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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Evaluation préclinique de trois nouvelles stratégies de radiosensibilisation pharmacologique : modulation de p53/Mdm2, perturbation de la dynamique des microtubules et ciblage de MET/Aurora B / Preclinical assessment of three novel strategies for radiosensitization : modulation of p53/Mdm2, disruption of microtubules dynamics, and targeting of MET/Aurora B

Chargari, Cyrus 24 March 2014 (has links)
Les résultats insuffisants de la radiochimiothérapie conventionnelle ont motivé l’évaluation de nouvelles cibles afin de moduler la radiosensibilité tumorale: voies intrinsèques impliquées dans la réponse aux rayonnements ionisants, vascularisation tumorale, stroma non vasculaire. A travers cette thèse, nous avons évalué trois nouvelles stratégies de radiosensibilisation pharmacologique. Nous avons d’abord étudié en association à la radiothérapie l’intérêt de la modulation de l’axe p53/Mdm2 par le JNJ26854165, un inhibiteur de la dégradation de p53 par le protéasome. Les résultats in vitro et in vivo dans des xénogreffes sous-cutanées de cancers bronchiques non à petites cellules (CBNPC) montrent que cette stratégie permet d’améliorer significativement l’efficacité de la radiothérapie. Nous avons également rapporté des résultats encourageants in vitro dans plusieurs lignées cellulaires tumorales avec un nouvel agent antivasculaire ciblant la tubuline, l’EHT 6706. Cette stratégie augmentait l’efficacité de l’irradiation et potentialisait l’effet antiprolifératif de certains agents de chimiothérapie conventionnelle. Enfin, le développement le plus abouti a consisté en l’évaluation de l’association d’un triple inhibiteur de MET/AXL/FGFR en association à l’irradiation in vitro et dans des modèles de CBNPC implantés en xénogreffes sous-cutanées, mais également sous forme de tumeurs pulmonaires orthotopiques. Cet agent pharmacologique potentialisait l’efficacité de la radiothérapie dans des lignées ne surexprimant pas MET. Il est apparu que l’activité de la drogue faisait intervenir, au moins partiellement, l’inhibition de l’activité d’acteurs de la cytocinèse. Ces trois évaluations, qui s’inscrivent dans la recherche translationnelle, montrent l’importance de la recherche préclinique pour les études d’association aux rayonnements ionisants. Seul un développement préclinique rationnel permettra de faire émerger de nouveaux standards dans le domaine de la biomodulation pharmacologique de la radiosensibilité tumorale. / Insufficient results of conventional chemoradiation have encouraged assessment of new targets for radiosensitization: intrinsic cellular pathways involved in radiation response, tumor angiogenesis, and nonvascular stroma. We have investigated these three strategies for pharmacological radiosensitization. First, we examined the usefulness of targeting p53/Mdm2 pathway in combination with irradiation. In vitro and in vivo results obtained in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NCSLC) showed that this strategy was promising for enhancing radiation efficacy. We also found encouraging results within several cell lines with a novel vascular disrupting agent targeting tubulin. This strategy enhanced radiation effects and also increased the antiproliferative effects of various chemotherapeutics. Finally, the most advanced preclinical development was obtained with a novel MET/AXL/FGFR inhibitor, which improved effectiveness of radiation therapy in vitro and in subcutaneous and orthotopic models of non MET-dependent cell cancer lines. This effect was not only related to an inhibition of stroma/cancer cell interactions, as it probably involved activity toward actors of cytocinesis. These studies, which are part of translational research, highlight the importance of preclinical investigations in the area of radiation research. Only rationale preclinical development will allow new standards to emerge for pharmacological modulation of tumor radiosensitivity.
22

Estudo da modulação da via Wnt pelo inibidor de Aurora-quinases AMG900 em linhagens celulares de meduloblastoma pediátrico / Study of Modulation of the Wnt pathway by Aurora kinases inhibitor AMG900 in pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines

Geron, Lenisa 12 January 2016 (has links)
O meduloblastoma (MB) é o tumor cerebral maligno mais comum na infância. A formação/progressão desta neoplasia foi associada a alterações moleculares, que inclui a desregulação da via de sinalização Wingless (Wnt), responsável pelo desenvolvimento embrionário. Além disso, as proteínas da família Aurora-quinases (A, B e C) têm sido amplamente estudadas, uma vez que a Aurora A e B foram encontrados hiperexpressas em diversas neoplasias, como o MB. Estudos recentes mostraram que existe uma associação entre a Via Wnt e as Aurora-quinases. No entanto, poucos trabalhos foram realizados para confirmar essa associação. Ademais, não existem trabalhos que relatem os efeitos do AMG900, um pan-inibidor de aurora-quinases, em MB, dando enfoque na regulação da via Wnt. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a modulação da via Wnt pelo inibidor AMG900 nas linhagens celulares de meduloblastoma pediátrico. Foram realizados os ensaios de PCR convencional, sequenciamento, qRT-PCR, transfecção transiente, ensaio clonogênico, Western Blot e ciclo celular. As linhagens celulares UW402, UW473 e ONS-76 não apresentaram mutações no éxon 3 do gene CTNNB1 (?-catenina) e no éxon 15 do gene APC. Não foi observada uma expressão significativa de CTNNB1, confirmando que as linhagens não possuíam a via Wnt ativa. Com isso foi necessário a transfecção transiente com a ?- catenina. Após este ensaio, houve um aumento da expressão de CTNNB1, Ciclina D1 e CMyc nas três linhagens, o que não ocorreu com as Auroras A e B. No ensaio clonogênico foi observado uma redução do número de colônias nas linhagens UW473 e ONS-76. Observou-se um aumento da expressão proteica da ?-catenina, da Aurora A e B na UW473, o que ocorreu somente com a ?-catenina na linhagem ONS-76. Após o tratamento com o AMG900 ocorreu uma diminuição da expressão proteica de ?-catenina, da Aurora A e B em ambas as linhagens. A transfecção não alterou o percentil celular em G2/M na UW402 e UW473. Já na ONS-76 houve um aumento significativo em G2/M, e o AMG900 potencializou esse bloqueio apenas nessa linhagem. Os resultados sugerem que pode haver alguma relação entre a inibição das proteínas Aurora-quinases e a expressão de proteínas da via Wnt. / Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood. Tumor formation/progression has been associated to molecular alterations that include dysregulation of signaling pathway Wingless (Wnt), responsible for embryonic development. In addition, cell cycle proteins Aurora-kinase (A, B and C) have been widely studied since Aurora A and B were found overexpressed in many cancers such as MB. Recent studies show that there is an association between Wnt pathway and Aurora kinase proteins. However, few studies have been conducted to confirm this association. Moreover, there are no studies reporting the effects of AMG900 in MB, by focusing on the regulation of the Wnt pathway. The aim of this study is to evaluate Wnt pathway modulation by Aurora kinases inhibitor AMG900 in pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines. Conventional PCR, sequencing, qRT-PCR, transient transfection, clonogenic assay, Western Blot and cell cycle assays were performed. UW402, UW473 and ONS-76 cell lines did not present mutations in exon 3 of CTNNB1 gene and exon 15 of APC gene. There was no significant expression of CTNNB1 and their target genes in these cell lines, confirming that they did not have Wnt pathway activated. Considering this, transient transfection was necessary. After this trial, there was an increase in expression of CTNNB1 gene and its target genes Cyclin D1 and C-Myc in the three cell lines, which was not observed in Aurora kinases. Furthermore, in the clonogenic assay, a reduction in the number of colonies in UW473 and ONS-76 cell lines was observed. It was also observed an increase in ?-catenin protein, Aurora A and B in UW473 cell line, but not in ONS-76 cell line. However, after treatment there was a decrease in protein expression of ?-catenin, Aurora A and B in both cells. Transfection did not change the cellular percentile in G2 / M in UW402 and UW473. In ONS-76 there was a significant increase in G2 / M, and the treatment with AMG900 potentiated this block only in this cell line. Results suggest that there may be some relation between the inhibition of Aurora kinase protein and protein expression in Wnt pathway.
23

Investigação das quinases Aurora A e Aurora B como potenciais alvos terapêuticos no câncer de pulmão induzido pelo oncogene KRAS / Investigation of Aurora A and Aurora B kinases as potential targets in KRAS-induced lung cancer

Edmilson Ozorio dos Santos 27 November 2013 (has links)
As alterações genéticas mais frequentes em tumores de pulmão são mutações pontuais que ativam o oncogene KRAS. Apesar destas mutações estarem ligadas à oncogênese de forma causal, diferentes abordagens para inibir as proteínas RAS diretamente fracassaram na clínica. Portanto, para que melhores alvos terapêuticos para o câncer de pulmão se tornem disponíveis, será necessário identificar as vias sinalizadoras ativadas pela proteína KRAS, que são críticas para a oncogênese. O objetivo deste projeto foi identificar novos alvos terapêuticos na oncogênese pulmonar induzida pela KRAS. Este projeto se baseou na seguinte hipótese: (1) a KRAS oncogênica leva à ativação das quinases mitóticas Aurora A e/ou B e (2) que as quinases Aurora A e/ou B são alvos terapêuticos relevantes no câncer de pulmão induzido pelo oncogene KRAS. Esta hipótese foi formulada com base em estudos anteriores mostrando que a quinase Aurora A fosforila diretamente componentes das vias efetoras de RAS, e que a Aurora A e Aurora B cooperam com a RAS oncogênica na transformação maligna. Para testar esta hipótese, nós inicialmente determinamos se a forma oncogênica da KRAS induz a expressão das quinases Aurora A e B. Para tanto, nós usamos 3 modelos celulares: (1) uma linhagem primária epitelial pulmonar imortalizada e seu par isogênico transformado pela KRAS oncogênica; (2) células tumorais pulmonares H1703 manipuladas geneticamente para expressar a forma oncogênica da KRAS de forma induzível; e (3) células de adenocarcinoma pulmonar portadoras de mutações oncogênicas em KRAS H358 e A549 manipuladas geneticamente para expressar short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) para KRAS de forma induzível. Em todos os casos, a expressão da forma oncogênica da KRAS se correlacionou positivamente com a expressão de Aurora A e B. Para validar as quinases Aurora A e B como alvos relevantes do ponto de vista terapêutico, nós usamos, nas células mencionadas acima, abordagens genéticas ou farmacológicas para inibir a expressão ou atividade das quinases Aurora A e B. Nas células A549 e H358, portadoras da forma oncogênica da KRAS, a inibição da expressão das quinases Aurora A ou B por interferência de RNA de forma induzível, bem como o tratamento com um inibidor dual destas quinases, reduziu o crescimento, viabilidade e tumorigenicidade celulares in vitro. Mais importante do que isso, no modelo celular primário isogênico, bem como na linhagem H1703 com expressão induzível de KRAS oncogênica, a inibição farmacológica dual das quinases Aurora A e B levou a uma redução no crescimento, viabilidade e tumorigenicidade celulares de forma dependente da presença da KRAS oncogênica, sugerindo que a inibição das quinases Aurora A e B afeta especificamente células transformadas pela KRAS. Em conclusão, nossos resultados apoiam a nossa hipótese de que as quinases Aurora são alvos da KRAS oncogênica no pulmão, e sugerem a inibição das quinases Aurora como uma nova abordagem para a terapia do câncer de pulmão induzido pela forma oncogênica da KRAS. / The most frequent genetic change found in lung tumors are activating point mutations in the KRAS gene, which have been causally linked to the oncogenic process. Unfortunately, different approaches to target RAS proteins for therapy have been unsuccessful. Therefore, in order to select better targets for lung cancer therapy, key cancer-relevant KRAS downstream pathways will need to be identified. The overall objective of this study was to identify novel therapeutic targets in KRAS-mediated lung cancer. This project was based on the following hypothesis: (1) KRAS activates mitotic kinases Aurora A and/or B; and (2) Aurora A and/or B are relevant therapeutic targets in KRAS-induced lung cancer. This hypothesis was formulated on the basis of published studies showing that Aurora A directly phosphorylates RAS effector pathway components, and Aurora A and B both cooperate with oncogenic RAS to promote malignant transformation. In order to test this hypothesis, we first determined whether oncogenic KRAS induces Aurora kinase expression. For that purpose, we used three different cell-based models: (1) an immortalized primary lung epithelial cell line and its isogenic KRAS-transformed counterpart, (2) H1703 lung cancer cell line engineered to express oncogenic KRAS inducibly, and (3) KRAS positive lung cancer cell lines H358 and A549 stably expressing inducible shRNAs targeting KRAS. In all cases, KRAS expression positively correlated with Aurora A and Aurora B expression. In order to validate Aurora A and/or B as therapeutically relevant KRAS targets in lung cancer, we used genetic and/or pharmacological approaches in the abovementioned cells to inactivate Aurora A or B. In KRAS positive H358 and A549 cell lines, inducible shRNA-mediated knockdown of Aurora A or B, as well as treatment with a dual Aurora A and B inhibitor, decreased growth, viability and tumorigenicity in vitro. More importantly, in the primary isogenic model and in the H1703 KRAS-inducible cell line, dual pharmacological inhibiton of Aurora A and B reduced growth, viability and tumorigenicity in an oncogenic KRAS-dependent manner. This suggests that Aurora kinase inhibition therapy can specifically target KRAS transformed cells. In conclusion, our results support our hypothesis that Aurora kinases are important KRAS targets in lung cancer and suggest Aurora kinase inhibition as a novel approach for KRAS-induced lung cancer therapy.
24

Estudo da modulação da via Wnt pelo inibidor de Aurora-quinases AMG900 em linhagens celulares de meduloblastoma pediátrico / Study of Modulation of the Wnt pathway by Aurora kinases inhibitor AMG900 in pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines

Lenisa Geron 12 January 2016 (has links)
O meduloblastoma (MB) é o tumor cerebral maligno mais comum na infância. A formação/progressão desta neoplasia foi associada a alterações moleculares, que inclui a desregulação da via de sinalização Wingless (Wnt), responsável pelo desenvolvimento embrionário. Além disso, as proteínas da família Aurora-quinases (A, B e C) têm sido amplamente estudadas, uma vez que a Aurora A e B foram encontrados hiperexpressas em diversas neoplasias, como o MB. Estudos recentes mostraram que existe uma associação entre a Via Wnt e as Aurora-quinases. No entanto, poucos trabalhos foram realizados para confirmar essa associação. Ademais, não existem trabalhos que relatem os efeitos do AMG900, um pan-inibidor de aurora-quinases, em MB, dando enfoque na regulação da via Wnt. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a modulação da via Wnt pelo inibidor AMG900 nas linhagens celulares de meduloblastoma pediátrico. Foram realizados os ensaios de PCR convencional, sequenciamento, qRT-PCR, transfecção transiente, ensaio clonogênico, Western Blot e ciclo celular. As linhagens celulares UW402, UW473 e ONS-76 não apresentaram mutações no éxon 3 do gene CTNNB1 (?-catenina) e no éxon 15 do gene APC. Não foi observada uma expressão significativa de CTNNB1, confirmando que as linhagens não possuíam a via Wnt ativa. Com isso foi necessário a transfecção transiente com a ?- catenina. Após este ensaio, houve um aumento da expressão de CTNNB1, Ciclina D1 e CMyc nas três linhagens, o que não ocorreu com as Auroras A e B. No ensaio clonogênico foi observado uma redução do número de colônias nas linhagens UW473 e ONS-76. Observou-se um aumento da expressão proteica da ?-catenina, da Aurora A e B na UW473, o que ocorreu somente com a ?-catenina na linhagem ONS-76. Após o tratamento com o AMG900 ocorreu uma diminuição da expressão proteica de ?-catenina, da Aurora A e B em ambas as linhagens. A transfecção não alterou o percentil celular em G2/M na UW402 e UW473. Já na ONS-76 houve um aumento significativo em G2/M, e o AMG900 potencializou esse bloqueio apenas nessa linhagem. Os resultados sugerem que pode haver alguma relação entre a inibição das proteínas Aurora-quinases e a expressão de proteínas da via Wnt. / Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood. Tumor formation/progression has been associated to molecular alterations that include dysregulation of signaling pathway Wingless (Wnt), responsible for embryonic development. In addition, cell cycle proteins Aurora-kinase (A, B and C) have been widely studied since Aurora A and B were found overexpressed in many cancers such as MB. Recent studies show that there is an association between Wnt pathway and Aurora kinase proteins. However, few studies have been conducted to confirm this association. Moreover, there are no studies reporting the effects of AMG900 in MB, by focusing on the regulation of the Wnt pathway. The aim of this study is to evaluate Wnt pathway modulation by Aurora kinases inhibitor AMG900 in pediatric medulloblastoma cell lines. Conventional PCR, sequencing, qRT-PCR, transient transfection, clonogenic assay, Western Blot and cell cycle assays were performed. UW402, UW473 and ONS-76 cell lines did not present mutations in exon 3 of CTNNB1 gene and exon 15 of APC gene. There was no significant expression of CTNNB1 and their target genes in these cell lines, confirming that they did not have Wnt pathway activated. Considering this, transient transfection was necessary. After this trial, there was an increase in expression of CTNNB1 gene and its target genes Cyclin D1 and C-Myc in the three cell lines, which was not observed in Aurora kinases. Furthermore, in the clonogenic assay, a reduction in the number of colonies in UW473 and ONS-76 cell lines was observed. It was also observed an increase in ?-catenin protein, Aurora A and B in UW473 cell line, but not in ONS-76 cell line. However, after treatment there was a decrease in protein expression of ?-catenin, Aurora A and B in both cells. Transfection did not change the cellular percentile in G2 / M in UW402 and UW473. In ONS-76 there was a significant increase in G2 / M, and the treatment with AMG900 potentiated this block only in this cell line. Results suggest that there may be some relation between the inhibition of Aurora kinase protein and protein expression in Wnt pathway.
25

Mecanismos Envolvidos com a Inibição de Aurora-Quinases em Carcinoma de Adrenal / Mechanisms Involved in the Inhibition of Aurora Kinases in Adrenal Carcinoma

Kleiton Silva Borges 09 May 2014 (has links)
Introdução: Tumores adrenocorticais (TAC) são raros, correspondendo somente a 0,2% de todas as neoplasias pediátricas, sendo que a maioria dos casos são diagnosticados no Brasil e estão associados com a mutação TP53 p.R337H. A cirurgia é o único tratamento efetivo conhecido para os TAC, sendo os tumores em estadios avançados frequentemente fatais. A família das Aurora-quinases é formada por três membros (Aurora-A, -B e -C) os quais atuam em diversas fases do ciclo celular, como alinhamento dos cromossomos, formação do fuso mitótico e citocinese. Diferentes trabalhos mostraram a expressão alterada de membros desta família em vários tipos de tumores e a inibição da atividade destas proteínas tem sido considerada uma potencial abordagem para o tratamento do câncer. Objetivo: A partir da análise da expressão dos genes Aurora-A e Aurora-B em amostras de TAC pediátrico, foram investigados os efeitos do AMG 900, um pan-inibidor de aurora quinases, na proliferação, apoptose, síntese hormonal e perfil transcricional da linhagem H295A. Além disso, foram avaliados os efeitos do AMG 900 combinado com diferentes quimioterápicos. Metodologia: Os níveis de expressão dos genes Aurora-A e Aurora-B foram analisados em 60 crianças com TAC através das técnicas de RT-qPCR e imuno-histoquímica. A proliferação celular foi avaliada por coloração com Giemsa e a apoptose foi realizada por citometria de fluxo. A análise de combinação de drogas foi feita com base no método de Chou-Talalay e o ensaio de microarray foi realizado utilizando a plataforma da Agilent. Resultados: A expressão dos genes Aurora-A e Aurora-B foi associada com estadios avançados da doença e a expressão do Aurora-A foi associada com a presença da mutação TP53 p.R337H. O tratamento com o AMG900 causou a inibição da proliferação, aumento da apoptose e sensibilizou as células para os inibidores de topoisomerase II (doxorrubicina e etoposídeo). Adicionalmente, o AMG 900 levou à redução da síntese de hormônios bem como modulou a expressão de genes envolvidos com esta atividade. A inibição das aurora-quinases alterou a expressão de genes associados com a regulação da fase G1 do ciclo celular e afetou a expressão de genes da via de sinalização Notch. Conclusão: A inibição das aurora-quinases pelo AMG 900 pode ser uma alternativa para o tratamento dos tumores adrenocorticais. / Introduction: Pediatric adrenocortical tumors (ACT) are rare malignancies representing only 0.2 % of all pediatric cancers. Most cases are diagnosed in Brazil and are associated with TP53 p.R337H mutation. Surgery is the only effective treatment known for the ACT however this approach has a small impact on survival in advanced disease. The Aurora kinase family is comprised of three members (Aurora-A, -B and -C) which act at different phases of the cell cycle, such as chromosomes alignment, mitotic spindle formation and cytokinesis. Several studies have demonstrated altered expression of members of this family in various types of tumors and the functional inhibition of the aurora kinases have been considered as a potential approach to cancer treatment. Aim: On the basis of analysis of Aurora-A and Aurora-B gene expression in the samples from pediatric ACT, we investigated the effects of AMG 900, a pan-aurora kinase inhibitor, on proliferation, apoptosis rate, hormone synthesis and transcriptional profile of H295A cell line. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of AMG 900 combined with different chemotherapeutic agents. Methods: The mRNA expression levels of Aurora-A and Aurora-B genes were analyzed in 60 children with ACT by RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation was assessed by Giemsa staining and apoptosis was performed by flow cytometry. Drug combination analysis was made on the basis of Chou- Talalay method. Microarray experiments were carried out using the Agilent human microarray. Results: Aurora-A and Aurora-B overexpression was associated with advanced disease. Patients carrying the TP53 p.R337H mutation presented significantly higher expression values of Aurora-A. Treatment with AMG900 caused inhibition of proliferation, increased apoptosis and sensitized the cells to topoisomerase II inhibitors (doxorubicin and etoposide). Additionally, the AMG 900 led to decreased synthesis of hormones and modulated the expression of genes involved in this activity. Finally, Aurora kinases inhibition altered the expression of genes associated with G1 cell cycle phase regulation and affected the Notch signaling pathway target genes. Conclusion: These data suggest that Aurora kinase inhibition by AMG900 may be a new therapeutic approach to adrenocortical carcinoma treatment.
26

Análise Citogenética Clássica e Molecular para os Genes Aurora Cinase A e B em Células Hematopoéticas e Mesenquimais da Medula Óssea de Pacientes Portadores de Síndrome Mielodisplásica / Classical Cytogenetic Analysis and Molecular for Genes Aurora Kinase A and B in Hematopoietic Cells and Mesenchymal Bone Marrow of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Sabrina Dias Leite Cueva 10 August 2012 (has links)
A síndrome mielodisplásica (SMD) é uma doença hematológica heterogênea, caracterizada por hematopoese anormal, displasia e instabilidade genômica, portanto, a análise citogenética é determinante no diagnóstico, prognóstico e acompanhamento evolutivo da doença. Considerando que as células hematopoéticas (CHs) e as estromais mesenquimais multipotentes (CTMs) estão em estreita associação, estudos que visem à caracterização destas poderão contribuir para elucidar os mecanismos que governam a progressão tumoral e identificar novos alvos terapêuticos. Objetivo: Caracterizar e comparar as CHs e CTMs derivadas de pacientes através da citogenética convencional e molecular para os genes aurora cinase A e B. Avaliar as propriedades biológicas das CTMs derivadas de SMD e controles saudáveis. Métodos: o estudo iniciou-se com a avaliação clinica de 25 pacientes e 8 controles saudáveis doo HCFMRP-USP e HAC-Jaú. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise cariótipica das CHs e CTMs da medula óssea pelo bandamento G e por FISH para os genes aurora A e B e o perfil imunofenotípico, bem como potencial de diferenciação em adipócito e osteócito das CTMs de pacientes portadores de SMD e controles saudáveis. Resultados: A avaliação clínica mostrou plaquetopenia (76%), neutropenia (100%), hemoglobina baixa (16%). A análise citogenética das CHs revelou cariótipo alterado em 13 pacientes (52%), com cariótipo complexo resultando em alterações numéricas e estruturais. Ao contrário, nas CTMs, o cariótipo se mostrou alterado em sete pacientes (28%) e um padrão de menor complexidade, apenas quatro pacientes apresentaram alterações nas duas populações celulares, porém, diferentes. Foram encontradas apenas alterações numéricas (sendo 86% monossomia e 14% ganho de cromossomo). As CHs e CTMs dos controles apresentaram cariótipos 100% normais. Na análise de FISH não foi evidenciada amplificação dos genes AURKA e AURKB. As CTMs dos pacientes e controles apresentaram-se semelhantes quanto à morfologia e potencial de diferenciação. Entretanto, as CTMs de pacientes mostraram-se alteradas para dois antígenos de superfície, CD90 e CD146, os quais mostraram níveis de expressão mais elevados nas amostras dos pacientes (p= 0,04, p = 0,001 respectivamente). Conclusão: Observou-se que as CTMs se encontram alteradas embora em menor frequência e diferindo das alterações encontradas nas CHs. Esses dados sugerem que as CTMs devem exercer importante papel na progressão tumoral e devem ser consideradas como alvos na busca de novas terapias e melhor esclarecimento dos mecanismos que governam a progressão tumoral. Apesar de não ter evidenciado amplificação dos genes AURKA e AURKB em SMD, estudos futuros que visem avaliar o nível de expressão dessas enzimas em pacientes portadores ou não de alterações citogenéticas poderão contribuir para a compreensão do envolvimento ou não desse gene com a evolução da doença. Além disso, não foi evidenciada associação de anemia profunda e citogenética alterada. / The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous hematologic disease characterized by abnormal hematopoiesis, dysplasia and genomic instability, therefore, cytogenetic analysis is crucial in the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of disease evolution. Whereas hematopoietic cells (CHs) and stromal multipotent mesenchymal (MSCs) are in close association studies aimed at the characterization of these may help to elucidate the mechanisms that govern tumor progression and identify novel therapeutic targets. Objective: To characterize and compare the CHs and MSCs derived from patients by conventional cytogenetics and molecular genes aurora kinase A and B. To evaluate the biological properties of MSCs derived from MDS and healthy controls. Methods: The study began with the clinical evaluation of 25 patients and eight healthy controls HCFMRP dooUSP and CH-Jau. Next, we performed a karyotypic analysis of CHs and MSCs from bone marrow by G-banding and FISH for aurora A and B genes and immunophenotypic profile and potential to differentiate into adipocytes and osteocytes of MSCs in patients with MDS and controls healthy. Results: The clinical evaluation showed thrombocytopenia (76%), neutropenia (100%), low hemoglobin (16%). The cytogenetic analysis revealed karyotype of CHs changed in 13 patients (52%), resulting in complex karyotype with numerical and structural changes. In contrast, in MSC, the karyotype was abnormal in seven patients (28%) and a pattern of lower complexity, only four patients had changes in both cell populations, however, different. Were found only numerical changes (monosomy being 86% and 14% gain in chromosome). The CHs and MSCs controls showed 100% normal karyotypes. In FISH analysis there was no evidence of gene amplification and AURKA AURKB. The MSCs of patients and controls were similar regarding the morphology and differentiation potential. However, the CTMs of patients proved to be changed to two surface antigens, CD90 and CD146, which showed higher expression levels in samples of patients (p = 0.04, p = 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Furthermore, it was observed that the MSCs are changed although less frequently and differing from changes found in CHs. These data suggest that MSCs should play an important role in tumor progression and should be considered as targets in the search for new therapies and better explain the mechanisms that govern tumor progression. Although not shown AURKA amplification of genes in MDS and AURKB, future studies aimed at assessing the level of expression of these enzymes in patients with or without cytogenetic alterations may contribute to the understanding of the involvement or not of this gene with the disease. This study can not associate with profound anemia cytogenetic changes.
27

Analyse de la prolifération cellulaire et de l'aneuploïdie dans les mutants sas-4 et aurA chez Drosophila melanogaster / Analysis of cellular proliferation and aneuploidy in sas-4 and aurA mutant in Drosophila melanogaster

Caous, Renaud 21 September 2016 (has links)
Une surprolifération cellulaire associée à de l’aneuploïdie est un marqueur couramment retrouvé dans les cancers et une faible instabilité génétique peut-être un élément aggravant (sinon déclencheur) de la tumorigénèse. Récemment, il a été montré sur un modèle de cellules cancéreuses en culture qu’une forte aneuploïdie compromet la prolifération cellulaire en entraînant la mort de ces dernières. Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons souhaité tester si cette hypothèse se vérifiait in vivo en utilisant comme modèle, les tumeurs du système nerveux central de la larve de D. melanogaster. Nous avons fait le choix d’utiliser des mutants pour des gènes impliqués dans la formation du fuseau mitotique et la ségrégation des chromosomes (Sas-4 ou AurA) afin d’induire ces tumeurs. Pour générer l’aneuploïdie, nous avons choisi d’associer les mutations sas-4 ou aurA avec des mutations pour des gènes essentiels du SAC, Mad2 ou BubR1ken. Nous avons ensuite analysé par immunofluorescence et microscopie l’effet de la perte du SAC sur la prolifération des Nb. Pour sas-4, la perte du SAC cause l’apparition d’une forte aneuploïdie et une baisse du nombre de Nb associée à une forte réduction de taille des cerveaux. Cela compromet totalement la capacité des cerveaux mutants à induire des tumeurs lorsqu’on les injecte dans l’abdomen de mouches adultes saines. Dans le cas d’aurA, ni hausse de l’aneuploïdie dans le tissu ni baisse de la prolifération des Nbs n’ont été observés. Par ailleurs, la même forte proportion de mouches injectées avec des cerveaux aurA ou aurA mad2 développant une tumeur a été constaté. Afin de mieux comprendre pourquoi le mutant aurA ne réagit pas comme le mutant sas-4 à la déplétion du SAC, nous avons entrepris une analyse détaillée des mutants aurA et aurA mad2. Nous avons d’abord observé que, malgré la perte du SAC, 1) il existe toujours un délai en mitose dans aurA mad2 et 2) il existe un délai entre la satisfaction du SAC et l’entrée en anaphase dans aurA. Comme l’entrée en anaphase est dépendante de la dégradation de la CycB et de la Sécurine via l’APC/C, nous avons analysé le comportement de la CycB (couplé à une étiquette GFP) par vidéo-microscopie en temps réel et observé un défaut de la régulation de la dégradation de cette dernière dans le mutant aurA ainsi que dans le double mutant aurA mad2. Ces observations nous ont permis de proposer un nouveau rôle pour la kinase AurA dans la régulation de la dégradation de la CycB en fin de mitose. / Cellular overproliferation associated with aneuploidy is a common hallmark of cancers. Low genetic instability may be a contributing factor of tumorigenesis. Recently, it was shown on a cellular cancer model in culture that strong aneuploidy compromises cell proliferation by causing cell death. During my thesis, we have test if this hypothesis was verified in vivo by using as a model, the tumours of the larval central nervous system of D. melanogaster. We decided to use mutants involved in mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation (Sas-4 or AurA) to induce these tumours. To generate aneuploidy, we chose to associate these mutations with mutations in genes essential for the SAC, Mad2 or BubR1ken. We then analysed the effect of the SAC depletion on the Nb proliferation. For sas-4, loss of the SAC leads to high aneuploidy and a decrease in Nb number associated with brain size reduction. It completely undermines the ability of mutant brain to induce tumors when injected into the abdomen of healthy adult flies. In the case of aurA, nor increase of aneuploidy in tissue or decrease in nb proliferation have been observed. Moreover, the same proportion of flies injected with aurA or aurA mad2 brains developed tumours. To better understand why the aurA mutant not react as the sas-4 mutant to the SAC depletion, we undertook a detailed analysis of aurA and aurA mad2 mutants. We first observed that despite the SAC depletion, 1) there is always a delay in mitosis in aurA mad2 and 2) there is a delay between SAC satisfaction and anaphase onset in aurA. Since anaphase onset is dependent of the CycB and Securine degradation via the APC / C, we analysed the behaviour of the CycB (coupled with a GFP tag) by real-time videomicroscopy and observed a defect in the regulation of CycB degradation in aurA and in the double aurA mad2 mutant. These observations lead us to propose a new role for AurA kinase in regulating the degradation of CycB at the end of mitosis.
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Identification d’une nouvelle fonction de la protéine kinase Aurora-A / Identification of a new function of Protein kinase Aurora-A

Diallo, Alghassimou 18 December 2013 (has links)
Les protéines kinases « Aurora » sont des régulatrices clés du cycle cellulaire. Alors que l'activité de Aurora-A est requise en début de la mitose, Aurora-B et -C sont nécessaires pour la fin de mitose. Toute perturbation de leur activité peut conduire au processus de tumorisation. Plus spécifiquement, Aurora-A se comporte à la fois comme oncogène et suppresseur de tumeur. Par conséquent, la connaissance du rôle de Aurora-A durant cycle cellulaire est essentielle. Toutefois, peu d'études ont exploré, jusque là, le rôle de Aurora-A dans les phases tardives de la mitose. En fait, l'inhibition de Aurora-A conduit à l'arrêt du cycle rendant impossible de voir ce qui se passe au delà de la transition métaphase/anaphase. Néanmoins, en combinant le couple génétique chimique et inhibiteur spécifique, j'ai pu identifier une nouvelle fonction de la kinase Aurora-A liée au checkpoint (SAC). En effet, mes résultats montrent que l'inhibition de l'activité de Aurora-A induit un défaut de congression et une chute de l'index mitotique. Ce résultat paradoxal suggère un défaut du SAC. J'ai donc pu montré que cette inhibition outrepassait le SAC en perturbant la localisation aux kinétochores de Mad2 et BubR1. Cependant, ma tentative pour sauver le phénotype du SAC par le mutant S19D-P150Glued n'a pas réussi malgré que le mutant S19AP150Glued se soit comporté comme un vrai dominant négatif. Enfin, j'ai pu montré que l'activité de Aurora-A est requise pour maintenir le SAC actif durant la prométaphase. / Protein kinases "Aurora " are the key regulators of the cell cycle. While the activity of Aurora-A is required at the beginning of mitosis, Aurora-B and -C are required for the end of mitosis. Any disruption of their activity can lead to process tumorisation. Specifically, Aurora-A acts as both oncogene and tumor suppressor. Therefore, knowledge of the role of Aurora-A is essential for cell cycle. However, few studies have explored so far, the role of Aurora-A in the late stages of mitosis. In fact, inhibition of Aurora-A leads to cell cycle arrest making it impossible to see what happens beyond the transition metaphase / anaphase. However, by combining chemical genetics couple and specific inhibitor, I have identified a new function of Aurora-A kinase -related checkpoint (SAC). Indeed, my results show that inhibition of the activity of Aurora-A induces a congression defect and the mitotic index decrease. This paradoxical result suggests a defect in the SAC. So I have shown that this inhibition was beyond the SAC disrupting kinetochore localization of Mad2 and BubR1. However, my attempt to rescue the phenotype of the SAC by the S19D-P150Glued mutant failed despite the fact that S19A-P150Glued mutant behaved like a true negative dominant. Finally, I have shown that the activity of Aurora-A is required to maintain the active SAC during prometaphase.
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Análise Citogenética Clássica e Molecular para os Genes Aurora Cinase A e B em Células Hematopoéticas e Mesenquimais da Medula Óssea de Pacientes Portadores de Síndrome Mielodisplásica / Classical Cytogenetic Analysis and Molecular for Genes Aurora Kinase A and B in Hematopoietic Cells and Mesenchymal Bone Marrow of Patients with Myelodysplastic Syndrome

Cueva, Sabrina Dias Leite 10 August 2012 (has links)
A síndrome mielodisplásica (SMD) é uma doença hematológica heterogênea, caracterizada por hematopoese anormal, displasia e instabilidade genômica, portanto, a análise citogenética é determinante no diagnóstico, prognóstico e acompanhamento evolutivo da doença. Considerando que as células hematopoéticas (CHs) e as estromais mesenquimais multipotentes (CTMs) estão em estreita associação, estudos que visem à caracterização destas poderão contribuir para elucidar os mecanismos que governam a progressão tumoral e identificar novos alvos terapêuticos. Objetivo: Caracterizar e comparar as CHs e CTMs derivadas de pacientes através da citogenética convencional e molecular para os genes aurora cinase A e B. Avaliar as propriedades biológicas das CTMs derivadas de SMD e controles saudáveis. Métodos: o estudo iniciou-se com a avaliação clinica de 25 pacientes e 8 controles saudáveis doo HCFMRP-USP e HAC-Jaú. Em seguida, foi realizada a análise cariótipica das CHs e CTMs da medula óssea pelo bandamento G e por FISH para os genes aurora A e B e o perfil imunofenotípico, bem como potencial de diferenciação em adipócito e osteócito das CTMs de pacientes portadores de SMD e controles saudáveis. Resultados: A avaliação clínica mostrou plaquetopenia (76%), neutropenia (100%), hemoglobina baixa (16%). A análise citogenética das CHs revelou cariótipo alterado em 13 pacientes (52%), com cariótipo complexo resultando em alterações numéricas e estruturais. Ao contrário, nas CTMs, o cariótipo se mostrou alterado em sete pacientes (28%) e um padrão de menor complexidade, apenas quatro pacientes apresentaram alterações nas duas populações celulares, porém, diferentes. Foram encontradas apenas alterações numéricas (sendo 86% monossomia e 14% ganho de cromossomo). As CHs e CTMs dos controles apresentaram cariótipos 100% normais. Na análise de FISH não foi evidenciada amplificação dos genes AURKA e AURKB. As CTMs dos pacientes e controles apresentaram-se semelhantes quanto à morfologia e potencial de diferenciação. Entretanto, as CTMs de pacientes mostraram-se alteradas para dois antígenos de superfície, CD90 e CD146, os quais mostraram níveis de expressão mais elevados nas amostras dos pacientes (p= 0,04, p = 0,001 respectivamente). Conclusão: Observou-se que as CTMs se encontram alteradas embora em menor frequência e diferindo das alterações encontradas nas CHs. Esses dados sugerem que as CTMs devem exercer importante papel na progressão tumoral e devem ser consideradas como alvos na busca de novas terapias e melhor esclarecimento dos mecanismos que governam a progressão tumoral. Apesar de não ter evidenciado amplificação dos genes AURKA e AURKB em SMD, estudos futuros que visem avaliar o nível de expressão dessas enzimas em pacientes portadores ou não de alterações citogenéticas poderão contribuir para a compreensão do envolvimento ou não desse gene com a evolução da doença. Além disso, não foi evidenciada associação de anemia profunda e citogenética alterada. / The myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a heterogeneous hematologic disease characterized by abnormal hematopoiesis, dysplasia and genomic instability, therefore, cytogenetic analysis is crucial in the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of disease evolution. Whereas hematopoietic cells (CHs) and stromal multipotent mesenchymal (MSCs) are in close association studies aimed at the characterization of these may help to elucidate the mechanisms that govern tumor progression and identify novel therapeutic targets. Objective: To characterize and compare the CHs and MSCs derived from patients by conventional cytogenetics and molecular genes aurora kinase A and B. To evaluate the biological properties of MSCs derived from MDS and healthy controls. Methods: The study began with the clinical evaluation of 25 patients and eight healthy controls HCFMRP dooUSP and CH-Jau. Next, we performed a karyotypic analysis of CHs and MSCs from bone marrow by G-banding and FISH for aurora A and B genes and immunophenotypic profile and potential to differentiate into adipocytes and osteocytes of MSCs in patients with MDS and controls healthy. Results: The clinical evaluation showed thrombocytopenia (76%), neutropenia (100%), low hemoglobin (16%). The cytogenetic analysis revealed karyotype of CHs changed in 13 patients (52%), resulting in complex karyotype with numerical and structural changes. In contrast, in MSC, the karyotype was abnormal in seven patients (28%) and a pattern of lower complexity, only four patients had changes in both cell populations, however, different. Were found only numerical changes (monosomy being 86% and 14% gain in chromosome). The CHs and MSCs controls showed 100% normal karyotypes. In FISH analysis there was no evidence of gene amplification and AURKA AURKB. The MSCs of patients and controls were similar regarding the morphology and differentiation potential. However, the CTMs of patients proved to be changed to two surface antigens, CD90 and CD146, which showed higher expression levels in samples of patients (p = 0.04, p = 0.001 respectively). Conclusion: Furthermore, it was observed that the MSCs are changed although less frequently and differing from changes found in CHs. These data suggest that MSCs should play an important role in tumor progression and should be considered as targets in the search for new therapies and better explain the mechanisms that govern tumor progression. Although not shown AURKA amplification of genes in MDS and AURKB, future studies aimed at assessing the level of expression of these enzymes in patients with or without cytogenetic alterations may contribute to the understanding of the involvement or not of this gene with the disease. This study can not associate with profound anemia cytogenetic changes.
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Förlösta kvinnors upplevelse av kontakt med Aurorabarnmorska : En kvalitativ intervjustudie. / Delivered womens experience of Contact with Aurora midwives : A qualitative interview study.

Jansson, Hanna January 2021 (has links)
Bakgrund: Man räknar att mellan 20-25% av alla gravida kvinnor i Sverige upplever någon form av förlossningsrädsla. På de flesta sjukhus i Sverige finns Auroramottagningar och de har som syfte att hjälpa de kvinnor som har förlossningsrädsla. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva förlösta kvinnors behov och upplevelse av kontakt med barnmorska på Auroramottagning. Metod: Studien var en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Datainsamlingen utgjordes av åtta semistrukturerade telefonintervjuer med kvinnor som valdes ut genom bekvämlighetsurval. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys utfördes, med induktivt förhållningssätt, vid analys av materialet. Resultat: Två kategorier analyserades fram vilka var Oro och rädsla samt Bemötande. Under kategorin Oro och rädsla utvecklades underkategorierna Tidigare erfarenheter, Påverkan av andras erfarenheter samt Psykisk ohälsa. Dessa innefattar bland annat att kvinnor som upplevt tidigare traumatiska graviditeter och/eller förlossningar var rädda att detta skulle upprepas under nästkommande. Under kategorin Bemötande utvecklades underkategorierna Ett respektfullt bemötande, Individanpassad vård samt Oprofessionellt bemötande. De flesta kvinnor i studien upplevde att de fick ett respektfullt bemötande även om det fanns de som upplevde mötet med barnmorskan på Auroramottagningen som negativt då de upplevde att de inte blev tagna på allvar. De som var positiva efter sina Aurorasamtal upplevde att de blev bemötta med respekt och sedda. Slutsats: Studien ger läsaren en inblick i vilka händelser som leder till att kvinnor går på Aurorasamtal, där bland tidigare förlossningserfarenheter samt psykisk ohälsa. Studien visar även på att merparten av kvinnorna upplevde att de fick ett gott stöd av barnmorskorna på Auroramottagningen, dock fanns det de som upplevde det motsatta. / Background: It is estimated that between 20-25% of all pregnant women in Sweden experience some kind of fear of childbirth. Most hospitals in Sweden have Aurora clinics and their purpose is to help women who are afraid of giving birth. Aim: The aim was to describe the needs and experience of delivered women with contact with a midwife at Aurora clinic. Method: The study was a qualitative interview study. The data collection consisted of eight semi-structured telephone interviews with women selected through convenience selection. A qualitative content analysis was performed, with an inductive approach, when analyzing the material. Results: Two categories were analyzed which were Worry and Fear and Treatment. Under the category Anxiety and fear, the subcategories Previous experiences, Impact of others' experiences and Mental illness were developed. Under the category Treatment, the subcategories A respectful treatment, Individualized care and Unprofessional treatment were developed. Conclusion: The study gives the reader an insight into the events that lead to women attending Aurora talks, including previous childbirth experiences and mental illness. The study also shows that the majority of the women felt that they received good support from the midwives at the Aurora clinic, however, there were those who experienced the opposite.

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