The complex, multi-faceted sustainability challenge that society faces calls for a strategic approach to sustainable development. Strategic planning processes towards sustainability in organisations and communities are oftentimes led by a facilitator or facilitative leader. We argue that planning processes of complex and transformational change, call for collaboration among stakeholders and for highly skilled facilitative leaders who are committed to the development of self, others and society. This thesis explores the ‘interior state’ of facilitative leaders as a high leverage point in moving society towards sustainability. We identify nine personal capacities that enable leaders to facilitate collaboration in Strategic Sustainable Development: (1) Being Present, (2) Whole Self-Awareness, (3) Suspension & Letting Go, (4) Compassion, (5) Intention Aligned with Higher Purpose, (6) Whole System Awareness, (7) Personal Power, (8) Sense of Humour, and (9) Holding Dualities and Paradoxes. We identify a range of personal and collective practices that help develop these personal capacities. We propose these capacities are the foundation for a more holistic and authentic facilitation approach applied to strategic sustainable development.

The diploma thesis is of a theoretical-research nature. The theoretical part deals with an innovative school assessment approach which is required by the current conception of the primary education. The attention is paid to the innovative forms of assessment, especially to the self-assessment and the pupil's portfolio. The aims, the research questions and the methods of the exploration are formulated in the research part. There is a presentation of the results of the research, which was focused on the pupil's portfolio as a means of assessment and self-assessment in the conception of several primary education teachers. The options as well as the difficulties of the portfolio assessment are presented. The final product of the thesis is a summary of recommendations for primary education teachers who would like to start to apply the pupil's portfolio in their teaching practice. Keywords: innovative assessment self-assessment pupil's portfolio authentic assessment feedback primary education

The thesis presents a multi-aspectual analysis of simplified fiction at the B2 and C1 levels and their original counterparts. It aims to explore the simplification and language transformation performed on authentic texts to adapt them to particular CEFR levels. The thesis also endeavors to provide an insight into whether there are common linguistic features that characterize authentic and adapted texts of different levels, thus helping teachers and learners justify their choice between original and simplified texts. Based on the theoretical framework, the thesis provides an analysis of a specialized corpus of six texts which is comprised of the first chapters of the two original novels and their simplified versions adapted to the B2 and C1 levels by two different publishers. Each sample was subjected to scrutiny of selected linguistic features, thus unveiling the tendencies in the language, discourse, and information control in the graded readers. Consequently, the results of the text analysis were contrasted with CEFR to compare the actual text complexity with its assigned CEFR level. The results of the analysis seem to indicate certain discrepancies in this respect. Keywords: CEFR, specialized corpus, graded readers, authentic texts, simplification, language control, discourse control,...

In the present study the overarching aim was to investigate the relationship between commitment, self-differentiation and pride in undergraduate university students with the view to achieve a better understanding of the extent to which identity-related factors such as self-differentiation and pride as a self-relevant emotion may shape the strength of commitments in a higher education setting. Findings of the study may contribute to the literature on the psychology of academic commitment by distinguishing it from academic engagement (Baldwin & Koh, 2012) and by broadening the study of commitment to include identity-related constructs in the development of academic commitment (Lord, Diefendorff, Schmidt & Hall, 2010). I argue that a well-differentiated self is relevant to academic commitment because it may provide coherency and consistency in commitments. Academic commitment was operationalised as the extent to which students experience their studies as a source of satisfaction and meaning, the extent to which they have invested resources in their studies, and the quality of alternatives available (Rusbult, Martz & Agnew, 1998). I examined self-differentiation in terms of the ability to take an I-position in the absence of Emotional Reactivity, Emotional Cutoff and Fusion with Others (Skowron & Friedlander, 1998). Authentic pride was described as a self-relevant emotion consisting of two dimensions, namely Authentic and Hubristic pride (Tracy & Robins, 2007d). The Meaning Maintenance Model (MMM) as discussed by Heine, Proulx & Vohs (2006) was the conceptual framework that guided the study. A quantitative cross-sectional survey was asked for the implementation of a questionnaire that consisted of demographic factors, the Academic Commitment Scale (ACS), the Differentiation of Self Inventory (DSI-R) and the Authentic and Hubristic Pride Scales (AHP). A pilot study was conducted to test the new Academic Commitment Scale’s reliability and construct validity. A one-stage random cluster sampling method was used to complete a sample of undergraduate students from two faculties at the same university. Results of the main study were reported in Chapter 4 and a discussion of findings and conclusions, as well as the contribution, limitations and recommendations for future research were addressed in Chapter 5. Findings of the study indicate that commitment as an identity-level construct, related to identity-related constructs such as differentiation of self and pride, can be utilised in a higher education setting to differentiate between high performance students and students at risk of failure. The results can thus assist policy makers, lecturers, educationists and psychologists to achieve a better understanding of the factors underpinning academic success on the one hand and student dropout on the other hand, in order to develop appropriate support programs. A main feature of the study was the development of a new scale to measure commitment in an academic context. The Academic Commitment Scale was created based on an adapted version of the Rusbult et al. (1998) Investment Model. Meaningfulness was added as a fifth subscale which turned out to be a strong predictor of academic commitment. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2014 / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Uppsatsen syftar till att studera banker som utövar traditionell budgetstyrning och banker som har frångått budgetering. Studien undersöker alternativa styrningsmetoder som kan tillämpas vid en budgetlös styrning och hur det kommer sig att traditionell budget utövas trots deras kritik. Dessutom analysera hur ledarskapet ser ut beroende på metod som utövas. Centraliserade organisationer fattar beslut på högre nivåer, medan decentraliserade organisationer har beslutsfattande och ansvar på lägre nivåer, närmare kunden. Organisationsstrukturen påverkar styrningsmetoden på så sätt att: Bankkontoren inom centraliserade organisationer har möjlighet att ta beslut som berör det enskilda kontoren, inom givna ramar. Decentralisering möjliggör för bankkontoren att arbeta mer självständigt. Studien visar att alternativa metoder banker arbetar med är exempelvis att bankkontoren upprättar egna verksamhetsplaner. Därefter involveras medarbetarna genom att de utformar sina handlingsplaner utifrån verksamhetsplanen. Målen ska vara mätbara, realistiska och nåbara, samt upprättas i nyckeltal. Metoden möjliggör för kontoren att anpassa sig efter den lokala marknaden. Budget är användbar för att se organisationens resultat, fungerar som ett verktyg för att uppnå de långsiktiga målen och upprättas för koncernledningen och VD. Det framkommer i studien att budget brukar stämma in och ger tydliga ramar att förhålla sig till. Budget motiverar medarbetarna till att arbeta mer effektivt och ger en känsla av trygghet. Studien framhäver tre distinkta ledarskapsstilar; Transformativt-, det ”Tjänande” ledarskapet (Servant leadership) och Autentiskt ledarskap. Där två av dem tillhör det etiska ledarskapet och den tredje anses vara önskvärt och effektiv. Det framkommer att budgetstyrda bankkontor utövar det ”tjänande” ledarskapet och transformativt ledarskap inom budgetlösa kontor. / This thesis aims to study banks that practice traditional budgeting and banks that practice Beyond Budgeting. This study investigates alternative control systems that could be applied when budget is not exercised and how come others practice budget despite bad criticism. And analyzes whether leadership differs depending on which control system is used.Centralized organizations make decisions on higher levels, decentralized organizations have their decision making and responsibility on lower levels, closer to the client. The organization’s structure affects the control system in the way that; banking office within centralized organizations can make decisions which concerns their own office, as long as it’s within organization’s frames. Decentralization enables the banking office to act more independently.This study shows alternative control systems that banks could work with is for example letting banking offices establish their own operational plan. Thereafter involve co-workers by having them formulate their plan of action, based on the operational plan. The objectives have to be measureable, realistic and achievable, and established in terms of key performance indicator. The method enables banking offices to accommodate the local market.The budget is useful to look at the organizations result, works as a tool to achieve long term goals and is established for the group executive board and CEO. It appears that the outcome usually corresponds with the budget, and that the budget gives distinct frames to stay within. It motivates co-workers to work more effectively and gives a feeling of safety.This study accentuates three distinct leadership styles; Transformational-, Servant- and Authentic leadership. Two of them are considered ethical leadership and the third pass for being desirable and effective. It appears that banking offices that practice budget exercise servant leadership and transformational leadership is used in banking offices that practice Beyond Budgeting.

Titel: Ledarskap i den kreativa processen: En studie om dataspelsföretag Problem: I dagsläget finns det brister på studier som fokuserar på olika ledarskapsperspektivs påverkan på kreativitet inom arbetsgrupper. Hur ledarskap formas och ledarskapets roll i den kreativa processen saknas det information om, speciellt inom kreativt intensiva industrier. Stor del av tidigare forskning fokuserar på länder som USA och Japan, men inte Sverige. Dataspelsindustrin är en snabbföränderlig industri, därmed finns det flera utmaningar och affärsmöjligheter som organisationer möjligtvis saknar kunskap om. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att få en förståelse för hur ledarskapet ser ut i den kreativa processen i dataspelsföretag. Samtidigt vill vi bidra med kunskap och förståelse om ledarskapets inflytande på den kreativa processen. Metod: Undersökningen utgick från samhällsvetenskapligt tolkningsperspektiv med en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi.  Fenomenologisk ansats har använts för att fånga intervjupersonernas upplevelser av ledarskapet i den kreativa processen i dataspelsindustrin med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer. Forskningsansatsen var abduktiv då forskarna pendlade konstant mellan data och kända teorier vid sökandet efter de mest sannolika förklaringarna. Vid bearbetning av data användes en fenomenografisk dataanalysmodell. Slutsats: Olika ledarskapsperspektiv fungerar olika under olika omständigheter. Enligt den teoretiska referensramen utesluter inte en ledarskapsteori nödvändigtvis en annan utan aspekter av olika ledarskapsteorier går att kombinera. Eftersom att det finns många olika typer av dataspelsföretag är det viktigt att förstå den egna organisationen och vara öppen för att plocka aspekter från olika ledarskapsteorier och skräddarsy ett ledarskapsperspektiv som passar organisationens kontext. / Title: Leadership in the creative process: A study about small computer game companies. Problem: Currently there is a lack of studies that focus on different leadership perspectives effect on creativity within groups. There is a lack of information about how leadership shapes and the leadership’s role in the creative process, especially in creative intensive industries. A big part of previous research focuses on countries like USA and Japan, but not Sweden. The computer game industry is a fast changing industry, therefore there are many challenges and business opportunities that organizations might lack knowledge about. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to gain an understanding for what leadership in the creative process in small computer game companies look like. At the same time we want contribute knowledge and understanding about the leadership's influence on the creative process. Method: The study is based on a interpretive social science perspective with a qualitative research strategy. A phenomenological approach has been used to capture the respondent's’ experience of leadership in the creative process in the computer game industry with the help of semi structured interviews. The research approach was abductive due to the researchers constantly going between data and known theories when searching after the most probable explanations. During processing of data a phenomenographic data analysis model was used. Conclusion: Different leadership perspectives work differently under different circumstances. According to the theoretical framework leadership theories does not necessarily exclude one from another, rather aspects from different leadership theories are combinable. Since there are many kinds of computer game companies it is imperative to understand one’s own organization and to be open to pick aspects from different leadership theories to tailor a leadership perspective that fits the organization's context.

Dans cette étude, nous analysons le processus cognitif de la compréhension de l’espagnol oral en tant que création de sens à travers ce que nous avons choisi de nommer des dispositifs de représentation audiovisuels. Ces dispositifs véhiculent des textes audiovisuels (faisant appel à la multimodalité), authentiques (privilégiant la vraisemblance de la langue), narratifs (illustrant des événements à partir de schémas déterminés) et artistiques (s’adressant aux sens, aux émotions et à l’intellect). Bien qu’on ne puisse pas enseigner un processus cognitif, il est possible d’explorer les clés dont l’enseignant peut se servir pour guider les étudiants en les encourageant à « habiter » le dispositif, à se l’approprier, ce qui leur permet de créer un nouveau sens, leur sens. Ainsi, notre étude – fondée sur une collecte d’informations faisant suite à une expérimentation de terrain – a été guidée par les questions suivantes : dans quelle mesure les dispositifs de représentation audiovisuels peuvent apporter une aide à la compréhension de l’espagnol oral en milieu universitaire ? Quelle relation favorisant la création de sens entretiennent langue, image et son dans les dispositifs de représentation audiovisuels ? Comment l’enseignant doit-il aborder les dispositifs de représentation audiovisuels pour faire participer, orienter et guider les étudiants garantissant à tous un véritable rôle (inter)actif à tous malgré le changement de paradigme du dispositif ? Les réponses à ces questions, qui forment le corps de la présente thèse, représentent quelques pistes pour aider les enseignants à mieux comprendre ce qui se joue lorsqu’ils choisissent de travailler sur la base de dispositifs de représentation audiovisuels et pour motiver les étudiants universitaires à aller à la rencontre de l’espagnol dans de meilleures conditions. / In this study, I analyze the cognitive process of oral Spanish comprehension as a sense-building process through what I have called “audiovisual representation devices.” These devices are a vehicle for audiovisual (involving multimodality), real (favoring the authenticity of the language), narrative (describing actions following specific patterns) and artistic (appealing to our senses, emotions and intellect) texts. Although a cognitive process cannot be taught, it is possible to explore the strategies that teachers can use to guide students in their learning by encouraging them to "experience" the device, to appropriate it, and so allow them to create new sense, a sense of their own. Thus, this study, which is based on a collection of data after thorough field testing, is guided by the following questions: to what extent can audiovisual representation devices assist in oral Spanish comprehension in higher education? What relationship favoring the creation of meaning maintain language, image and sound in audiovisual representation devices? How must the teacher approach audiovisual representation devices so as to involve, lead, and guide students ensuring they all have a genuine (inter)active role despite any device paradigm shifts? The answers to these questions, which form the body of this dissertation, serve as a few guidelines to help teachers gain an insight into what is at stake when they choose to work using audiovisual representation devices. These answers also aim to motivate higher-education students to approach learning Spanish under better conditions.

This MA thesis will discuss the reception of common, non-scholarly polytheists (pagans) to the persecution of Christians from the early empire until the Great Persecution (303-313, 322-324). Though modern scholars have addressed this issue and asserted that there was a change in attitude, many have not developed this into anything more than a passing statement. When chronologically analyzing the Christian acts, passions, letters, and speeches recounting the deaths of martyrs deemed historically authentic, and accounting for the literary and biblical topoi, we can demonstrate that the position of non-Christians changed. The methodology of this thesis will chronologically assess the martyr acts, passions, speeches, and letters which are historically accurate after literary and biblical topoi are addressed. These sources are available in the appendix. Throughout this analysis, we will see two currents. The primary current will seek to discern the change in pagan reception of anti-Christian persecution, while the second current will draw attention to the Roman concept of religio and superstitio, both important in understanding civic religion which upheld the pax deorum and defined loyalty to the Roman order through material sacrifices and closely connected to one's citizenship. Religio commonly denoted proper ritual practices, while superstitio defined irregular forms of worship which may endanger the state. As we will see, Christians were feared and persecuted because it was believed that their cult would anger the gods and disrupt the cosmological order. The analysis will begin with a discussion centered on the "accusatory" approach to the Christian church during the first two centuries when the Roman state relied on provincial delatores (denounces) to legislate against the cult. During the first two centuries persecution was mostly provincial, sporadic and was not centrally-directed. We will see that provincial mobs were the most violent during the first two centuries. During the third century the actions of the imperial authority changed and began following an "inquisitorial" approach with the accession of Emperors Decius and Valerian, the former enacting an edict of universal sacrifices while the latter undertook the first Empire-wide initiative to crush the Christian community. It is during the third century that the attitude of non-elite pagans may have begun to change. This will be suggested when discussing the martyrdom of Pionius. When discussing the fourth century Great Persecution under the Diocletianic tetrarchy, it will be suggested that the pagan populace may have begun to look upon the small Christian community sympathetically. The thesis will conclude with the victory of Constantine over Licinius and the slow but steady rise of Christianity to prominence, becoming the official religio of the empire with traditional paganism relegated to the status of a superstitio.

Extracting the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) fluctuations from an audio recording and comparing it to a reference database is a new technology intended to perform forensic digital audio authentication. The objective of this thesis is to implement and design a range of programs and algorithms for capturing and extracting ENF signals. The developed C-program combined with a probe can be used to build the reference database. Our implementation of the Short-Time Fourier Transform method is intended for the ENF extraction of longer signals while our novel proposed use of the Autoregressive parametric method and our implementation of the zero-crossing approach tackle the case of shorter recordings. A Graphical User Interface (GUI) was developed to facilitate the process of extracting the ENF fluctuations. The whole process is tested and evaluated for various scenarios ranging from long to short recordings.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis bibliométrico sobre artículos científicos de psicología relacionados al liderazgo auténtico y publicados entre los años 2009 y 2019 en la base de datos Redalyc. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda de la variable en la base de datos previamente mencionada, encontrándose un total de 34 investigaciones, de las cuales se seleccionaron 7 artículos que conformaron la muestra de estudio. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis de datos, en el que se encontró que la totalidad de la muestra contaba con resúmenes, abstracts, palabras claves, introducción y objetivos, así como, conclusiones y referencias. Asimismo, las investigaciones eran en su mayoría cualitativas (57%) y se caracterizaron por emplear el método bibliométrico. Se concluyó que la bibliometría es una herramienta útil para evaluar de manera objetiva la calidad, pertinencia y estructura de publicaciones científicas previas, con el fin de tangibilizar dicha información para contribuir al desarrollo y avance de la ciencia. / The present study aimed to carry out a bibliometric analysis of scientific articles on psychology related to authentic leadership and published between 2009 and 2019 in the Redalyc database. To do this, a search of the variable was carried out in the previously mentioned database, finding a total of 34 investigations, of which 7 articles were selected to be the study sample. Subsequently, a data analysis was performed, in which it was found that the entire sample had abstracts, keywords, introduction and objectives as well as conclusions and references. Likewise, the investigations were mostly qualitative (57%) and were characterized by using the bibliometric method. It was concluded that bibliometrics is a useful tool to objectively evaluate the quality, relevance, and structure of previous scientific publications, to make this information tangible to contribute to the development and advancement of science. / Trabajo de investigación