No description available.

M.S. / Electronics, wearable devices are important in nowadays informationalized lifestyle. One prominent problem with those electronic devices is that almost all of them depend on batteries as power sources, which has become a bottleneck due to the limited life span. Constantly replacing or recharging batteries is inconvenient, burdensome, and sometimes even impossible. This problem is more intractable when the power cannot be accessed conveniently (such as during fieldwork, hiking, and military missions). What’s more, no matter how much energy the battery stores, it will drain eventually. In addition, large battery will add extra weight and occupy space. Substitute power supply that conquer these aforementioned dilemmas are thus highly desirable. Energy harvesting by its nature could be an inexhaustible replacement for batteries. This insight inspires so many energy harvesting researchers tirelessly working and trying to make it happen. Suspended backpack is an effective way to harvest energy from human motions.This study evaluates different energy harvesting backpack configurations and comprehensively assessed the power generation, dynamic interaction and human comfort. Dynamic modelling considering the dynamic interaction between human body and backpack is established to optimize the design. Bench tests and treadmill tests are carried out to evaluate the real performance. Experimental results show that the harvesting energy from human motion via a suspended energy-harvesting backpack could incessantly generate considerable electricity applicable for charging carry-on electronic devices. The potential application scenarios of this technology include solders, field-workers as well as outdoor adventure.

I dagens samhälle finns det många yrken och sammanhang där ryggsäckar är vanligt förekommande. När det handlar om att transportera tunga grejer kommer en bra ryggsäck väl till hands. Däremot kan en ryggsäck med fel sorts egenskaper ge obehag och i värsta fall kan skador uppstå speciellt i axelpartiet där påfrestningarna är som störst på dem allra flesta ryggsäckarna. Då detta problem är så pass utbrett har Coxa Carry försökt hitta en lösning på det och skapat en ny bärsele, med inspiration från bergsklättring och fjällvandring, som lägger vikten på höften istället för axelpartiet som en vanlig ryggsäck vilket skulle förhindra skav och påfrestningar. Då Coxa Carry inriktar sig på idrott har syftet med projektet var att ta reda på hur Coxa Carry’s bärsele påverkar kroppen vid fysisk aktivitet ur ett vetenskapligt perspektiv och på så sätt bidra med mer information till företaget. Med andra ord var målet med detta projekt att ta reda på om en skidåkare kan prestera på en högre nivå med en ryggsäck från Coxa Carry på ryggen jämfört med en vanlig ryggsäck detta då det inte finns någon påfrestning på axlarna.  Metoderna som användes under detta projekt var dels fälttester, där testpersonerna fick betygsätta deras upplevelser och åsikter utifrån en Likert-skala, men också en pilotmätning i energiomsättning där ryggsäckarnas påverkan testades och analyserades i en generisk miljö. Resultaten visade på att det är skillnad mellan ryggsäckarna när det kommer till komfort och upplevelser. Däremot kan ingen markant skillnad avläsas av syreförbrukning och energiomsättning mellan de båda ryggsäckarna.  Slutsatsen som kan dras av projektet är att komforten är den största bidragande faktorn för prestationen. Det som inte kan fastställas är att ryggsäckarna skulle ha en påverkan på energiomsättning och syreförbrukning då brister uppstod under testerna. / In today's society, there are many professions and contexts where backpacks are common. When it comes to transporting heavy stuff, a good backpack comes in handy. On the other hand, a backpack with the wrong kind of features can cause discomfort and in the worst case injuries, especially in the shoulder area where the stresses are greatest on the vast majority of backpacks. Since this problem is so widespread, Coxa Carry has tried to find a solution to it and created a new carrier, inspired by rock climbing and mountain hiking, which puts the weight on the hip instead of the shoulder area like a regular backpack, which would prevent chafing and strain. As Coxa Carry focuses on sports, the purpose of the project was to find out how Coxa Carry's carrier affects the body during physical activity from a scientific perspective and thus contribute with more information to the company. In other words, the goal of this project was to find out if a skier can perform at a higher level with a backpack from Coxa Carry on the back compared to a regular backpack when there is no strain on the shoulders.  The methods that were used during this project were field tests, where subjects had to rate their experiences and opinions based on a Likert-scale, but also a measurement in metabolism where the impacts of the backpacks were tested and analyzed in a standardized environment.  The results showed that there is a difference between the backpacks when it comes to comfort and experiences. However, no significant difference can be read from oxygen consumption and metabolism between the two backpacks. The conclusion that can be drawn from the project is that comfort is the biggest contributing factor to performance. What cannot be determined is that the backpacks would have an impact on metabolism and oxygen consumption as deficiencies occurred during the tests. / <p>Betygsdatum 2023-06-07</p>

Wearable and mobile devices are an important part of our daily life. Most of those devices are powered by batteries. The limited life span of batteries constitutes a limitation, especially in a multiple-day expedition, where electrical power can not access conveniently. At the same time, there is a huge amount of energy stored in the human body. While walking, there is a large amount of power dissipated in the human body as negative muscle work and the energy loss by impact. By sourcing locally and using locally, human body energy harvesting is a promising solution. This dissertation focuses on harvesting energy from the human body to power wearable and mobile devices while poses a minimum burden on the human body. Three topics related to the human body energy harvesting are explored, i.e, energy harvesting backpack, negative muscle work harvester, and energy harvesting tile/paver. The energy harvesting backpack was invented in 2006. Extensive work was done to improve the performance of backpack energy harvester. The backpack is modeled as a spring-mass-damper system. Mechanical Motion Rectifier was added to the spring-mass-damper system to increase the frequency bandwidth. A spring is added to the spring-mass-damper system, between the harvester and the backpack mass, and a inerter-based 2DOF (degree-of-freedom) backpack is created. The inerter-based 2DOF backpack improves the power output, frequency bandwidth, and power stroke ratio performance. MMR was added to the inerter-based 2DOF backpack to reduce the peak stroke. Compared with the conventional spring-mass-damper backpack, the MMR and inerter-based 2DOF backpack can harvest more power with large bandwidth at a small sacrifice of stroke. The electric damping was also tuned to increase the power output and bandwidth for the energy harvesting backpack. The negative work harvester mounts on the human ankle and harvests energy in the terminal stance phase in human walking, when the calf muscle is doing negative muscle work. This harvester is an analogy to regenerative brake in vehicles. The energy harvesting paver/tile harvests energy when the heel contacts with ground and energy are dissipated by impact. / Doctor of Philosophy / Wearable and mobile devices are an important part of our daily life. Most of those devices are powered by batteries. The limited life span of batteries constitutes a limitation, especially in a multiple-day expedition, where electrical power can not access conveniently. At the same time, there is a huge amount of energy stored in the human body. While walking, there is a large amount of power dissipated in the human body as negative muscle work and the energy loss by impact. By sourcing locally and using locally, human body energy harvesting is a promising solution. This dissertation focuses on harvesting energy from the human body to power wearable and mobile devices while poses a minimum burden on the human body. Three topics related to the human body energy harvesting are explored, i.e, energy harvesting backpack, negative muscle work harvester, and energy harvesting tile/paver. The energy harvesting backpack was invented in 2006. Extensive work was done to improve the performance of backpack energy harvester. The backpack is modeled as a spring-mass-damper system. Extensive work have been done to make the energy harvesting backpack broad frequency bandwidth. The negative work harvester mounts on the human ankle and harvests energy in the terminal stance phase in human walking. This harvester is an analogy to regenerative brake in vehicles. The energy harvesting paver/tile harvests energy when the heel contacts with ground and energy are dissipated by impact.

Today, backpacks and duffel bags are often designed with a focus on a specific area of use, which makes it difficult to use them on other occasions. A clear example where the differences are noticeable is between functional mountaineer bags and urban bags. It is not uncommon for people staying in these environments to have far beyond two bags in their possession. Overconsumption is harmful to the environment, especially when it is from an industry that is pursued with poor working conditions and dangerous emissions in nature. Therefore, multifunctionality and sustainable design have been of high priority when the products in this project were developed. In this thesis, two models of bags have been developed through a human-centered design process. A large number of user interviews and expert interviews, as well as a focus group, laid the foundation for the requirements and needs of the bags. Spektrum’s company values, as well as the identity of their current products, were interpreted to create brand recognition in the new products. Idea generation was performed through various creative sessions, prototyping, and through a workshop. Evaluation and concept selection was performed by representatives from the target group in the form of personas, as well as by Spektrum. Finally, detailed technical drawings of the concepts were created in Adobe Illustrator. The first model is a backpack designed to work just as well on the mountain as in the city. The other model is a duffel bag that can be carried both on the back and in the hand. It is also designed to perform well in both mountain and urban environments. Both bags are made of polyester from recycled PET bottles and the material is controlled and approved by the highly rated environmental certification bluesign®. The metal parts of the bags are made of recycled aluminum. Both models are adjustable to fit all users within the 5th to 95th percentile. The thesis resulted in the ordering of two alpha prototypes of each model, factory-made by my technical drawings. According to Spektrum, the designs have created great interest among retailers and company shareholders. Both models will, therefore, be put into production and released to the market within two years.

Sintomas álgicos, de sobrecarga e de alteração da estrutura corporal estão presentes na população adulta e infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e associar postura ortostática, execução de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVDs), Amplitude de Movimento Articular (ADM) e dor nas costas de escolares. Foram avaliados 430 escolares do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre – RS, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. Foi realizada avaliação da postura ortostática, da postura dinâmica (sentar para escrever e transportar o material escolar), teste de Adams, mensurações do ângulo Q, mensurações das ADMs do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, teste de Schober total e lombar, teste de extensão da coluna total e lombar e avaliação da dor. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência dos escolares posicionarem-se anteriormente ao fio de prumo, independente da faixa etária em que se encontravam. A angulação média observada nas curvaturas da coluna foi 28,67º para lordose cervical, 26,47º para cifose dorsal e 24,42º para lordose lombar. A avaliação do alinhamento horizontal de pontos anatômicos mostrou que estavam alinhados 10,1% dos acrômios, 19,4% das espinhas ilíacas ântero superiores (E.I.A.S.), 20,8% dos ângulos inferiores das escápulas e 42,9% das espinhas ilíacas póstero superiores (E.I.P.S.). O valor médio obtido para ângulo Q do joelho direito foi de 16,20º; e para o joelho esquerdo, 16,60º. O teste de Adams foi positivo em 21,4% com predominância de saliência paraespinhal lombar esquerda seguida de gibosidade dorso-lombar esquerda. Na avaliação da postura sentada para escrever, na qual os avaliados poderiam atingir de 0 a 4 pontos, o maior percentual de escolares obteve um ponto no momento 1 e zero nos momentos 2, 3 e 4 da filmagem. A avaliação sobre transportar material escolar mostrou que 69,2% dos escolares usam mochila e seu peso ultrapassa 10% do peso corporal somente em 9% dos casos. Comparando as médias das ADMs apresentadas pelos avaliados com as divulgadas pela literatura, observou-se que as amplitudes de rotação interna e externa da coxo-femural e flexão plantar do tornozelo do grupo avaliado foram menores. Os escolares apresentaram o valor médio de 8,01 cm para teste de Schober total, o que estava abaixo do considerado adequado pela literatura. Dor foi referida por 29% dos escolares. A região lombar foi a mais mencionada e a intensidade predominou entre média e fraca. Não foi verificada associação entre dor e peso da mochila. Ocorreu diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor no terceiro momento da análise da filmagem da posição sentada. A amplitude do movimento de flexão da articulação coxo-femural com joelho direito flexionado apresentou diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor, sendo maior nos que sentiam dor. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações a respeito da postura corporal dos escolares do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Porto Alegre. Não foi feita uma investigação com o intuito de verificar o que estava certo ou errado, mas de conhecer melhor os escolares e auxiliar na criação de projetos de educação postural adequados à realidade desta população. / Painful simphtoms, from overload and body structural alteration are present in the adult and infant-juvenile population. The objective of this study was to describe and to associate orthostatic posture, execution of daily activities (DA), range of motion (ROM) and students back pain. It was evaluated 430 Fundamental School students of Municipal Schools from Porto Alegre-RS, aged between 6 and 8 years old. The orthostatic posture was evaluated, dynamic posture (sitting to write and to carry the school material), Adam’s forward-bending test, Q-angle measurement, measurement of the hip, knee and ankle ROMs, total and lumbar Schober test, extension test of the total and lumbar spine and pain evaluation. The results showed a tendency of the students to position themselves forward to the reference line, regardless of their age. The mean angulation observed on the spine curvature was 28,67º for the cervical lordosis, 26,47º for the thoracic kyphosis and 24,42º for the lumbar lordosis. The evaluation of the horizontal alignment of the anatomic points showed that were aligned 10,1% of the acromions, 19,4% of the anterior superior iliac spines(E.I.A.S), 20,8% of the inferior angle of the scapula and 42,9% of the superior anterior iliac spines(E.I.P.S). The mean value obtained for the right knee Q- angle was 16,20º and for the left knee it was 16,60%. The Adams forward-bending test was positive in 21,4% with predominance of the left lumbar flank prominence followed by left dorso-lumbar thoracic rotational prominence. On the evaluation of posture while students were writing, where the evaluated could reach from 0 to 4 points, the biggest percentage of the students got one point on the moment 1 and zero on the moments 2, 3 and 4 of the filming. The evaluation of carrying school material showed that 69,2% of the students wear backpack and its weight goes over 10% of the body weight only in 9% of the cases. Comparing the ROMs means presented by the evaluated with the ones publicized through the literature, it was observed that the range of the hip external and internal rotation and the ankle plantar flexion from the evaluated group were smaller. The students presented the mean value of 8,01 cm for the total Schober test which was lower of the considered appropriate by the literature. The back pain was referred by 29% of the students. The lumbar region was the most mentioned and the intensity predominated between medium and low. It was not verified the relation between back pain and weight of the backpack. There were a significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain on the third moment of the filming when they were in the sitting position. The range of the right hip flexion with the knee flexed presented significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain, being stronger on the ones that felt pain. The results of this study give information about the body posture of the students from the municipal schools in Porto Alegre. It was not made any investigation in order to verify what was right or wrong, but just to know the students better and help them with educational postural projects, appropriated to this population reality.

Sintomas álgicos, de sobrecarga e de alteração da estrutura corporal estão presentes na população adulta e infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e associar postura ortostática, execução de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVDs), Amplitude de Movimento Articular (ADM) e dor nas costas de escolares. Foram avaliados 430 escolares do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre – RS, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. Foi realizada avaliação da postura ortostática, da postura dinâmica (sentar para escrever e transportar o material escolar), teste de Adams, mensurações do ângulo Q, mensurações das ADMs do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, teste de Schober total e lombar, teste de extensão da coluna total e lombar e avaliação da dor. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência dos escolares posicionarem-se anteriormente ao fio de prumo, independente da faixa etária em que se encontravam. A angulação média observada nas curvaturas da coluna foi 28,67º para lordose cervical, 26,47º para cifose dorsal e 24,42º para lordose lombar. A avaliação do alinhamento horizontal de pontos anatômicos mostrou que estavam alinhados 10,1% dos acrômios, 19,4% das espinhas ilíacas ântero superiores (E.I.A.S.), 20,8% dos ângulos inferiores das escápulas e 42,9% das espinhas ilíacas póstero superiores (E.I.P.S.). O valor médio obtido para ângulo Q do joelho direito foi de 16,20º; e para o joelho esquerdo, 16,60º. O teste de Adams foi positivo em 21,4% com predominância de saliência paraespinhal lombar esquerda seguida de gibosidade dorso-lombar esquerda. Na avaliação da postura sentada para escrever, na qual os avaliados poderiam atingir de 0 a 4 pontos, o maior percentual de escolares obteve um ponto no momento 1 e zero nos momentos 2, 3 e 4 da filmagem. A avaliação sobre transportar material escolar mostrou que 69,2% dos escolares usam mochila e seu peso ultrapassa 10% do peso corporal somente em 9% dos casos. Comparando as médias das ADMs apresentadas pelos avaliados com as divulgadas pela literatura, observou-se que as amplitudes de rotação interna e externa da coxo-femural e flexão plantar do tornozelo do grupo avaliado foram menores. Os escolares apresentaram o valor médio de 8,01 cm para teste de Schober total, o que estava abaixo do considerado adequado pela literatura. Dor foi referida por 29% dos escolares. A região lombar foi a mais mencionada e a intensidade predominou entre média e fraca. Não foi verificada associação entre dor e peso da mochila. Ocorreu diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor no terceiro momento da análise da filmagem da posição sentada. A amplitude do movimento de flexão da articulação coxo-femural com joelho direito flexionado apresentou diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor, sendo maior nos que sentiam dor. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações a respeito da postura corporal dos escolares do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Porto Alegre. Não foi feita uma investigação com o intuito de verificar o que estava certo ou errado, mas de conhecer melhor os escolares e auxiliar na criação de projetos de educação postural adequados à realidade desta população. / Painful simphtoms, from overload and body structural alteration are present in the adult and infant-juvenile population. The objective of this study was to describe and to associate orthostatic posture, execution of daily activities (DA), range of motion (ROM) and students back pain. It was evaluated 430 Fundamental School students of Municipal Schools from Porto Alegre-RS, aged between 6 and 8 years old. The orthostatic posture was evaluated, dynamic posture (sitting to write and to carry the school material), Adam’s forward-bending test, Q-angle measurement, measurement of the hip, knee and ankle ROMs, total and lumbar Schober test, extension test of the total and lumbar spine and pain evaluation. The results showed a tendency of the students to position themselves forward to the reference line, regardless of their age. The mean angulation observed on the spine curvature was 28,67º for the cervical lordosis, 26,47º for the thoracic kyphosis and 24,42º for the lumbar lordosis. The evaluation of the horizontal alignment of the anatomic points showed that were aligned 10,1% of the acromions, 19,4% of the anterior superior iliac spines(E.I.A.S), 20,8% of the inferior angle of the scapula and 42,9% of the superior anterior iliac spines(E.I.P.S). The mean value obtained for the right knee Q- angle was 16,20º and for the left knee it was 16,60%. The Adams forward-bending test was positive in 21,4% with predominance of the left lumbar flank prominence followed by left dorso-lumbar thoracic rotational prominence. On the evaluation of posture while students were writing, where the evaluated could reach from 0 to 4 points, the biggest percentage of the students got one point on the moment 1 and zero on the moments 2, 3 and 4 of the filming. The evaluation of carrying school material showed that 69,2% of the students wear backpack and its weight goes over 10% of the body weight only in 9% of the cases. Comparing the ROMs means presented by the evaluated with the ones publicized through the literature, it was observed that the range of the hip external and internal rotation and the ankle plantar flexion from the evaluated group were smaller. The students presented the mean value of 8,01 cm for the total Schober test which was lower of the considered appropriate by the literature. The back pain was referred by 29% of the students. The lumbar region was the most mentioned and the intensity predominated between medium and low. It was not verified the relation between back pain and weight of the backpack. There were a significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain on the third moment of the filming when they were in the sitting position. The range of the right hip flexion with the knee flexed presented significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain, being stronger on the ones that felt pain. The results of this study give information about the body posture of the students from the municipal schools in Porto Alegre. It was not made any investigation in order to verify what was right or wrong, but just to know the students better and help them with educational postural projects, appropriated to this population reality.

Sintomas álgicos, de sobrecarga e de alteração da estrutura corporal estão presentes na população adulta e infanto-juvenil. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e associar postura ortostática, execução de Atividades de Vida Diária (AVDs), Amplitude de Movimento Articular (ADM) e dor nas costas de escolares. Foram avaliados 430 escolares do ensino fundamental da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Porto Alegre – RS, com idade entre 6 e 18 anos. Foi realizada avaliação da postura ortostática, da postura dinâmica (sentar para escrever e transportar o material escolar), teste de Adams, mensurações do ângulo Q, mensurações das ADMs do quadril, joelho e tornozelo, teste de Schober total e lombar, teste de extensão da coluna total e lombar e avaliação da dor. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência dos escolares posicionarem-se anteriormente ao fio de prumo, independente da faixa etária em que se encontravam. A angulação média observada nas curvaturas da coluna foi 28,67º para lordose cervical, 26,47º para cifose dorsal e 24,42º para lordose lombar. A avaliação do alinhamento horizontal de pontos anatômicos mostrou que estavam alinhados 10,1% dos acrômios, 19,4% das espinhas ilíacas ântero superiores (E.I.A.S.), 20,8% dos ângulos inferiores das escápulas e 42,9% das espinhas ilíacas póstero superiores (E.I.P.S.). O valor médio obtido para ângulo Q do joelho direito foi de 16,20º; e para o joelho esquerdo, 16,60º. O teste de Adams foi positivo em 21,4% com predominância de saliência paraespinhal lombar esquerda seguida de gibosidade dorso-lombar esquerda. Na avaliação da postura sentada para escrever, na qual os avaliados poderiam atingir de 0 a 4 pontos, o maior percentual de escolares obteve um ponto no momento 1 e zero nos momentos 2, 3 e 4 da filmagem. A avaliação sobre transportar material escolar mostrou que 69,2% dos escolares usam mochila e seu peso ultrapassa 10% do peso corporal somente em 9% dos casos. Comparando as médias das ADMs apresentadas pelos avaliados com as divulgadas pela literatura, observou-se que as amplitudes de rotação interna e externa da coxo-femural e flexão plantar do tornozelo do grupo avaliado foram menores. Os escolares apresentaram o valor médio de 8,01 cm para teste de Schober total, o que estava abaixo do considerado adequado pela literatura. Dor foi referida por 29% dos escolares. A região lombar foi a mais mencionada e a intensidade predominou entre média e fraca. Não foi verificada associação entre dor e peso da mochila. Ocorreu diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor no terceiro momento da análise da filmagem da posição sentada. A amplitude do movimento de flexão da articulação coxo-femural com joelho direito flexionado apresentou diferença significativa entre os que sentiam e não sentiam dor, sendo maior nos que sentiam dor. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem informações a respeito da postura corporal dos escolares do ensino fundamental das escolas municipais de Porto Alegre. Não foi feita uma investigação com o intuito de verificar o que estava certo ou errado, mas de conhecer melhor os escolares e auxiliar na criação de projetos de educação postural adequados à realidade desta população. / Painful simphtoms, from overload and body structural alteration are present in the adult and infant-juvenile population. The objective of this study was to describe and to associate orthostatic posture, execution of daily activities (DA), range of motion (ROM) and students back pain. It was evaluated 430 Fundamental School students of Municipal Schools from Porto Alegre-RS, aged between 6 and 8 years old. The orthostatic posture was evaluated, dynamic posture (sitting to write and to carry the school material), Adam’s forward-bending test, Q-angle measurement, measurement of the hip, knee and ankle ROMs, total and lumbar Schober test, extension test of the total and lumbar spine and pain evaluation. The results showed a tendency of the students to position themselves forward to the reference line, regardless of their age. The mean angulation observed on the spine curvature was 28,67º for the cervical lordosis, 26,47º for the thoracic kyphosis and 24,42º for the lumbar lordosis. The evaluation of the horizontal alignment of the anatomic points showed that were aligned 10,1% of the acromions, 19,4% of the anterior superior iliac spines(E.I.A.S), 20,8% of the inferior angle of the scapula and 42,9% of the superior anterior iliac spines(E.I.P.S). The mean value obtained for the right knee Q- angle was 16,20º and for the left knee it was 16,60%. The Adams forward-bending test was positive in 21,4% with predominance of the left lumbar flank prominence followed by left dorso-lumbar thoracic rotational prominence. On the evaluation of posture while students were writing, where the evaluated could reach from 0 to 4 points, the biggest percentage of the students got one point on the moment 1 and zero on the moments 2, 3 and 4 of the filming. The evaluation of carrying school material showed that 69,2% of the students wear backpack and its weight goes over 10% of the body weight only in 9% of the cases. Comparing the ROMs means presented by the evaluated with the ones publicized through the literature, it was observed that the range of the hip external and internal rotation and the ankle plantar flexion from the evaluated group were smaller. The students presented the mean value of 8,01 cm for the total Schober test which was lower of the considered appropriate by the literature. The back pain was referred by 29% of the students. The lumbar region was the most mentioned and the intensity predominated between medium and low. It was not verified the relation between back pain and weight of the backpack. There were a significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain on the third moment of the filming when they were in the sitting position. The range of the right hip flexion with the knee flexed presented significant difference between the ones that felt pain and the ones that did not feel pain, being stronger on the ones that felt pain. The results of this study give information about the body posture of the students from the municipal schools in Porto Alegre. It was not made any investigation in order to verify what was right or wrong, but just to know the students better and help them with educational postural projects, appropriated to this population reality.

This diploma theses is focused on marketing mix of a selected company which operates in an international environment. .The diploma thesis consists of three parts. The theoretical part focuses on the description of basic characteristics and concepts which are related to given issue. The analytical part consists of analyses performed in both internal and external environment of the company WoodBag s. r. o. on the assumption of its future expansion to the Swedish market. Results that we achieved are stated in SWOT analysis. The final part is the draft part, in which recommendations and potential suggestions from perspective of marketing mix towards successful expansion of the company to the Swedish market with results from particular analyses and theoretical background are presented.

Today focus on the environemnt is bigger than ever before. UN writes in their climate agenda that they by 2030want to cut the food waste per capita in half. There are strict regulations today regarding how food needs to betransported and stored, but as soon as the consument takes, for example, milk from the frigde at a store there areonly a few guidelines about how the product should be stored. If a chilled or frozen product is not kept insidethe range of the given temperature, a microbilogical growth will begin. This leads to that the food goes bad or,in worst case, that the consumer gets poisoned. There is a change happening today in how the consumers shoptheir food and more focus is layed upon the customer to handle their grocery shopping by themselves. This project focuses on developing a solution that will help the consumer to keep their food at the right temperatureduring an extended period of time. The project is carried out in Stockholm during 20 weeks in collaborationwith IKEA of Sweden in Älmhult. The target group in this project is IKEA’s broad customer group.With help from a Human Centered Design process this project goes through the three phases; inspiration,ideation and implementation. The project has been formed with interaction through workshops with differentexternal actors like users and focus groups. The ideation resulted in four simpler concepts that verged in to twothrough external decision making with supervisors from IKEA of Sweden. During the project, the prototypeshave been used together with users to evaluate the usability of the concepts. The result consists of two concepts; Behålla and Blåsa, that are aimed to meet two different users that hasbeen identified through surveys and interviews. Behålla is a smaller product that is target towards the user thatbrings food with them to work or school, also to those who buys less groceries at the store. Blåsa is, in contrastto Behålla, a bigger product that is targeted towards the customers that buys a bigger set of chilled and frozengroceries. Additionally four color variations has been created to offer IKEA alternative executions. These conceptsare visualized with renderings through Adobe Illustratior. With these concepts IKEA can enlarge theirsustainability profile and offer their customers two new products to keep their chilled and frozen foods cold. / Fokus på miljön är idag större än någonsin. FN skriver i sin klimat agenda att de till 2030 siktar på att halveramatsvinnet per capita. Idag finns det hårda regleringar om hur livsmedel ska transporte-ras och förvaras, menfrån den sekund konsumenten tar ut exempelvis ett mjölkpaket ur kyldisken finns det bara få riktlinjer om hurprodukten bör förvaras. Om en kyld eller fryst produkt inte hålls inom det angivna temperaturspannet skerdet en ökning i den mikrobiologiska tillväxten i livsmed-let. Detta leder i sin tur att matvaran blir dålig eller, ivärsta fall, att konsumenten blir förgiftad. Idag sker det också en förändring i hur konsumenterna handlar sinalivsmedel och allt större vikt läggs på att konsumenten för sig själv ska genomföra sitt köp. Detta projekt fokuserar på att utveckla en lösning som ska hjälpa konsumenten att hålla sina matvaror tempereradeunder en viss tid. Projektet är genomfört i Stockholm under 20 veckor i samarbete med IKEA ofSweden i Älmhult. Målgruppen i detta projekt är den breda kundgrupp som IKEA erhåller. Med hjälp av enanvändarcentrerad designprocess går det här projektet genom de tre designfaserna; inspiration, idégenereringoch slutligen implementering. Projektet har formats av interaktion genom workshops med olika externa aktörerså som användare och fokusgrupper. Idégenereringsfasen resulterade i fyra stycken enklare koncept somavgränsades till två genom extern beslutsfattning med handledare från IKEA of Sweden. Under projektets gånghar prototyper använts tillsammans med användare för att evaluera användarvänligheten hos koncepten. Resultatet består av två stycken koncept; Behålla och Blåsa, som är ämnade att möta två olika kundgrupper somhar identifierats genom enkäter och intervjuer. Behålla är en mindre produkt som riktar sig till de användaresom tar med sig matlåda till jobbet eller skolan samt till dem som köper färre matvaror i butiken. Blåsa är, ikontrast till Behålla en större produkt, skapad med fokus på de kunder som köper fler kylda och frysta matvaror.Utöver detta har fyra färgvariation skapats av produkterna för att erbjuda IKEA alternativa utföranden. Dessakoncept är visualiserade med hjälp av renderingar som har gjort i Adobe Illustrator. Med dessa koncept kanIKEA utöka sin hållbarhets profil och erbjuda sina kunder två nya produkter för att hålla deras kylda och frystamatvaror kalla.