A eqüidade é um termo polissêmico e comporta diversas definições. Nesta obra, estudam-se as decisões por eqüidade na arbitragem comercial internacional e não a eqüidade em todos seus aspectos. Trata-se da função substitutiva da eqüidade. A decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem apresenta-se como uma técnica: uma forma de decidir sem que haja remissão necessária ao direito positivo. Sua característica principal é a liberdade de método decisório. Seu principal efeito é a possibilidade de derrogar o direito positivo, dentro dos limites da ordem pública. Ela qualifica-se, do ponto de vista positivo, como uma técnica de decisão; do ponto de vista negativo, como uma abdicação do julgamento conforme regras de direito. Em termos históricos, a decisão por eqüidade na arbitragem existe desde pelo menos a Grécia antiga. Desde então, ela sobrevive na tradição jurídica ocidental. Nos dias atuais, ela é encontrada na imensa maioria dos ordenamentos. Boa parte de sua disciplina atual no mundo decorre do movimento de reforma das legislações nacionais ocorrido nas últimas décadas, que teve na Lei Modelo da CNUDCI uma importante fonte de inspiração. A arbitragem por eqüidade é uma espécie do gênero arbitragem. Embora possua diversas denominação no mundo, tais diferenças não encerram diversidade de conceitos. Em termos de qualificação da cláusula de arbitragem por eqüidade, existem divergências: pode-se relacioná-la à cláusula arbitral, ao procedimento ou ao mérito. Nesta obra, defendemos seu posicionamento nos domínios da cláusula arbitral, embora possua efeitos processuais. Nos dias de hoje, pode-se afirmar a existência de regras materiais transnacionais depreendidas do exame do direito comparado e jurisprudência arbitral, especificamente para a arbitragem por eqüidade. A cláusula de arbitragem por eqüidade produz efeitos tanto no direito material quanto no procedimento. No direito material, possibilita-se a derrogação do direito positivo. No direito processual, tanto pode causar alterações automáticas do procedimento como conferir maior liberdade aos árbitros na condução da arbitragem. Resta dúvidas se autoriza modificações no procedimento convencionado pelas partes. Também é controversa a possibilidade de se decidir por eqüidade questões prévias ao mérito, como a validade da cláusula arbitral. A decisão por eqüidade é limitada pela ordem pública e pelo princípio do devido processo. Com relação ao contrato, existem divergências sobre seu alcance. Todavia, pode-se verificar a sedimentação de um entendimento pelo qual os árbitros podem moderar certas disposições contratuais que produzam resultados injustos; todavia, não podem alterar substancialmente a economia do contrato. Do exame de direito comparado, existem três sistemas de arbitragem por eqüidade. Na imensa maioria dos casos, permitir-se-á desde que as partes assim convencionem. Presume-se, portanto, a arbitragem de direito. Um segundo sistema, utilizado por alguns países Latino-Americanos, presume que a arbitragem seja por eqüidade, salvo convenção das partes. Um terceiro sistema, adotado por poucos países, não permite a arbitragem por eqüidade. Os tratados internacionais em geral não tratam da arbitragem por eqüidade. Aqueles que o fazem, em geral apresentam uma regra material: permitem-na, desde que as partes convencionem. Nesta obra, realizou-se um exame da jurisprudência arbitral e uma pesquisa empírica com 92 profissionais que atuam na arbitragem comercial internacional em diversos países. De seu exame, podem-se identificar alguns elementos recorrentes na prática da arbitragem por eqüidade no mundo. Esses elementos ajudam a desvendar as formas e limites da arbitragem do instituo, bem como o que tem sido compreendido como equitativo no domínio da arbitragem comercial. Em outras palavras, o \"justo no comércio internacional\". / Equity is a polissemic term and comprises several definitions. This work focus on ex aequo et bono (sometimes referred to as in \"equity\") decisions rendered in international commercial arbitration, and not on the term \"equity\" as a whole. It is about the equity substitutive function. The equity decision rendered in arbitration procedures presents itself as a technique: A way to decide without reference to positive law. Its main characteristic is the freedom of the decision method. Its main effect is the possibility to repeal the positive law, within the public order/ordre public limits. It is qualified, from a positive point of view, as a decision technique; from a negative point of view, as an abdication of judgment according to the rules of law. In historical terms, ex aequo et bono decision in arbitration exists at least since Ancient Greece. Since then, it survives in the occidental legal tradition. Nowadays, it is found in most part of the legal systems. Good part of its current discipline in the World results from the national legislation reformulation movement occurring in the last decades, which was greatly inspired by the UNCITRAL Model Law. Arbitration ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) is a type of arbitration. Although it has several different legal frameworks in the world, such differences do not imply a diversity of concept or nature. In terms of qualification of the amiable composition c1ause, there are divergences: It may be related to the arbitration c1ause, to proceeding or to merits. This work submits its positioning in the arbitration c1ause, in spite of its procedural effects. Nowadays, it may be affirmed the existence of transnational material rules applicable to arbitration ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) arising out of comparative law and case law analysis. The ex aequo et bono (amiable composition) c1ause produces both substantive and procedural effects. In the substantive law, it is possible to repeal the positive law. In procedural law, it may cause automatic alterations in the proceeding, such as granting a greater freedom to the arbitrators in the conduction ofthe arbitration. It is still unc1ear if it authorizes modifications in the proceeding agreed by the parties. It is also controversial the possibility to render ex aequo et bono decisions in relation to those matters prior to the merit, such as the arbitration c1ause validity. The decision ex aequo et bono is limited by the public order/ordre public and due process. There are divergences regarding its effects in relation to the contracts (and parties\' will more generally). However, there seems to be an understanding according to which the arbitrators may mitigate certain contractual provisions producing unfair results; nevertheless, they may not substantially modify the contractual economy. According to a comparative law analysis, there are three \"systems\" for ex aequo et bono c1auses. In most of the cases, such kind of arbitration is permitted, provided that the parties so agree. It is therefore presumed the arbitration at law. A second system, used by some Latin-American countries, provides for ex aequo et bono decision as the default rule for arbitration, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. A third system, adopted by a few countries, does not allow this kind of arbitration. International treaties, in general, do not deal with arbitrations ex aequo et bono. Those which so deal with it, in general, present a material rule: decisions ex aequo et bono are permitted, if the parties so agree. This work analyzes the case law related to ex aequo e bono arbitration and performs a field research with 92 professionals acting in the international commercial arbitration field in several countries. From such analysis, it can be identified some common features in the worldwide arbitration practice. Such elements help c1arify the ways and limits of this kind of arbitration, as well as what has been understood as equitable within the commercial arbitration context. In other words, what is \"fair\" in international trade.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Luiz Lourenco Favaron.pdf: 2666934 bytes, checksum: cbf4ba12d78382c5ffc580eca358bc71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / In today's context of extreme market competition, many companies aiming to achieve excellence in quality and customer satisfaction seek answers in implementing Quality Programs such as TQM (Total Quality Management), or in adhering to the Quality Awards of international recognition, with the goal of creating a culture of quality within the company. The present study aims to investigate whether, with this organizational management focused on quality, the financial performance of these companies are differentiated to the companies in which there is, or there is little, concern for an effective quality management that permeates the entire organization. In this scenario, the central question to be answered is: quality management brings higher financial results for companies which seek this culture of quality and organizational excellence?. For this analysis was specifically chosen the energy sector, because it is the sector that accumulates the highest number of winners in PNQ as well as it is a representative sector for the Bovespa and the Brazilian economy, on a total amount of 54 firms analysed. To measure company performance, it was used the approach suggested by Matarazzo (2010), which includes indicators of capital structure, liquidity and profitability, in order to arrive at a final grade of the overall performance of the firm in the period of 2007 to 2011. In response to the issue raised with the research problem, it is concluded that in fact the participation in PNQ, symbol of excellence in total quality management, implies higher average scores when compared to companies that do not adopt the prize. Moreover, as confirmed by statistical tests, we can also conclude that the mere participation in the quality awards, because it involves a development of a culture focused on quality, implies superior results, regardless of whether or not the company win the award. In fact, by testing, it founds no evidence to say that averages between winners and participants are different / No atual contexto de extrema competição mercadológica, inúmeras empresas visando alcançar objetivos de excelência em qualidade e de satisfação de seus clientes procuram respostas na implantação de Programas da Qualidade, como o TQM (Total Quality Management), ou na adesão aos Prêmios da Qualidade, de reconhecimento internacional, com o objetivo de criar uma cultura da qualidade dentro da empresa. O presente estudo pretende averiguar se, com essa gestão organizacional voltada à qualidade, o desempenho financeiro dessas empresas é diferenciado quando comparados a empresas em que não há, ou há pouca, preocupação com uma efetiva gestão da qualidade, que permeie toda a organização. Neste cenário, a questão central a ser respondida é: a gestão da qualidade traz resultados financeiros superiores para as empresas que buscam essa cultura da qualidade e uma maior excelência organizacional? Para esta análise foram escolhidas especificamente as empresas do setor de energia, por ser o setor que acumula o maior número de vencedores no PNQ (Prêmio Nacional da Qualidade), além de ser um setor representativo para a Bovespa e para a economia brasileira, num total de 54 empresas analisadas. Para se medir o desempenho da empresa, foi utilizada a abordagem sugerida por Matarazzo (2010), que contempla índices de estrutura de capital, liquidez e rentabilidade, de forma a se chegar numa nota final do desempenho global da firma para o período estudado de 2007 a 2011. Em resposta à questão levantada com o problema de pesquisa, conclui-se que a participação das empresas no PNQ, símbolo da excelência na gestão da qualidade total, implica em médias das notas maiores, quando comparados às empresas que não adotam o prêmio. Ademais, conforme confirmado pelos testes estatísticos, pode-se concluir também que a mera participação na premiação, por envolver um desenvolvimento de uma cultura voltada à qualidade, implica em resultados superiores, independente de a empresa vencer ou não a premiação. De fato, pelos testes realizados, não se constataram evidências para dizer que as médias entre vencedoras e participantes são diferentes

A mudança de comportamento dos consumidores através do advento da tecnologia e das redes sociais gera um grande empoderamento dos mesmos, alterando substancialmente a forma de relacionamento das empresas com seu público final. Atentas a este mercado, as empresas de mídia passam por profundas mudanças, tanto do ponto de vista da entrega de conteúdo ao seu público, quanto no seu formato administrativo, estratégico e financeiro. Sendo assim, a presente dissertação apresenta abordagens apoiadas em técnicas multivariadas para composição de equipes comerciais e de remuneração dos times de venda de uma empresa de comunicação. No artigo 1, objetiva-se gerar um modelo para estimar a premiação comercial das equipes de venda das rádios do Grupo RBS. Para tanto, inicialmente geram-se agrupamentos das emissoras de rádio do Grupo RBS no estado do Rio Grande do Sul e de Santa Catarina com base nos seus perfis de similaridades. Para cada cluster gerado, gera-se uma regressão linear múltipla da premiação comercial validado através de validação cruzada por intermédio do R2 ajustado e Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). O segundo artigo aborda a clusterização dos top clientes do Grupo RBS e o impacto na composição das equipes comerciais por meio do método da seleção de variáveis. As 7 variáveis originais foram avaliadas através do método de seleção de variáveis “Omita uma variável por vez”; o melhor Silhouette Index (SI) médio, métrica utilizada para avaliar a qualidade dos agrupamentos gerados, foi obtido quando 3 variáveis foram retidas. Os agrupamentos gerados por tais variáveis refletem o comportamento de compra de mídia dos clientes; os agrupamentos foram considerados satisfatórios quando avaliados por especialistas do Grupo RBS. / The change in the behavior of consumers with the advent of technology and social networks generates a great empowerment of themselves, substantially altering the relationship form of companies to their final audience. Attentive to this market, media companies undergo profound changes, both from the point of view of delivering content to their audience, as well as in their administrative, strategic and financial format. Thus, the present dissertation presents approaches supported by multivariate techniques for the composition of commercial and remuneration teams of the sales group of a communication company. In article 1, the objective is to generate a model to estimate the commercial awards of the sales teams of the RBS Group radios. To do this, we initially generate groupings of radio stations from the RBS Group in the state of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina based on their profiles of similarities. For each cluster generated, a multiple linear regression of the commercial award is generated, validated through cross validation through the adjusted R2 and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The second article addresses the clustering of RBS Group top clients and the impact on the composition of business teams through the variable selection method. The original 7 variables were evaluated through the variable selection method "Omit one variable at a time"; the best Silhouette Index (SI) average, metric used to evaluate the quality of the generated clusters, was obtained when 3 variables were retained. Clusters generated by such variables reflect customers' buying behavior of media; the clusters were considered satisfactory when evaluated by RBS Group experts.

Coastlines are particularly susceptible to the necessary trade-offs which occur between different ecosystem services. Should the areas be managed for biodiversity or for people? Where sandy beaches are found there is usually a management decision to be made between managing for recreation or for biodiversity. Many popular tourist beaches (particularly those with a Beach Award) are often groomed with mechanical equipment to remove any stranded seaweed and associated litter which can get entangled in the wrack. This is likely to be having a negative impact on coastal biodiversity, with wide ranging implications for the entire habitat, including the intertidal zone, sand dunes and shorebirds. Beached wrack should be allowed to naturally decompose providing a habitat for numerous species of macro-invertebrates. These macro-invertebrate communities not only include many endemic species found exclusively along the strandline but they also provide a very rich source of food for shorebirds. The re-mineralised nutrients resulting from the decomposed macrophytes should then become available to provide a rich source of nutrients to dune, strandline and marine ecosystems populations of the strandline. In previous studies grooming has been shown to have a negative impact on the invertebrates of the strandline and this study reveals that tidal range has an effect on the impacts of grooming with a higher tidal range having a more negative impact on the invertebrates. A study to observe the impacts of grooming on both adult plant and seed bank communities of the sand dunes found that grooming is having a negative impact on these populations. Grooming is predominantly driven by beach managers who aspire to gain Beach Awards in order to attract tourists to their beaches. Using non-market valuation in the form of a stated preference choice experiment and a travel cost model, it was observed that Beach Awards are not valued by beach goers but are instead influenced to visit a particular beach by good bathing water quality, high levels of biodiversity and low levels of litter. It was also shown that stranded seaweed on the beach does not deter visitors. Future management suggestions include attempting to reduce the confusion arising from the presence of multiple beach awards by either removing them altogether or by making their criteria more clear and direct with consistency in their design and designation. Bathing water quality should be completely removed from the Beach Award system and real-time information in the form of electronic signage and a publicly available App should replace it.

The purposes of this study were: (1) to present data resulting from an analysis of the ninety-seven published grievance-arbitration awards involving issues of racial discrimination occurring between April 1, 1974, and December 31, 1980? and (2) to determine from the data how labor arbitrators have reacted to Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., 415 U.S. 36 (1974) . The Supreme Court held that labor arbitration was a "comparatively inappropriate" forum for the resolution of employment discrimination disputes. However, the Court said that an arbitral award could be "accorded great weight" by a lower court when certain relevant factors are present in an award. The cases were analyzed to determine the extent to which arbitrators responded to the factors set forth in the Gardner-Denver decision.

The federal government is often criticized for performance that fails to meet the public's expectations. Its traditional pay system receives much of the blame for rewarding seniority instead of performance. While everyone agrees that performance matters, they don't always agree on the best way to improve it. My research investigates human resource management strategies designed to motivate better performance and productivity. Specifically, I examine the credibility and feasibility of implementing pay for performance throughout the federal government and identify ways that managers can promote greater productivity through human capital investment. I conduct an extensive review of work motivation theories and synthesize findings from previous academic and government studies in order to develop models that are tailored to the federal workplace. I test these models using federal survey data from the Merit Principles Surveys of 2000 and 2005. A variety of attitudes, perceptions, expectations, and work environment factors are expected to influence job performance. Findings reveal that pay for performance belief and success are greatly affected by performance management, fair treatment in all personnel matters, supervisory fairness in decision-making, and organizational culture. Further results indicate that managers can markedly improve productivity by ensuring employees are highly engaged in their work, delivering effective performance management, providing a supportive organizational culture, and giving employees adequate resources and training. With federal agencies constantly striving to improve performance and productivity, these findings have practical implications for government as they suggest ways that public managers can achieve better performance and greater productivity through increased work motivation.

Thesis (M. Ed.)--University of Melbourne, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-114).

The author makes a critical analysis of the current situation of the Arbitration in Peru, from various court decisions that have identified the standard of motivation that must have an arbitration award. In this way, the author indicates that the consequences of annulling arbitral awards by improper motivation, insufficient motivation or follow criteria of the Arbitral Tribunal are severe and it affects all the progress that has been obtained in the arbitration in these last two decades. / El autor hace un análisis crítico la situación actual del Arbitraje en el Perú, a partir de diversas decisiones de las cortes al momento de identificar el estándar de la motivación que debe tener un laudo arbitral. De esta forma, precisa que las consecuencias de anular laudos arbitrales por indebida motivación, insuficiente motivación o por calificar criterios del Tribunal Arbitral son graves y afecta todo el avance que se ha obtenido en el Arbitraje en estas dos últimas décadas.

This article present a way to analyze the motivation for arbitration awards and how it should be evaluated by the judges of the Judiciary at the time of the annulment proceedings. The objective is give elements such as the state of the normative question, the factual situation of the case and the structure argued for the definition in order to analyzing, from the simplest level, whether an award is motivated or not. / El presente artículo busca presentar una forma de poder analizar la debida motivación dentro de los laudos arbitrales y cómo debería ser evaluada por los jueces del Poder Judicial al momento de que se presenten los recursos de anulación. Se busca plantear elementos como el estado de la cuestión normativa, la situación fáctica del caso y la estructura argumentaba a fin de analizar, desde el plano más simple, si es que un laudo se encuentra motivado o no.

This thesis presents a history of the Saltire Society Literary Awards and examines their status and role within Scotland’s literary and publishing culture. The Society was founded at a critical inter-war period during which Scottish writers, artists and cultural commentators were re-imagining Scotland’s political and cultural identity. The Society, therefore, was a product of this reformative era in Scotland’s modern history. The Society’s identity and position within this inter- and post-war reformation is reflected in the Literary Awards, which are a means by which the Society attempts to accomplish some of its constitutional aims. The purpose of this thesis is three-fold. Firstly, it has filled a conspicuous gap in modern Scottish cultural history by offering a historically accurate description of the founding of the Saltire Society in 1936 and the development of the Society’s Literary Awards up until 2015. Secondly, this thesis demonstrates how the Society’s Literary Awards function in relation to key critical discourses pertinent to contemporary book award culture, such as forms of capital, national identity and gender. Finally, this thesis proffers an in-depth analysis of book award judgment culture. Through an analysis of the linguistic and social interactions between Saltire Society Literary Award judges, this thesis is the first study of its kind which considers exactly how literary award judging panels facilitate the judgement process. What this thesis reveals is how, despite often being plagued by problems regarding finances and personnel, the Society’s Literary Awards have endured as a key feature of Scottish literary and publishing culture, so much so that they are now the only series of awards dedicated to awarding Scottish fiction, non-fiction, poetry and first books, as well as academic history and research books. Due to the persistence and enthusiasm of the Society’s administrators and literary award judges the awards have continued to thrive and evolve to accommodate developments and demands within Scottish literary culture.