This thesis maps the environment that was in the territory of the Czech and Slovak countries during the period of Austro -- Hungarian Empire, and then illustrates the post -- war consequences and starting conditions of the new state, the Czechoslovakia. Thesis explains the initial moments of the state and its economic situation. There is characterized Banking Bureau of the Ministry of Finance and the course of monetary separation. The actual chapter is devoted to personage Alois Rašín and his other achievements in the management of the economy.

This thesis analyzes how the Habsburg state tried to preserve itself late in the First World War by cooperating with German plans to create a powerful Central European economic block. While Habsburg leaders initially aimed to preserve a conservative monarchical order in the Austro-Hungarian sphere of influence, this paper argues that the Dual Monarchy's response to the increasingly serious shortage of food and its economic negotiations with Germany, which culminated at the peace conference in Brest-Litovsk, show how by late 1917 the Habsburg state was willing to participate in a fundamental reordering of Europe in a final attempt to save itself. / History

Submitted by Gilvan Almeida (gilvan.almeida@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2016-09-26T14:06:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 201.pdf: 7278143 bytes, checksum: fe63a93e17549fe77ec6e9643fe1dc2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Barata Manoel (msbarata@coc.fiocruz.br) on 2016-10-05T14:06:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 201.pdf: 7278143 bytes, checksum: fe63a93e17549fe77ec6e9643fe1dc2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T14:06:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 201.pdf: 7278143 bytes, checksum: fe63a93e17549fe77ec6e9643fe1dc2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Este trabalho analisou, através da trajetória científica de Rudolf Kraus (1868-1932), alguns aspectos das dinâmicas de elaboração, produção e circulação de soros e vacinas nos países em que ele trabalhou, bem como na esfera internacional. Kraus foi diretor do Instituto Bacteriológico de Buenos Aires (1913-1921), do Instituto Butantan em São Paulo (1921-23), do Instituto Soroterápico Federal de Viena (1924-1929), e do Instituto Bacteriológico do Chile (1929-1932). Além de ter dirigido estas instituições de pesquisa e produção biomédica, Kraus possuía um discurso e atividades internacionalistas que permitiram entender que as relações científicas de âmbito transnacional eram regidas mais por contatos informais entre cientistas do que por filiações a organizações internacionais ou orientadas pelos interesses dos governos. Ao longo de sua carreira acadêmica, Kraus fundou quatro revistas especializadas e quatro sociedades, sendo duas de âmbito internacional, além de ter organizado três manuais técnicos de microbiologia. A partir de sua vida profissional foi possível perceber o surgimento de uma cultura do uso de produtos biológicos, a qual derivou não apenas do contexto transnacional de institucionalização da bacteriologia, mas do advento da técnica de padronização da produção do soro antidiftérico. Nas primeiras décadas do século XX, tal cultura se estabeleceu também devido à facilidade de se experimentar os novos produtos elaborados no laboratório em razão da ausência de sistemas regulatórios ou legislação que normatizasse o teste de novos terapêuticos em humanos. Em suma, esta tese contribui tanto para a compreensão da dinâmica de elaboração, fabricação e circulação de soros e vacinas nos países em que Rudolf Kraus trabalhou, quanto para o entendimento das formas de contatos entre cientistas de diferentes nacionalidades. / Through the scientific history of Rudolf Kraus (1868-1932) this work shed light to aspects of invention, production and circulation of sera and vaccines in the countries he worked as well as on the international level. Kraus directed the Bacteriological Institute of Buenos Aires (1913-1921), the Butantan Institute in São Paulo (1921-23), the Federal Serum Therapy Institute of Vienna (1924-1929) and the Bacteriological Institute of Chile (1929-1932). Besides those directorships, his internationalist discourse and activities showed that the transnational scientific relations were framed more by informal contacts between scientists than by international organizations or governments interests. During his academic career, Kraus founded four specialized journals, four scientific societies, two of which of international scope, and organized three microbiology manuals. Following his professional history it was possible to identify the emergence of a therapeutic culture of using biological products, which was establish with the advent of a standard method to the diphtheria serum production in the context of transnational institutionalization of bacteriology. In the beginnings of twentieth century, this culture was also determined by the ease of trying new laboratory products in the absence of legislation or regulatory systems. His performance as a research institute´s director has generated much controversy as the mobilization of the Brazilian scientific community in response to the development of microbiology in Argentina and the indignation of France after the prohibition of BCG vaccination in Chile. In short, this thesis shows some aspects of the dynamics of development, production and circulation of sera and vaccines and contributes to the understanding of the ways of relation between scientists of different nationalities.

Pour le géologue, l'application de la méthode des traces de fission permet d'obtenir des renseignements précieux sur l'histoire thermique des roches. Dans ce travail, cette méthode est appliquée à l'étude des Alpes franco-italiennes, sur une transversale d'Ivrée au Mont Blanc, recoupant le massif du Grand Paradis et les ophiolites de la zone Piémontaise. La comparaison des résultats obtenus dans ces différentes unités, nous apporte des contraintes thermiques et temporelles pour les phases de métamorphisme Haute Pression et Schiste Vert. Nous proposons un modèle géodynamique de l'orogenèse alpine dans ce secteur des Alpes internes .

Although many historians consider Joseph II's campaign of 1788 against the Ottoman Turks a failure, no one has yet provided a thorough account of it. This study attempts to put something into the void. / Based mostly on original sources found in the Kriegsarchiv (War Archives) in Vienna, it examines the campaign from the perspective of Joseph II. The first chapter tries to explain how Joseph became involved in a conflict with the Porte. The second chapter covers the period of February-July 1788, when Joseph postponed his offensive on Belgrade until the fall and waited in Zemun on the defensive. The third chapter begins with the Ottoman advance into the Banat of Timisoara in early August 1788 and ends with the Habsburg army's retreat to winter quarters in November. / Despite failing to take Belgrade, the Habsburg army captured strategically important positions for the campaign of 1789. The difficulties encountered cannot be blamed solely on Joseph's poor generalship. Other factors, such as insufficient Russian assistance, a difficult climate and terrain and a surprisingly strong Ottoman effort, must also be considered.

This master thesis presents an analysis of two personalities Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and Karel Kramář before the First World War. The main theme of this paper is to description their complicated relationship. Next part of this paper describes their political and social activities, their opinions and life attitudes at this time. This thesis is based on examination of their mutual correspondence. The purpose of this paper is to present comparison, analysis and interpretation of the relationship of T. G. Masaryk and K. Kramář in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

No description available.

Ann Tizia Leitich wrote about America to a Viennese audience as a foreign correspondent with the unique and personal perspective of an immigrant to the United States. Leitich differentiates herself from other Europeans who reported on America in her day by telling of the life of the average working American. In so doing, Leitich uses her work as a foreign correspondent to create a new identity for Austria between the World Wars. Leitich uses America in the 1920's and 1930's as a cultural mirror in which the new Republic of Austria can see itself. Leitich's perspective of America is not only useful to the German-speaking audiences of her time, but also sheds light on America in the interwar period to readers of all backgrounds. Unfortunately, the influence of Leitich's journalism is currently limited to German-speaking audiences. Included are 31 translations of Leitich's articles for the benefit of English-speaking audiences to assist in further analysis of implications of her work.

The work examines the political public mass meetings in Bohemia with specialization on Podkrkonoší. It informs about incidents, which had happened before political public mass meetings took place, or which inspired meetings. Thesis informs about main events as the Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire, the restoration constitutional life in the Austrian Empire, the Austro-Prussian War and the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The main thesis purpose is the presentation of atmosphere of selected political mass meetings and the activities of local people and civil servants in Hořice during 1868 - 1870. Also, the work gives us basic information about political public mass meetings in Bohemia and Moravia and their influence on the Czech constitutional fight. Key word The Austro-Prussian War The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 The political public mass meetings Hořice The Fundamental articles of 1871 19th century

La diversité génétique d’une population porte en elle la trace de pratiques culturelles et est un témoignage de certains éléments passés. Ainsi, la langue, qui peut agir comme une barrière culturelle à la reproduction, et le système de parenté, qui va déterminer quand, où et avec qui les individus se reproduisent, vont influencer la diversité génétique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de tenter de retracer les histoires démographiques de populations d’Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est, à plusieurs échelles culturelles, de la famille linguistique Austro-Asiatique aux groupes de filiation en utilisant des données génétiques. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la famille linguistique Austro-Asiatique. Les langues appartenant à une même famille linguistique descendent d’une même langue « mère » et nous avons voulu savoir si en plus de cette parenté linguistique, les locuteurs de ces langues partageaient une parenté génétique. Nous avons étudié la diversité génétique autosomale de populations parlant des langues Austro-Asiatiques et nous les avons comparées à des populations voisines appartenant à d’autres familles linguistiques. Nous n’avons pas pu mettre en évidence de parenté génétique particulière entre les populations parlant des langues Austro-Asiatiques. Ces résultats excluent l’hypothèse d’une origine commune des populations parlant des langues Austro-Asiatique et favorisent l’hypothèse d’une diffusion culturelle des langues Austro-Asiatiques. Puis, nous avons étudié la parenté génétique au sein de groupes de descendance dans huit populations d’Asie du Sud-Est. Les individus appartenant au même groupe de filiation disent descendre d’un même ancêtre commun, paternel dans les populations patrilinéaires ou maternel dans les populations matrilinéaires. Nous avons voulu savoir si l’ancêtre commun de ces populations est mythique ou biologique. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux diversités génétiques du chromosome Y et de l’ADN mitochondrial de huit populations d’Asie du Sud-Est : quatre populations matrilinéaires et quatre populations patrilinéaires. Nos données montrent que des individus appartenant à un même clan matrilinéaire sont fortement apparentés génétiquement au niveau de leur lignée maternelle, visible au niveau de leur ADN mitochondrial. A l’inverse, les individus appartenant à un même clan patrilinéaire ne sont pas plus apparentés génétiquement entre eux que deux individus pris au hasard dans la population au niveau de leur lignée paternelle, visible au niveau du chromosome Y. Ces résultats témoignent de réalités différentes entre les populations patrilinéaires et matrilinéaires d’Asie du Sud-Est avec un ancêtre commun réel dans les populations matrilinéaires et un ancêtre commun mythique dans les clans patrilinéaires. Pris ensemble, ces travaux rappellent la manière dont différents processus culturels ont laissé des signatures génétiques sur les diversités génétiques uniparentales et autosomales et illustrent la manière dont le généticien des populations peut utiliser ces diversités génétiques pour retracer l’histoire démographique des populations. / The genetic diversity of a population carries with it traces of cultural practices and is a testimony of certain past events. Thus, language, which can be a cultural barrier to reproduction, and the kinship system, which will determine when, where and with whom individuals reproduce, will influence genetic diversity. The aim of this PhD thesis is to try to retrace the demographic histories of populations of South and Southeast Asia, at several cultural scales, from the Austroasiatic language family to descent groups using the genetic data. Firstly, we studied in the Austroasiatic language family. Languages belonging to the same linguistic family come from the same "mother" language and we wanted to know whether, in addition to this linguistic kinship, the speakers of these languages shared a genetic kinship. We have studied the autosomal genetic diversity of Austroasiatic speaking populations and compared them to neighboring populations belonging to other linguistic families. We could not highlight any particular genetic kinship between populations speaking Austroasiatic languages. These results exclude the hypothesis of a common origin of populations speaking Austroasiatic languages and favor the hypothesis of a cultural diffusion of Austroasiatic languages. Then, we investigated genetic kinship in descent groups in eight Southeast Asian populations. Individuals belonging to the same descent group claim to descend from a common paternal ancestor, in patrilineal populations, or from a common maternal ancestor, in matrilineal populations. We wanted to know if the common ancestor of these populations is mythical or biological. We investigated the genetic diversities of the Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA of eight populations in Southeast Asia: four matrilineal populations and four patrilineal populations. Our data showed that individuals belonging to the same matrilineal clan are closely genetically related to their maternal line, visible in their mitochondrial DNA. Conversely, individuals belonging to the same patrilineal clan are no more genetically related to each other than two individuals randomly selected from the population in their paternal line, visible on the Y chromosome. These results reflect different realities between the patrilineal and matrilineal populations of Southeast Asia with a real common ancestor in matrilineal populations and a mythical common ancestor in the patrilineal clans. Together, these results showed how different cultural processes have left genetic signatures on uniparental and autosomal genetic diversities and illustrated how the population geneticist can use these genetic diversities to trace the populations' demographic history.