[pt] O Bambu é classificado como Bambusoideae ou como Bambusaceae que pode ser encontrado em abundância especialmente em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Estudos mostraram que a relação resistência à tração e peso específico do bambu é 2.73 vezes maior que do aço com a vantagem de ter um baixo consumo de energia e baixo custo em sua produção, além de ser um material renovável e ecológico. O bambu é utilizado nas construções civis por séculos, especialmente em regiões sujeitas aos abalos sísmicos. Essas construções, como as obras construídas na América Latina e Taj Mahal, na Índia, mostram que o bambu possui boa resistência às cargas sísmicas; mesmo com essas evidências, muitas vezes citadas na literatura cientifica disponível, não encontramos estudos sobre o comportamento dinâmico do bambu nas obras de engenharia. No Brasil, o bambu é encontrado com abundância em quase todo território nacional, são muito reduzidos os estudos sobre suas propriedades e metodologia para emprego; quanto às propriedades dinâmicas praticamente sem referências. / [en] The Bamboo is classidied as Bambusoideae or as Bambusaeceae that can be fond in abundance in tropical and sub-tropical contries. Studies had shown that the relation tensile stregth and specific weight of the bamboo is 2.73 greater that of the steel with the advantage to have a low consumption of energy and low cost in its production, besides being a renewable and ecological material. The bamboo is used in the civil constructions per centuries, especially in earthquake regions. These constructions, as constructed in America Latina and Taj Mahal, in India, show that the bamboo possess good resistance to seismic loads; exactly with this fact many times cited in available scientific literature do not find studies on the dynamic behavior of the bamboo. In Brazil, the bamboo is found with abundance in almost all domestic territory, very is reduced the studies on its properties and methodology for job; how much to the dynamic properties practically without Reference.

This thesis proposed a framework for conceptualizing critical thinking in language learning. A learning environment where collaborative learning and network technology were combined − computer-mediated collaborative learning (CMCL) − was set up. The main aim was to study the potential of the learning environment in promoting critical thinking (CT) in language learning. The proposed framework of CT in language learning had three aspects: (1) communication, (2) reasoning, and (3) self-reflection. The study was a qualitative one that took place between June 2003 and January 2004. Three case studies were undertaken that involved up to 90 participants, comprising students, teachers, volunteers, and the researcher. All were members of an online learning community, the Bamboo Enterprise. Students worked in groups that investigated environmental problems. The student projects were grouped into three case studies: (1) Using Collaborative Environmental Projects to Promote Communicative Language Learning and Computer Skills, (2) Using Environmental Themes in Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning to Prepare ESL Students for Academic Study in the Australian University Environment, (3) Promoting Communicative Language Learning Through Computer-Supported Cooperative Learning. Findings were based on analyses of five sources of data: (1) interviews with the student participants; (2) teachers’ comments and opinions; (3) questionnaires; (4) students’ overall group work; and (5) online discussions. The investigation found that, overall, the CMCL environment with its particular framework had the potential to promote CT in language learning. However, it had both strengths and weaknesses. The strengths were that it promoted the communicative use of English, encouraged critical thinking in action, and extended the students’ potential to learn a second language. It also encouraged the appropriate use of technology. More importantly, this CMCL environment showed itself to be a viable method of learning and one in which both students and teachers can be empowered. However, along with these advantages, some avenues for improvement were evident. The study found that the students’ grammatical accuracy was low, despite their rich vocabulary and ability to use complex language structures. Some students found working in groups challenging and some never acquired the necessary web skills. Access to the Internet was not always adequate for this type of project. In sum, the students needed more support, especially at the task level, when using this method of language learning.

《睡虎地秦簡•日書》自西元1975年底出土至今已有一段時日，相較於其它出土的《日書》版本而言是較為完整的，引起許多學者熱烈探討且著作頗豐。本論文以有別於其他學者的研究觀點，以文化人類學、考古學、文字學、宗教民俗等為研究方向，並相互比對、釋讀考古資料及歷史文獻，透過字句、語境的詮釋，以探索《睡虎地秦簡•日書》中的鬼神觀和豐富的巫術活動，並分析秦人的巫術信仰及巫術思維，試圖還原秦地巫術文化中的部分面貌。再以商周至兩漢之間的巫術活動的衍變，尋求巫術文化的歷時性脈絡。 / It has been a while since “Shuihudi Bamboo Slips -- Rishu” was excavated in the year 1975. Compared with other copies of “Rishu”, it is more complete and is the subject of scholarly discussion and literature. This study uses a different approach -- that of cultural anthropology, archeology, philology, religion and folklore -- to compare, contrast and interpret the archaeological data and historical documents, as well as to explore the spirits and deities, and witchcraft activities, in “Shuihudi Bamboo Slips – Rishu” through the word usage and context. Finally, the study helps to analyze the Qins’ belief and thinking in witchcraft, and attempts to trace the history of witchcraft culture based on the evolution of witchcraft activities from the Shang and Zhou Dynasty to the Han Dynasty.

From December 1983 to January 1984, 228 bamboo strips were unearthed in M247 at Jiangling, Hubei. These strips contained a collection of criminal cases called Zou Yan Shu, as well as 526 strips containing Laws of the 2nd Year. This discovery effectively patched a gap in judicature during the transition from the Qin to the Han. Beginning in 1985, a research group, Li Xueqin, and Peng Hao, began publishing the content of these strips in Wenwu. Soon scholars all over the world began researching the strips. In 2008, the Bamboo and Silk Manuscript Center at Wuhan University used infrared imaging (as well as referencing Cai Wanjin¡¦s revisions of the text and the research of other scholars) to make sense of a very muddled text. This also brought about many breakthroughs in research on the Zou Yan Shu. Now scholars understand much more concerning judicature during the Qin-Han period and how it differed from that of pre-Qin times. Despite this, few scholars have attempted a comprehensive analysis of the 22 cases found in this work. There is much research to be done on legal terminology in the text, the judiciary writing process in Zou Yan Shu, the reasons for compiling these 22 cases, knowledge of judiciary principles during Qin-Han gained from these cases, and several keys to unjust, falsified, and mistaken cases. This dissertation attempts to utilized prior understanding of the scholarly community to systematically and comprehensively analyzing all 22 cases and to explicate the meaning of the title Zou Yan Shu, judiciary terminology, the judiciary process, adjudicatory results, and reasons for the unjust, falsified, and mistaken cases. It was discovered that the purpose for this compilation was to educate law-enforcement officials and portrays the message that from receiving the initial report to apprehending and trying the criminal to gathering evidence to issuing the final judgment, if the principle ¡§all is decided by the law¡¨ is not strictly adhered to then mistakes are easily made. In addition, the way documents are written in Zhou Yan Shu is closely related to the judiciary process from the county-level all the way to the Commandant of Justice, revealing how this process worked at the various levels.

Bamboo has been one of the most important housing materials for families of all income-levels for generations in many parts of the world. Through an analysis of methods of construction used for housing in the coffee region of Colombia, this thesis investigates the most important features of the use of bamboo in the traditional and modern techniques used to build walls, floors and structures. / In conducting this research I collected extensive graphic material such as pictures, sketches, drawings and plans, from old and new town houses, rural houses, haciendas, and slums, in the three main regions of Colombia, where bamboo is the most important natural resource for construction. / The first part of the study gives a general overview of construction systems for walls, floors and structures in housing using bamboo throughout the world, especially in Asia and America. The second part is a study of one of the three regions in Colombia where environment, its preservation, and its sustainability are the main issues, and it contains an analysis of the data collected from the three regions. The main part of the thesis classifies and analyses new techniques and systems that are applied in the construction of walls, floors and structures in the region of Old Caldas, Colombia.

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A utilização de materiais que envolvam menor quantidade de energia no processo produtivo, que sejam mais facilmente reabsorvidos pela natureza e que gerem menos poluentes e resíduos é de grande interesse para o futuro do planeta e de seus habitantes. Neste trabalho são apresentados temas da área da sustentabilidade para a construção civil, como as potencialidades e viabilidade técnica de um material emergente no Brasil, o bambu, que se encaixa perfeitamente na questão, pois é um material que detém boas propriedades de engenharia e com grande disponibilidade no meio rural. Além deste, os blocos de solo-cimento, tão bem empregados em edificações atuais, também destinados às construções sustentáveis, fazem parte da pesquisa. Em um experimento que pretendeu unir o ensinamento acadêmico com a prática, foi desenvolvido um protótipo de parede em blocos de solo-cimento estruturado com varas de bambu. Como objetivos, a avaliação das resistências dos blocos de solo-cimento à compressão, do bambu à compressão axial e à flexão, e do conjunto paredes de blocos de solocimento/bambu também à compressão, foram os elementos principais da pesquisa. Obtiveram-se resultados de carga de ruptura de 153 kN para as paredes e de tensão normal de ruptura de 7,45 MPa para os blocos de solo cimento nos ensaios de compressão. Nos ensaios de compressão do bambu, os valores obtidos resultaram em tensões normais de ruptura de 119,09 MPa e de 96,21 Mpa para corpos de prova com e sem nós, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos nos testes desenvolvidos com os materiais separadamente e também do conjunto mostraram que ambos satisfazem perfeitamente ao proposto neste trabalho, o que permite considerar adequada a metodologia utilizada na confecção dos corpos de provas bem como na execução dos ensaios relacionados. / The use of materials that involve less energy in the production process, are more easily absorbed by nature and generate less pollutants and waste is of great interest for the future of the planet and its inhabitants. This paper presents themes of sustainability for civil construction, such as the potentialities and technical feasibility of an emerging material in Brazil, bamboo, which fits perfectly in the question, since it is an element that has good engineering properties and with great availability in rural areas. In addition to this, soil-cement blocks, so well used in today's buildings, also intended for sustainable buildings, are part of the research. In an experiment that sought to unite the academic teaching with practice, a prototype of wall in blocks of soil-cement structured with bamboo sticks was developed. The main elements of the research were the evaluation of the strengths of the compression-conditioned soilcement blocks, of bamboo to axial compression and bending, and of the combination of soil-cement / bamboo blocks. Results of 153 kN were obtained for the walls and 7.45 MPa for the soil cement blocks in the compression tests. In the bamboo compression tests, the obtained values resulted in 119.09 MPa and 96.21 MPa for test bodies with and without nodes, respectively. The results obtained in the tests developed with the materials separately and also from the set showed that both perfectly fit the one proposed in this work, which allows to consider adequate the methodology used in the preparation of the test bodies as well as in the execution of the related tests.

Submitted by Aelson Maciera (aelsoncm@terra.com.br) on 2017-09-27T18:53:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSPT.pdf: 21302460 bytes, checksum: ef72e006db91b18ec625fbd6c362ddd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (producaointelectual.bco@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-10T17:50:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSPT.pdf: 21302460 bytes, checksum: ef72e006db91b18ec625fbd6c362ddd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (producaointelectual.bco@ufscar.br) on 2017-10-10T17:50:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSPT.pdf: 21302460 bytes, checksum: ef72e006db91b18ec625fbd6c362ddd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T17:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseSPT.pdf: 21302460 bytes, checksum: ef72e006db91b18ec625fbd6c362ddd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-14 / Não recebi financiamento / Bamboo is a graminaceous plant with diverse possibilities of use that go from feeding to replacement of wood due to its physical and mechanical proprieties. Since such plant is perennial, its cultivation and handling, if performed correctly, can be an opportunity of exploring commercially the material. Since the sixties, the Brazilian government has encouraged silviculture through credit and funding programs to rural producers and in 2011 it was sanctioned the National Politics of Sustainable Handling and to the Cultivation of Bamboo (PNMCB, in Portuguese), stimulating the cultivation of the graminaceous plant by family farmers. Family Farm was created with the purpose of stimulating the cultivation of food by people who were given land rights by Brazilian Agrarian Reform to supply cities and PNMCB may be an alternative to stimulate the diversification of products. Solidary Economy can be a way of organization, generation of earnings, and decrease of poverty to family agriculturists, for it presents a self-managing, horizontal, cooperative, and solidary management structure, in which everyone involved display the same rights and duties, composing a collective enterprise. As an enterprise, it is possible to explore more deeply the marketplace through the sale of differentiated products, thus the concept of Sustainable Territorial Development can assist in competitiveness, earnings increase, besides stimulating the bamboo culture by means of the relations among the actors involved in the same productive chain. Therefore, the general objective of this research is to propose a management model to Solidary Economy Enterprises that are based on Family Farm to promote Sustainable Territorial Development in the confection of bamboo products. To develop the External Dimension that influence the enterprise was used the authors: Buarque (1999), Silva and Batalha (2011), Aaker (2012), and to the Internal Dimensions, was used the authors: GEPAI (2004), Aaker (2012) and the Solidary Economy concepts. The methodology of this research consists of using data collection instruments, such as document reading, searches in data, patents, and government agencies bases, interviews to verify the proposed management model. Also as subsidy to the elaboration of the model it was performed an Organizational Diagnosis to analyze the strong and weak points of the enterprise, based on the involved Internal and External Dimensions and the Organizational Planning to analyze opportunities for the development of the enterprise and identify competitive advantages by means of studying scenarios. The analysis of the External Dimensions allowed recognizing the external influences to the enterprise and its forms of access that allow the development, considering from the economic scenario to public, environmental, social, and technological politics. The analysis of the Internal Dimensions presented in the form of management modules granted the reflection on the formalization of existent information in the enterprise together with the recognition of points to be explored competitively and point to be revalued. With the accomplishment of the study of scenarios through crossing the proposed Dimensions, it was possible to visualize probable future situations that can assist as information for a Strategical Planning, leading a better positioning in marketplace. With this research, we concluded that is possible to identify the deficiencies of a family farm enterprise and, with the proposed model, the knowledge can be gained by farmers, making possible a better organization, management, and especially the identification of competitive advantages for the sector of bamboo. / O bambu é uma gramínea com diversas possibilidades de uso que vão desde a alimentação à substituição da madeira devido às suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas. Por se tratar de uma planta perene, seu cultivo e manejo se realizados da maneira correta pode ser uma oportunidade de explorar comercialmente o material. Desde a década de 60 o governo brasileiro tem incentivado a silvicultura através de programas de crédito e financiamentos a produtores rurais e em 2011 foi sancionada a Política Nacional de Manejo Sustentado e ao Cultivo do Bambu (PNMCB), estimulando o cultivo da gramínea por agricultores familiares. A Agricultura Familiar foi criada com o propósito de estimular o cultivo de alimentos por assentados da Reforma Agrária no Brasil para abastecer as cidades e a PNMCB pode ser uma alternativa para estimular a diversificação de produtos. A Economia Solidária pode ser uma forma de organização, geração de renda e diminuição da pobreza para os agricultores familiares, pois apresenta uma estrutura de gestão autogestionária e horizontalizada, cooperativa e solidária, na qual todos os envolvidos dispõem dos mesmos direitos e deveres, compondo um empreendimento coletivo. Enquanto empreendimento é possível explorar melhor o mercado através da venda de produtos diferenciados, assim o conceito do Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável pode auxiliar na competitividade, aumento da renda, além de estimular a cultura do bambu por meio das relações entre atores envolvidos na mesma cadeia produtiva. Assim, o objetivo geral desta pesquisa é propor um modelo de gestão para Empreendimentos da Economia Solidária que têm como base a Agricultura Familiar para promover o Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável na confecção de produtos de bambu. Para desenvolver as Dimensões Externas que influenciam o empreendimento, foram utilizados os autores Buarque (1999), Silva e Batalha (2011) e Aaker (2012), e para as Dimensões internas, foram utilizados por autores GEPAI (2004), Aaker (2012) e os conceitos e Economia Solidária. A metodologia desta pesquisa consistiu em utilizar instrumentos de coleta de dados, como leitura de documentos, buscas em bases de dados, patentes e órgãos governamentais, realização de entrevistas para verificar o modelo de gestão proposto. Também como subsídio a elaboração do modelo foi realizado um Diagnóstico Organizacional para analisar os pontos fortes e fracos do empreendimento com base nas Dimensões Externas e Internas envolvidas e o Planejamento Organizacional para analisar oportunidades para o desenvolvimento do empreendimento e identificar vantagens competitivas por meio do estudo de cenários. A análise das Dimensões Externas permitiu reconhecer as influências externas ao empreendimento e suas formas de acesso que permitem o desenvolvimento considerando desde o cenário econômico às políticas públicas, ambientais, sociais e tecnológicas. A análise das Dimensões Internas apresentadas em forma de módulos de gestão permitiu a reflexão sobre a formalização das informações existentes no empreendimento juntamente com o reconhecimento dos pontos a serem explorados competitivamente e pontos a serem reavaliados. Com a realização do estudo de cenários por meio dos cruzamentos das Dimensões propostas foi possível visualizar prováveis situações futuras que podem servir como informações para um Planejamento Estratégico conduzindo a um melhor posicionamento no mercado. Com esta pesquisa, conclui-se que é possível identificar as deficiências de um empreendimento da agricultura familiar e com o modelo proposto, é possível obter mais conhecimento pelos agricultores, possibilitando uma melhor organização, gestão e principalmente a identificação de vantagens competitivas para o setor do bambu.

[pt] No contexto das pesquisas que se desenvolvem no LILD, DAD, PUC-Rio, sobre o encapsulamento de colmos de bambu, este trabalho explora uma nova modalidade de proteção do material, que se desdobra em benefício estético. Em síntese, propõe-se aqui a pintura ou impregnação de pigmentos e corantes sobre superfícies de colmos de bambu com resinas transparentes e translúcidas. A proposição que origina esta tese deriva da premissa de que a geometria do bambu extraído é a característica mais relevante de sua forma, e não a cor natural, que perde seu viço após a extração do solo. Nesse sentido, desde os primeiros experimentos com pintura, percebemos que a cor artificial poderia substituir a cor natural, realçando a curvatura da fibras longitudinais e outros aspectos da geometria única do bambu, dando origem, em verdade, a uma outra dimensão possível do material, na qual a perda da naturalidade crômica seria compensada por ganhos em representação geométrica – para além dos benefícios em relação à proteção do material e em coerência com a integração forma/função que marca a essência do design. Considerando a cor, nessa e noutras funções, a pesquisa compreende quatro produções inter-relacionadas no tempo: a) Experimentos iniciais de pintura, impregnação de cores e encapsulamento; b) Manejo de algumas espécies de bambu, pintura e encapsulamento de bambus abertos e construção de objetos tensegrity para testes de resistência às tensões e à ação do tempo; c) Produção dos objetos demonstrativos das aplicações de uso; d) Instalações. Constituindo-se na espinha dorsal do trabalho, as quatro produções são expostas em linha de tempo no capítulo 3, demonstrando desencobrimentos e técnicas aplicadas. Os capítulos precedentes de introdução e contextualização abordam aspectos relacionados a esse eixo principal, com foco na cor como função na natureza, no design e na arquitetura. / [en] In the scope of the researches developed at LILD, DAD, PUC-Rio about the encapsulating of bamboo stems, this work explores a new way to protect this material, which also creates esthetic benefits. We propose the painting or impregnation of pigments and dyes on surfaces of bamboo stems with transparent and translucent resins. This thesis proposition is that the most relevant characteristic of the shape of the extracted bamboo is its geometry, rather than its natural color, which loses its freshness after the extraction. Since our first painting experiments, we realized that artificial color could replace the natural one, highlighting the longitudinal fiber s curves and other aspects of the unique geometry of the bamboo, originating a new possible dimension of the material, where the loss of natural color would be compensated by gains in geometric representation – in addition to benefits regarding material protection and in keeping with the integration of form and function that is the essence of design. Regarding color, in this and other functions, the research comprehends four interrelated productions: a) initial experiments of painting, color impregnation and encapsulating; b) handling of some bamboo species, painting and encapsulating open bamboos and construction of tensegrity objects used in stress tests for tension and the effects of time; c) production of objects to demonstrate possible uses; d) installations. Being the backbone of this work, these four productions are displayed on the timeline in Chapter 3, showing the uncovering and the techniques applied. The preceding chapters (Introduction and Contextualization) approach aspects related to this main axis, with a focus on color as a function in nature, as well as in design and architecture.

[pt] Nesta dissertação foram desenvolvidos elementos estruturais passíveis de industrialização, utilizando o bambu como matéria prima principal, dando prosseguimento às pesquisas desenvolvidas pelo grupo de Materiais e Tecnologias Não Convencionais nesta Instituição, desde o final da década de 1970. Foram elaborados nós em bambu laminado contraplacado e ponteiras em material compósito polimérico, manufaturado com resíduo particulado proveniente da laminação do bambu Dendrocalamus giganteus. Foram ainda estudados colmos da espécie Phyllostachys aurea reforçados por toda a sua extensão com sisal trefilado embebido em poliéster. Estes componentes são destinados fundamentalmente à construção de treliças espaciais, retilíneas ou arqueadas, do tipo grelha em múltiplas camadas, aliando sustentabilidade e variabilidade formal para projetos de coberturas. Mediante pequenas adaptações, estes elementos podem ainda encontrar uso em outros tipos de estrutura como domos geodésicos, tensegritys e treliças planas, de caráter temporário ou permanente. A partir da análise experimental de materiais e componentes e de dados obtidos em literatura específica estudaram-se, os esforços solicitantes e deslocamentos desenvolvidos em diferentes geometrias de estruturas, via modelagem em programa comercial de elementos finitos, obtendo-se vãos livres de até 12m e áreas cobertas sobre 4 apoios com capitéis de até 324 metros quadrados com vão livre de 9m e balanços de 4,5m, elaboradas utilizando estes elementos. Os procedimentos desenvolvidos foram satisfatórios, permitindo a execução de elementos passíveis de industrialização e estocagem, de aplicação versátil e com acabamento variado, favorecendo a convencionalização do uso do bambu como material de construção. / [en] The research on non conventional materials and technologies has been carried out at the Civil Engineering Department of PUC-Rio since 1979, in order to stimulate its use in civil construction, reducing the pollution and the energy consumption provoked by industrialized materials such as steel and cement. To disseminate the application of the non-conventional materials and technologies (NOCMAT) in a very large scale, it is necessary to develop industrial methods to process them, ensuring high production with quality and durability. As a continuation of this line of research, the present study is concerned with the development of structural elements designed for space structures, using bamboo as the main material. For this purpose the bamboo Dendrocalamus giganteus, has been selected to prepare laminated composite for the joints. In turn, using its plaining residuals as an addition to a polyester matrix composite. This was molded as a conical capped connection designed and produced to provide safe links between the joints and the bar of the space truss elements. For the latter the Phyllostachys aurea bamboo transversally reinforced with a polyester treated sisal string along its entire length. These components were used to assemble plain or arched multiple layers space structures, binding sustainability and formal freedom to roof structures design. The load-displacement for different structural geometries were evaluated, using a commercial FEM software, based on the experimental data from this work and the available literature, presented 12m maximum free spans and 324 square meters covered area supported by four columns. The developed procedures were satisfactory, allowing the production of industrial processed elements, easy storage, different finishing and versatile application.