Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of History, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Tintas antifoulings são utilizadas para evitar a incrustação de organismos em estruturas submersas, especialmente casco de embarcações. Os compostos organoestânicos (OTs), utilizados nessas tintas, entre eles o tributilestanho, são desreguladores endócrinos e causaram diversos danos aos ecossistemas marinhos. No caso dos moluscos gastrópodes, esse tipo de poluição faz com que as fêmeas adquiram características masculinas, como vaso deferente e pênis, fenômeno esse conhecido como imposex. A Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO) estabeleceu o banimento de tintas à base de COEs nas embarcações, em 2008. No Brasil, a NORMAM 23, proibiu o uso em 2007, contudo a Marinha já havia suspendido seu uso desde 2003. Entretanto, efeitos deletérios destes compostos ainda são detectados em vários países, inclusive ao longo do litoral brasileiro. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal fazer uma avaliação temporal (1997-2012) da poluição por organestânicos na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro utilizando como bioindicador a espécie Stramonita haemastoma. A área de estudo abrangeu cinco regiões: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Baia de Ilha Grande, Baia de Guanabara e Arraial do Cabo. Análises químicas de butilestânicos foram feitas em sedimentos superficiais de mangues de Paraty (Mangue do Estaleiro e mangue do Saco do Mamanguá) e Ilha Grande (Mangue do Aventureiro) sendo os dois últimos considerados áreas de referência. Em cada estação de biomonitoramento foram coletados 30 indivíduos sexualmente adultos da espécie S. haemastoma, através de mergulho livre em apnéia e analisados através do método não destrutivo proposto por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Em todas as cinco áreas analisadas ao longo da costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foram registradas estações com altos índices de imposex. Apesar de muitas estações apresentarem diminuição nos índices, na maioria ocorreu um aumento ou conservação alta na porcentagem de imposex depois do banimento. As concentrações médias de butilestânicos no mangue (S1), perto de fontes locais, foram 205,7 16,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 16,4 1,3 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,0 2,9 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT. Nas áreas de referência: mangue do Saco do Mamanguá (S2) foram 16,0 0,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 10,1 1,4 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,1 2,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT e mangue do Aventureiro (S3) com 18,1 4,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 15,3 0,5 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,2 1,5 ng (Sn). g-1 de MBT. As taxas de degradação foram de 01, 1,3 e 1,4 respectivamente indicando inputs recentes desses compostos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que carbono orgânico dissolvido e particulado, bem como xenoestrógenos podem estar interferindo no desenvolvimento da síndrome, levando a subestimação de avaliação do imposex. As concentrações de butilestânicos, além do aumento ou continuidade alta na incidência de imposex após o banimento na maioria das estações indicam que, apesar da proibição do uso do TBT em tintas antiiincrustantes no Brasil, elas ainda estão sendo utilizadas de forma ilegal, especialmente em pequenos barcos. Esse estudo é fundamental para se propor medidas de mitigação e controle dos compostos organoestânicos, até mesmo dos novos antifoulings TBT- free, que também possuem efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Além disso, as áreas onde se registrou altos índices de imposex serão essenciais para o monitoramento dos efeitos desses novos antifoulings. / Antifoulings paints are used to prevent of fouling organisms on underwater structures, especially hull vessels. Organotin compounds (OTs) used in these paints, including tributyltin, are endocrine disrupters and caused damage to various ecosystems. In the case of the gastropod mollusks, such pollution causes females acquire male characteristics, such as penis and vas deferens, a phenomenon known as imposex. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) established a ban on OTs-based paints on ships, in 2008. In Brazil, the NORMAN 23, prohibited the use in 2007, but the Navy had suspended its use since 2003. However, deleterious effects of these compounds are still detected in several countries, including along the Brazilian coast. This work aimed to make a temporal time series assessment (1997-2012) of organotins pollution on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State using as bioindicator the species Stramonita haemastoma. The study area included five regions: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Ilha Grande Bay, Guanabara Bay and Arraial do Cabo. In each biomonitoring station were collected 30 sexually mature individuals of the specie S. haemastoma through free diving in apnea and analyzed using the non-destructive method proposed by Fernandez et al, (2007). Butyltin chemical analyzes were made in surface sediments of mangroves of Paraty (Mangrove close to the sources and Saco do Mamanguá mangrove) and Ilha Grande (Aventureiro mangrove) the last two being considered the reference areas. In all five areas studied along the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro were recorded stations with high levels of imposex. Although many stations present a decrease in rates, in most there was an increase or maintenance in the high percentage of imposex after the ban. The average concentrations of the mangrove butyltin (S1), close to local sources, were 205.7 16.8 ng (Sn) of TBT g-1, 16.4 1.3 ng (Sn) g -1 of DBT and 10.0 2.9 ng (Sn) g-1 MBT. In the areas of reference: the Saco do Mamanguá mangrove (S2) were 16.0 0.8 ng (Sn) g -1 of TBT, 10.1 1.4 ng (Sn) g -1 of DBT and 10, 1 2.2 ng (Sn) g-1 of MBT and Aventureiro mangrove (S3) with 18.1 4.2 ng (Sn) of TBT g-1, 15.3 0.5 ng (Sn)g-1 DBT and 10.2 1.5 ng (Sn). g-1 MBT. The degradation rates were 0,1, 1,3 and 1,4 respectively indicating recent inputs of these compounds. The results of this study indicate that dissolved and particulate organic carbon and xenoestrogens may be interfering with the development of the syndrome, leading to underestimation of assessment of imposex. Butyltins concentrations and increased or high continued incidence of imposex after the ban on most stations show that despite the ban on the use of TBT in antifouling paints in Brazil, they are still being used illegally, especially in small boats. This study is essential to propose measures to mitigate and control of organotin compounds, even the new TBT-free antifoulings, which also have negative environmental effect. This is because the areas where high levels of imposex recorded wil be the more critical for monitoring the effects of these new antifoulings.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Tintas antifoulings são utilizadas para evitar a incrustação de organismos em estruturas submersas, especialmente casco de embarcações. Os compostos organoestânicos (OTs), utilizados nessas tintas, entre eles o tributilestanho, são desreguladores endócrinos e causaram diversos danos aos ecossistemas marinhos. No caso dos moluscos gastrópodes, esse tipo de poluição faz com que as fêmeas adquiram características masculinas, como vaso deferente e pênis, fenômeno esse conhecido como imposex. A Organização Marítima Internacional (IMO) estabeleceu o banimento de tintas à base de COEs nas embarcações, em 2008. No Brasil, a NORMAM 23, proibiu o uso em 2007, contudo a Marinha já havia suspendido seu uso desde 2003. Entretanto, efeitos deletérios destes compostos ainda são detectados em vários países, inclusive ao longo do litoral brasileiro. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo principal fazer uma avaliação temporal (1997-2012) da poluição por organestânicos na costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro utilizando como bioindicador a espécie Stramonita haemastoma. A área de estudo abrangeu cinco regiões: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Baia de Ilha Grande, Baia de Guanabara e Arraial do Cabo. Análises químicas de butilestânicos foram feitas em sedimentos superficiais de mangues de Paraty (Mangue do Estaleiro e mangue do Saco do Mamanguá) e Ilha Grande (Mangue do Aventureiro) sendo os dois últimos considerados áreas de referência. Em cada estação de biomonitoramento foram coletados 30 indivíduos sexualmente adultos da espécie S. haemastoma, através de mergulho livre em apnéia e analisados através do método não destrutivo proposto por nosso grupo de pesquisa. Em todas as cinco áreas analisadas ao longo da costa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro foram registradas estações com altos índices de imposex. Apesar de muitas estações apresentarem diminuição nos índices, na maioria ocorreu um aumento ou conservação alta na porcentagem de imposex depois do banimento. As concentrações médias de butilestânicos no mangue (S1), perto de fontes locais, foram 205,7 16,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 16,4 1,3 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,0 2,9 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT. Nas áreas de referência: mangue do Saco do Mamanguá (S2) foram 16,0 0,8 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 10,1 1,4 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,1 2,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de MBT e mangue do Aventureiro (S3) com 18,1 4,2 ng (Sn) g-1 de TBT, 15,3 0,5 ng (Sn) g-1 de DBT e 10,2 1,5 ng (Sn). g-1 de MBT. As taxas de degradação foram de 01, 1,3 e 1,4 respectivamente indicando inputs recentes desses compostos. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que carbono orgânico dissolvido e particulado, bem como xenoestrógenos podem estar interferindo no desenvolvimento da síndrome, levando a subestimação de avaliação do imposex. As concentrações de butilestânicos, além do aumento ou continuidade alta na incidência de imposex após o banimento na maioria das estações indicam que, apesar da proibição do uso do TBT em tintas antiiincrustantes no Brasil, elas ainda estão sendo utilizadas de forma ilegal, especialmente em pequenos barcos. Esse estudo é fundamental para se propor medidas de mitigação e controle dos compostos organoestânicos, até mesmo dos novos antifoulings TBT- free, que também possuem efeitos prejudiciais ao ambiente. Além disso, as áreas onde se registrou altos índices de imposex serão essenciais para o monitoramento dos efeitos desses novos antifoulings. / Antifoulings paints are used to prevent of fouling organisms on underwater structures, especially hull vessels. Organotin compounds (OTs) used in these paints, including tributyltin, are endocrine disrupters and caused damage to various ecosystems. In the case of the gastropod mollusks, such pollution causes females acquire male characteristics, such as penis and vas deferens, a phenomenon known as imposex. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) established a ban on OTs-based paints on ships, in 2008. In Brazil, the NORMAN 23, prohibited the use in 2007, but the Navy had suspended its use since 2003. However, deleterious effects of these compounds are still detected in several countries, including along the Brazilian coast. This work aimed to make a temporal time series assessment (1997-2012) of organotins pollution on the coast of Rio de Janeiro State using as bioindicator the species Stramonita haemastoma. The study area included five regions: Paraty, Ilha Grande, Ilha Grande Bay, Guanabara Bay and Arraial do Cabo. In each biomonitoring station were collected 30 sexually mature individuals of the specie S. haemastoma through free diving in apnea and analyzed using the non-destructive method proposed by Fernandez et al, (2007). Butyltin chemical analyzes were made in surface sediments of mangroves of Paraty (Mangrove close to the sources and Saco do Mamanguá mangrove) and Ilha Grande (Aventureiro mangrove) the last two being considered the reference areas. In all five areas studied along the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro were recorded stations with high levels of imposex. Although many stations present a decrease in rates, in most there was an increase or maintenance in the high percentage of imposex after the ban. The average concentrations of the mangrove butyltin (S1), close to local sources, were 205.7 16.8 ng (Sn) of TBT g-1, 16.4 1.3 ng (Sn) g -1 of DBT and 10.0 2.9 ng (Sn) g-1 MBT. In the areas of reference: the Saco do Mamanguá mangrove (S2) were 16.0 0.8 ng (Sn) g -1 of TBT, 10.1 1.4 ng (Sn) g -1 of DBT and 10, 1 2.2 ng (Sn) g-1 of MBT and Aventureiro mangrove (S3) with 18.1 4.2 ng (Sn) of TBT g-1, 15.3 0.5 ng (Sn)g-1 DBT and 10.2 1.5 ng (Sn). g-1 MBT. The degradation rates were 0,1, 1,3 and 1,4 respectively indicating recent inputs of these compounds. The results of this study indicate that dissolved and particulate organic carbon and xenoestrogens may be interfering with the development of the syndrome, leading to underestimation of assessment of imposex. Butyltins concentrations and increased or high continued incidence of imposex after the ban on most stations show that despite the ban on the use of TBT in antifouling paints in Brazil, they are still being used illegally, especially in small boats. This study is essential to propose measures to mitigate and control of organotin compounds, even the new TBT-free antifoulings, which also have negative environmental effect. This is because the areas where high levels of imposex recorded wil be the more critical for monitoring the effects of these new antifoulings.

abstract: This dissertation focuses on consequences of public policy on consumption responses. Chapter 1 evaluates the effect of Thailand's car tax rebate scheme in 2012 on household consumption by examining aggregate and administrative data. Car sales doubled during the policy and dramatically declined afterwards while domestic household spending was sluggish following the policy, suggesting a substantial dampening effect of the policy on future household consumption. Chapter 2 develops a formal model to evaluate Thai household consumption responses. A life-cycle model of consumption and saving is developed with features including uninsured income risks, liquidity constraints, durable goods with embedded adjustment costs and non-homothetic preference in durable goods. Adjustment costs and liquidity constraints are important frictions in the evaluation of the shorter-term responses to changes in relative prices, while non-homotheticity captures the income effect given that cars are luxury goods in the Thai economy context. Key parameters and the partial equilibrium responses, which are key inputs to inform the aggregate outcome of the policy, are estimated. The results show that the car-tax rebates had a sizable impact on slowing Thai household consumption following the policy due to high level of elasticity of intertemporal substitution among Thai households. Chapter 3 examines the effect of public smoking bans in the EU countries. Using individual-level data, this chapter investigates whether nationwide smoke-free laws in Europe lead to higher smoking reduction and cessation rates among mature smokers. Exploiting the different timing in imposing smoking ban laws and using a difference-in-differences approach, I find that light smokers and heavy smokers were more likely to quit smoking after comprehensive bans were in place while there was no significant effect on average smokers. The results confirm that smoking bans, particularly when enforced more strictly and comprehensively, lead to higher smoking cessation rates even among mature smokers with well-established addiction. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Economics 2018

This thesis paper explores how various actors gathered around bottled water when a ban was put into place in Concord, Massachusetts. The objective has been to answer the following questions: How does an apolitical commodity become a political one? Specifically, how does bottled water move from being an apolitical commodity to become a highly political one? What does this mean for environmental politics? I situate my theoretical approach within Martha Kaplan’s research with fountains and coolers. I use Bruno Latour to show in which ways this ban became a matter of concern, as well as how the ban and the plastic bottle are actors. I conducted fieldwork in Concord and I interviewed participants. My findings reveal that the ban brought meanings to the surface and challenged them or supported them in various ways. The discussions turned from the impact of bottled water on our environment to the political impact of bottled water companies and large corporations on local Concord issues.

This essay examines the arguments behind the ban of the headscarf in schools in Skurups county that the Swedish Democrats/Sverigedemokraterna (a party in the Swedish Parliament) submitted. The motion was voted through in Skurups county with help of Moderaterna and the local Skurupspartiet. The ban of the headscarf was towards both children and adults in schools. The methodological approach in this essay is developed by Carol Lee Bacchi and is called “What’s the problem represented to be?”. The starting point of the WPRmethod is the representation of a problem and aims to distinguish how problems are described and the underlying factors and consequences that are included. The material that is being examined is the motion behind the ban of the headscarf and two articles who argue about the ban of the veil. The focus in this essay is to analyze the arguments. The theoretical approach is about how gender and nations are constructed from Yuval-Davis book Gender and Nation and Eduards book Kroppspolitik.

In überraschender Weise erinnerte der australische Grünen-Politiker Bob Brown im März 1997 an den Besuch der deutschen Grünen-Gründerin Petra Kelly in Australien Mitte der 1970er Jahre: “She took back with her to Germany this idea of Greens Bans, or the terminology. As best we can track it down, that is where the word ‚green‘ as applied to the emerging Greens in Europe came from”. Als Green Bans Movement wurde eine Reihe von Gewerkschaftskampagnen genannt, bei denen Beschäftigte Arbeit bestreikten, die Umwelt und Natur schädigen würde. Petra Kelly traf bei ihrem Besuch 1977 einige der dort involvierten Gewerkschafter:innen und blieb in schriftlichem Kontakt mit ihnen. Fern von der Idee, eine etymologische Untersuchung der Entstehung der Grünen durchzuführen, erfasse ich in diesem Beitrag jenen Austausch zwischen Petra Kelly und australischen Gewerkschafter:innen und Aktivist:innen 1977 als eine Mikrogeschichte der transnationalen Verbindungen sozialer Bewegungen im Allgemeinen und der Umweltbewegung im Besonderen. Dabei zeige ich wie Kelly als „human link“ (Milder 2018) zwischen den Bewegungen fungierte. Grundlage der Untersuchung ist eine Auswahl aus Artikeln, Manuskripten, Reiseberichten und Korrespondenzen aus Kellys Nachlass, der im Archiv Grünes Gedächtnis aufbewahrt wird.

The practice of wearing hijab has been around for hundreds of years and around the world by Muslim women. It has been revealed that the decision to wear hijab is varied among Muslim women ranging from religious convictions to the consideration of the attire as a tool for empowerment. This paper, which utilizes a normative method with an argumentative structure, will defend the right of veiled Muslim women to employment and free from discrimination, and aims to clarify why the general ban on religious sign, specifically on hijab in this regard, not conforming to the basic principles of human rights . The argumentation will include a discussion and critiques regarding the two core principles in favor of banning hijab in the field of employment and comes to the conclusion that they appear to be built on weak grounds. Furthermore, some relevant conflicting principles regarding the hijab issue within the field of employment will be discussed. The conclusion maintains that veiled Muslim women shall not be pushed into the corner of the society by the two dominant discourses which are now included in the written legislations within the European laws and national laws. The paper concludes by stating that veiled Muslim women shall be accommodated to work and contribute to the European mainstream employment just like females from other groups.

The aim of this thesis is to explore the modalities of Swedish urban policy in its approach to urban segregation. By using a diachronic discourse analytic approach inspired by Foucault, I attempt to reconstruct the narrative of urban policy by looking at the problematizations of urban phenomena in urban programmes extending over the course of two decades. With respect to situating urban policy between the material realities of the spaces it seeks to address and the political rationalities that underline their framing in policies, I have used Foucault’s concepts of governmentality and dispositif. The overarching goal of this study is to demonstrate the contentious nature of policy decisions which have been informed by the material realities of segregated areas as much as they have been informed by dominant socio-political and economic narratives under which the rhetoric construct of ‘breaking segregation’ (Andersson, 2006) has been subsumed. The study shows that policy decisions are often submerged in the “truth effects” of discourses established well beyond the boundaries of concentrated urban poverty, such as narratives of flows and mobility, sustainable development or economic growth - which in turn significantly affect the policy interpretation of phenomena such as poverty, urban crime and ethnic polarization.

his thesis analyses whether a legislative ban on wearing a headscarf breaches the right to freedom of religion, as such right is universally understood. It describes the ambit of the right to freedom of religion by examining the theoretical justification and importance of the right and thereafter analysing how the right is recognised in international and regional treaties and domestic constitutions. It demonstrates that religious freedom comprises of the right to hold a religion and the right to manifest a religion in the form of worship, observance, practice and teaching. Religious freedom, however, is not absolute and the thesis explains in the light of international and comparative case-law that the right to freedom of religion may be limited by a law that pursues a legitimate state interest and is reasonable. In light of this theoretical framework the thesis examines the practice of Muslim women wearing a headscarf and argues that the practice constitutes a manifestation of Islamic belief protected by the right to freedom of religion. Thereafter this thesis examines French, Turkish and German prohibitions on wearing a headscarf, the effect of these laws on Muslim women and the justifications furnished for such laws. It is argued that the state interest of preserving secularism relied upon to justify a headscarf ban is not legitimate and does not justify a headscarf ban. Furthermore, even where the state has a legitimate interest in preventing the coercion of young girls, promoting the equality rights of women and maintaining safety and order, a headscarf ban does not constitute a reasonable limitation of religious freedom. Ultimately, this thesis argues that a headscarf ban exacerbates the problems it is meant to solve and constitutes an unjustifiable infringement of religious freedom.