The endeavor of this thesis is to throw light on the portrayal of women by the Austrian-Jewish writer Joseph Roth. Roth’s women are regarded as highly negative and thus the author has increasingly been judged a male chauvinist and misogynist. This opinion seems particularly questionable since hardly any studies on his fictitious women have ever been conducted. The present study aims at filling that void and thereby presenting Roth’s views in a more differentiated manner. A new approach to Roth is thus called for. The analysis draws from the socio-historic background in which Roth’s work is situated. In his journalism as in his fiction, Roth strived to demonstrate and deal with the challenges of the times he lived in. His work frequently revolves around the “damaged” post-war generation in the 1920s and 30s, the feeling of being literally and metaphorically homeless. His later works are mostly set in the past, although this should not be viewed as escapism but as an attempt to come to terms with present reality. The worlds he portrays are dominated by men who are neither whole nor strong. But although women are few and it is said they are depicted only in crude stereotypes, the study shows that Roth does address their problems and plights. By observing women within established types, modern and traditional, it is revealed that Roth indeed shows depth when characterizing women, and that his interest in them is to use them as examples to illustrate fundamental aspects of the human condition. Rather than portraying them subservient to man, Roth demonstrates their common humanity. His understanding for the condition of women in his times often becomes apparent only when the narrative perspective is isolated from the protagonists. Simultaneously his work presents a valuable literary contribution for Gender Studies. / Classics and Modern European Languages / (D. Litt. et Phil.) (German)

This thesis deals with the life of Františka Plamínková (1875-1942) paying special attention to her role as a women's rights activist, politician and journalist. The study maps out Plamínková's journey to becoming one of the principal characters of the Czech women's movement before and after the First World War and her merits regarding the women's suffrage in Czechoslovakia in the appropriate historical context. Furthermore, it describes her politics in the Czechoslovak Senate as well as her other public activities, such as being the chairwoman of the Czech National Women's Council. It highlights Plamínková's fate during the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia, which ultimately led to her execution. The chapter dedicated to Plamínková's journalistic work analyses her texts published between 1906-1940 primarily in women's magazines, where Plamínková reflected on the period narrative concerning women and aimed to change their limited options within both their public and private lives. The premise of this thesis is that Plamínková projected her own experience and opinions into her journalistic body of work. The study is based in archival materials and sources, texts in period magazines and other studies related to the topic at hand. Enclosed are several period photographs and archival documents.

Проблематика исследования сосредоточена вокруг вопроса о формировании национальной идентичности политической и интеллектуальной элиты титульной нации в мультинациональной среде государств XIX в. Влияние австрийских пангерманистов выражалось в разных областях с различной интенсивностью. Долгосрочные результаты их деятельности были связаны с идеей аншлюса Австрии после Первой мировой войны и символикой будущего национал-социализма: в том числе, образы «народного трибуна» и «борца за национальные интересы» были сформированы под воздействием политической культуры Г. фон Шёнерера. Взаимодействие с «общеавстрийским» Немецким школьным союзом позволяло Шёнереру получить доступ к широкой сети общественных организаций Австро-Венгрии, которая представляла собой мощный инструмент для формирования «про-немецких» настроений. Участие пангерманистов в «кризисе Бадени» конца 1890-х гг. способствовало широкому распространению в международном сообществе идеи о внутренней слабости Габсбургской монархии, что подчеркнуло разницу в положении между сторонниками и противниками Монархии. Но в немецком либерализме шёнерианцы стали своеобразной «точкой отсчета», близость или удаленность от которой была одним из маркеров дифференциации внутри конституционного крыла. В то же время агрессивные кампании против евреев наращивали истерию вокруг их положения в обществе, формируя негативное отношение и обостряя дихотомию «еврей-немец». Политика австрийских пангерманистов способствовала углублению проблемы «двойной лояльности», обогащая рефлексивный опыт австрийских элит, и закладывала идеологические основы внешнеполитического курса Австрии в межвоенный и послевоенный периоды XX в. / The research issues center around the processes of the national identity formation of the titular nation's political and intellectual elite in the multinational state in the 19th century. The Austrian Pan-Germanists’ influence was expressed in different areas with different intensity. The long-term results of their activities were associated with the idea of the Anschluss of Austria after the First World War and the symbols of the National Socialism: including the images of the «people's tribune» and the «fighter for national interests» were formed under the influence of the political culture of G. von Schoenerer. Interaction with the German School Union (Deutsche Schulverein) allowed Schoenerer to gain access to a wide network of public organizations in Austria-Hungary, which represented a powerful tool for strength the «pro-German» sympathies. Participation of Pan-Germanists in the «Badeni crisis» of the late 1890s contributed to the widespread dissemination in the international community of the idea of the Habsburg Monarchy internal weakness, which emphasized the difference in the position between supporters and opponents of Habsburgs. But in German liberalism, the Schoenerians became a «reference point», which was one of the markers of differentiation within the constitutional wing. At the same time aggressive campaigns against Jews increased hysteria around their position in society, creating negative attitudes and exacerbating the «Jew-German» dichotomy. The policy of the Austrian Pan-Germanists contributed to the deepening of the problem of «dual loyalty», enriching the reflective experience of the Austrian elites, and laid the ideological foundations of Austria's foreign policy course in the interwar and post-war periods of the 20th century.

The thesis Political Programmes of the Czech Representation in the Second Halve of the 19th Century focuses on both programme documents and actual work of Czech political parties, whether more or less institutionalized, between the years 1848 (March Revolution) and 1918 (the downfall of Austria-Hungary). At first it summarizes the historical development in the respective period (Chapter 1), next, it analyses programmes of political parties in three broadly defined topics: 1) Organisation of the empire, question of the Czech State Right (Chapter 2); 2) Constitutionalism, civil rights and role of a citizen (Chapter 3) and 3) National matters (Chapter 4). The attitudes about each of these areas of the following political parties are defined: Bohemian nobility, National Party (till 1874) or Old Czechs (since then), Young Czechs, Social Democrats, Agrarians, Catholic parties, National Socialists, Progress parties and parties of the Radical State Right, Realists and Anarchists. For the conclusion, the author of the thesis attempts to characterise and evaluating the Czech political representation, as well as its importance for the development since 1918.

In the year 1896 Hungary celebrated the 1000th anniversary of the Magyar settlement in the Carpathian Basin. The preparations started in the early 80's of 19th century. Originally they planned to celebrate in 1895, since it was decided that the conquest had happened in 895. But there was not enough time to prepare, so they postponed the festivities. Even though there was widespread development in industry and culture at the end of 19th century, the situation in Hungary was very complicated. The main problem was the relationship of Hungarians within the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, changes in that society, and the situation of national minorities and the working-class. During the celebrations of the millennial anniversary, these discussed topics were overlooked while everybody was occupied with the festivities. Hungarians tried to present their glorious past, their country's successful economy, industry, and culture to prove that Hungary was the foremost nation in the Carpathian Basin. The Hungarian parliament passed a law to celebrate the millennium that ordered, for example, the building of monuments around Hungary and the founding of The Museum of Fine Arts and 400 elementary schools. Throughout the country there were opening ceremonies, festivities, meetings, processions, parades, and unveilings...

Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) reste connue pour son engagement pacifiste. Son ouvrage Bas les Armes! (1889) lui a valu une grande notoriété mondiale, avant la première guerre mondiale. Son engagement dans le mouvement de la paix qu’elle a contribué à organiser lui a valu le prix Nobel de la paix en 1905. Engagée dans multiples combats, elle est encore méconnue. Où la situer ? Comment caractériser sa lutte pour la paix, l’émancipation des femmes ou la sécularisation de la société, alors qu’émerge en Europe un discours pacifiste et libérateur ? Il importait de mettre en évidence sa rupture face à la tradition et sa position spécifique politiquement non révolutionnaire. Voilà à quoi s’attache la présente thèse, qui s’appuie sur l’analyse inédite des romans et nouvelles à tonalité autobiographique, et qui s’emploie à jeter un éclairage sur l’influence persistante de la philosophie populaire des Lumières allemandes à la fin du XIXe siècle. Ainsi se trouve montrée l’actualité des positions de cette aristocrate novatrice / Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) is well known for her commitment to peace. Her book Lay down your arms! (1889) made her famous before World War First. She becam one of main advocates of the idea of universal peace through the creation of a European suprantional identity. She owes the 1905 Nobel Peace Prize to her international fame. But beyond this fight she was committed to the defence of women or against the dogmatism of society and the church. How to define the consistency of her many fights at the very time when a pacifist and emancipating discourse was emerging ? the present thesis, based on a original analysis of the author's novels and short stories with an autobiographical undertone, is driving to light her breaking away from tradition but on a politically not revolutionary way, with the persitent influence of the popular philosophy of the German Enlightenment Age at the end of the XIXth century. The thesis shows the topicality of this innovative aristocrat's positions

The aim of the thesis is to analyse office reform which was implemented in the first two decades of the 20th century in the environment of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. As its beginnings are bound up with District Office in Oberhollabrunn (nowadays Hollabrunn) situated in Lower Austria it is commonly reffered to as so-called Oberhollabrunn system, eventually as Low-Austria system or also Kielmansegg reform. In 1905 its utilisation was spread to all district offices in Lower Austria and it was implemented in one of the offices in Halič, in Přímoří and in Moravia as well. On the basis of an in practice tried and tested norm it was searched for a way of how to improve officework also at provincial offices (governorships). Therefore for example Prague's office of the second instance of state administration acceded to their own form of solution. According to its author this variant bears the denomination Raprrich's system. The introductory part of the presented thesis is dedicated to the analysis of the literature concerning modern diplomatics in the context of the office reforms. A particular chapter is an elaboration on the methods of modern diplomatics and their applications in the research of the office reform as itself. The third chapter represents the transformation of the administration on the level...

The goal of this thesis is to do research , as wide as possible, in the most popular part of hobby named reenacting or reenacting (Napoleonic era, Austro-Prussian Wars, American Civil War, Second World War and some new topic - Czechoslovak Peoples Army, Royal Air Force and Czechoslovak Policemen before WW2). Thats mean commemoration and re-enactment of military history and military units in whole its history from time before 1989 to the future. I tried to find grounds of this hobby and describe development of it. As I expected, progress of this hobby or movement is larger, but this hobby existed before 1989 too. Reenactors reenacted and portrayed older conflicts as Napoleonic and Austro-Prussian war. Future reenactors were mainly fencers and tramps. Year 1989 was turning point for all reenactors. Theirs hobby is legal, it is possible to travel, to unite, to ground living history groups, own weapons, speak about all part of our history. It was possible to share and search information, regulation with and in foreign countries, foreigners and archives and museums. Main goal of reenactors is to portray theirs archetypes as good as possible. Public can see not only reconstruction of battles, but open air exhibition - "very interactive museums". This thesis can't be described as "Complete, all history of...