The critical discourse analysis indicated linguistic patterns of the use of the four most frequent collocations. Both analyses contributed to the establishment of the strategies applied in the construction of the image of refugee(s), asylum seeker(s), immigrant(s), and migrant(s), e.g. aggregation, securitization, and victimization.

The pandemic is not only a crisis itself but has created multiple crises for the vulnerable population as well. Worldwide, they encountered multiple challenges to assistance and protection, but due to the pandemic, their needs might have increased. As the number of refugees, migrants, and asylum-seeker is rising, all the health risks and the challenges that this group is exposed to, demonstrates the need for increased support, protection, and assistance. This scoping review aims to investigate if the arisen challenges faced by vulnerable children and their families have exacerbated in the context of COVID-19, in the published research literature. In this scoping review, information was collected on multiple databases between January and February 2021. Seven empirical studies were analysed in order to examine which are the new challenges that have arisen due to COVID-19 and explore if they worsened in this context. Seven areas emerged due to the pandemic: hygiene measures, food insecurity, child labour, child marriage, freedom of movement, access to education, access to services and sources of information, while five areas have worsened: economic, psychological, violence, discrimination and overcrowding. The findings are showing that COVID-19’s disease burden is higher in vulnerable contexts, due to the living conditions, high risks jobs, and poor access to services. The outcomes of these challenges are likely to be long-standing, as they breached into the processes and structures of the family system Although efforts to control the virus’s spread remain critical, the negative effects on vulnerables, must be addressed and identified to avoid the risk of more challenges getting exacerbated, and reduce the parental stress that will lead to the well-being of the future generations. Limitations, practical implications and future research are discussed.

This thesis scrutinises the European Commission’s discourse surrounding the externalisation of migration and asylum policies and discusses what potential implications this may have on the right to asylum. The aim of this work is to increase the understanding of how migration and security are discursively connected and identify what this discourse looks like. The study is placed in the context of a scientific debate on the Securitisation of migration and the externalisation of migration management. By means of a Critical Discourse Analysis, based on the work of Norman Fairclough, speeches and press releases produced by the European Commission are analysed. The analysis departs from the theoretical framework of the Copenhagen School of Security Studies and the concept of Securitisation, which suggests that political narratives have direct effects on policies. The theory also argues that when a phenomenon is securitised, policy measures that would otherwise not be acceptable, become legitimised in dealing with a constructed threat. The thesis presents three findings. The first main finding is that the Commission legitimises the externalisation of EU borders through a humanitarian discourse, arguing that the increased restrictions and shifting of responsibilities to third countries are necessary to protect migrants from human smugglers. Second, the current EU agenda risks limiting mobility in countries outside of the EU, thus creating large camps with substandard living conditions. And finally, from a human rights perspective, there is a great risk with the continued collective expulsions and pushbacks from EU territory, given that the mandate of Frontex is only seen to increase.

This thesis explores how the Hungarian service delivery practitioners construct the vulnerability narratives of their asylum seeker and refugee clients and how they reflect on the implications of their intervention. For the method of inquiry, the study employs qualitative thematic analysis in order to identify reoccurring themes and patterns within the material written by professionals, paraprofessionals, and volunteers. When applying the concept of vulnerability and reflexivity in service delivery practice, the analysis suggests that the consequences of war, conflict, fear of persecution, and the hostile environment in Hungary further perpetuate clients' vulnerability. Furthermore, mental health issues, the lack of access to education, the unemployment problems resulting in financial hardship, and housing difficulties are all impacting the vulnerability experiences and coping mechanisms. Also, the material suggests that besides the objective categorizations of vulnerability, there are also its subjective perceptions that emerge in the narratives through the reflections of service delivery practitioners, expanding the concept of vulnerability.