Purpose/Aim: The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning of global responsibility and toxicwaste control. The Basel Convention is the UN's international regulations on the import, export andtransport of hazardous waste. According to the Basel Convention, the export of electronic waste todeveloping countries is fully legal if the recipient country has given approval in writing. Is there a linkbetween toxic colonialism, global responsibility, justice and human rights?Material/Method: A qualitative case study of what delegates from three African countries think abouttoxic colonialism and global responsibility.Main results: The essay gives an explanation of the concept of toxic colonialism in relation to the BaselConvention and the Ban Amendment, from three African UN delegates, furthermore an analysis of theimportance it can have on global responsibility, justice and views on human rights.The essay results show that the Ban Amendment of the Basel Convention is in line with Rawl'sdifference principle and the principle of freedom and would contribute to increased justice on electronicwaste coding if the amendment goes through and is used in symbiosis with human rights: UDHRArticle 25 and ICESCR Article 12.1-2.

本文共一冊，三萬多字，分六章十五節，內容茲分述如下： 第一章：緒論。 第二章：地方財政與人口移動。旨在說明地方財政的理論及人口移動對地方財政的影 響，並瞭解縣轄市在台灣人口移動中的角色。 第三章：縣轄市的財政收與職能。旨在說明我國現行的地方財政制度及縣轄市的財政 地位，並對地方財政制度加以檢討。 第四章：板橋市財政收支之分析與比較。旨在以本省人口最多的縣轄市－板橋市為例 ，分析及比較其財政收支情形。 第五章：改善縣轄市財政之擬議。旨在根據分析結果對縣轄市財政提出長、中、短程 的改善方案。 第六章：結論。

A wide range of applications have been recognized for terahertz radiations. In fact, medical imaging, homeland security screening, very high-speed wireless telecommunications systems and even drug and gas detection are boosting the development of terahertz emitters and receivers. The work of this thesis is among the efforts in that regard. Actual terahertz detectors are suffering many drawbacks, they are bulky, very slow, not very sensitive or operates at non-practical temperatures. Combined with the complexity to realize terahertz emitters, it explains the difficulties of terahertz radiations to ensure market penetration with practicable civil applications. In that regard, we aim to better understand and improve a specific terahertz photodetector: the Terahertz Quantum Well Photodetector. Those devices working principle relies on a photocurrent created by the excitation of electrons from ground states of quantum wells to the continuum under terahertz impinging light. The intensity of the photocurrent is depending on the intensity of the radiation received by the device. The device active region is made of a multiple quantum wells GaAs/AlGaAs system. By changing the design of the device, that is the thicknesses of each layer, the aluminum fraction of the doping concentration, we can modify its performances. Documented and commented Matlab functions and routines have been implemented in order to simulate a given structure and scripts have been written to find the optimum parameters for a target absorption frequency. Our model has been verified by comparison with experimental data reported in the literature. Based on our model, we systematically study the impact of the active region and contact parameters on the device performances. In addition, innovative designs are proposed in order to reduce the undesirable dark current and thus increase the detectivity. They benefits from many-body effects, effects that are usually a constraint on the design. To our knowledge this is the first time those effects are used to realize innovative designs and increase the performances of quantum well infrared photodetectors. Finally we expose other designs that have been tested in the infrared domain with QWIP and adapt them to the terahertz range. In particular, we propose a quantum cascade photodetector, a double barrier bound-to-miniband and a phonon-assisted band to miniband structures.

The thesis deals with regulation of tobacco products advertising and its impact on selected media houses in the Czech Republic. First part of the thesis is dedicated to the history of smoking, to tobacco advertising in general and to description of negative effects on human health. Major tobacco companies present in the Czech market since 1993 are introduced. Moreover legislative development in the area of tobacco advertising which took place in three phases between years 1995 - 2004 is described. Part of the thesis focuses also on the context of the ban on tobacco advertising on the EU level, which became effective as of July 2005. Second part of the thesis deals with impact analysis of increasing tobacco regulation on selected Czech media. As for the television broadcasters, the Czech Television and TV NOVA are analyzed. For printed media, the impact is depicted on the case of newspapers Mladá fronta Dnes and Lidové noviny. Significant part of the thesis is dedicated to analysis of advertising data and to the description of changes in the marketing and communication strategies of four biggest tobacco holdings, including the analysis of how they have addressed the issue of limited communication opportunities and how they have overcome the ban of tobacco products advertising. Separate chapter is...

TITLE: Non-Competition Clause AUTHOR: Jan Rozner DEPARTMENT: Department of Labor Law and Social Security Law SUPERVISOR: doc. JUDr. Jan Pichrt, Ph.D. ABSTRACT: This thesis provides a comprehensive overview of the Labour Law Institute Non-Competition Clause. The thesis is written on the basis of the case law and numerous specialized literature relevant to the legal provisions. Due to clear developement trends, one chapter is devoted to the history of Non-Competition Clause. De lege lata the Non-Competititon Clause is generally successfully and comprehensively regulated in Act No. 262/2006 Coll., the Labour Code, although the Non-Competition Clause remains a heavily debated topic among members of the professional public. Published opinions are analyzed and assessed, including the context of the foreign legislation relevant to the Non-Competition Clause. In closing, I propose a course of action inspired by foreign Non-Competition Clause regulation, specifically that of Sweden, in terms of the de lege ferenda. KEYWORDS: labour law, non-competition clause, ban of competition, termination of an employment

Diplomová práce Katedra občanské výchovy a filosofie Pedagogické fakulty Univerzity Karlovy Bc. Jana Eliášová Abstract and key words This thesis deals with the influence the pupil's transition from elementary school to secondary school in the communist regime era, i.e. in 1948-1989. The methodology is based on the interviews provided by the method of oral history, archival records and professional literature. Furthermore, the work deals with the functioning of the education at the time of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, focusing on the elementary and secondary schools. The pivotal part of the work is based on the oral historical field research, especially from the personal experience of witnesses. For this work provided their memories eleven witnesses (10 women, 1 man), who, at their youthful age, experienced either a complete ban on studies at the high school, or their onset at the high school was complicated, due to the improper assessment from the school or the politically improper parentage. The thesis intends to reveal the ways influencing the pupil's studies or bans, the reasons and impacts of this experience on further lives of witnesses. Key Words communism, Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, education, elementary school, secondary school, assessments of educational skills, cadre system,...

<p>Protecting public health is the most legitimate use of zoning, and yet there is minimal progress in applying it to the obesity problem. Zoning could potentially be used to address both unhealthy and healthy food retailers, but lack of evidence regarding the impact of zoning and public opinion on zoning changes are barriers to implementing zoning restrictions on fast food on a larger scale. My dissertation addresses these gaps in our understanding of health zoning as a policy option for altering built, food environments. </p><p>Chapter 1 examines the relationship between food swamps and obesity and whether spatial mapping might be useful in identifying priority geographic areas for zoning interventions. I employ an instrumental variables (IV) strategy to correct for the endogeneity problems associated with food environments, namely that individuals may self-select into certain neighborhoods and may consider food availability in their decision process. I utilize highway exits as a source of exogenous variation .Using secondary data from the USDA Food Environment Atlas, ordinary least squares (OLS) and IV regression models were employed to analyze cross-sectional associations between local food environments and the prevalence of obesity. I find even after controlling for food desert effects, food swamps have a positive, statistically significant effect on adult obesity rates.</p><p>Chapter 2 applies theories of message framing and prospect theory to the emerging discussion around health zoning policies targeting food environments and to explore public opinion toward a list of potential zoning restrictions on fast-food restaurants (beyond moratoriums on new establishments). In order to explore causality, I employ an online survey experiment manipulating exposure to vignettes with different message frames about health zoning restrictions with two national samples of adult Americans age 18 and over (N1=2,768 and N2=3,236). The second sample oversamples Black Americans (N=1,000) and individuals with high school as their highest level of education. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of six conditions where they were primed with different message frames about the benefits of zoning restrictions on fast food retailers. Participants were then asked to indicate their support for six zoning policies on a Likert scale. Subjects also answered questions about their food store access, eating behaviors, health status and perceptions of food stores by type. </p><p>I find that a message frame about Nutrition and increasing Equity in the food system was particularly effective at increasing support for health zoning policies targeting fast food outlets across policy categories (Conditional, Youth-related, Performance and Incentive) and across racial groups. This finding is consistent with an influential environmental justice scholar’s description of “injustice frames” as effective in mobilizing supporters around environmental issues (Taylor 2000). I extend this rationale to food environment obesity prevention efforts and identify Nutrition combined with Equity frames as an arguably universal campaign strategy for bolstering public support of zoning restrictions on fast food retailers.</p><p>Bridging my findings from both Chapters 1 and 2, using food swamps as a spatial metaphor may work to identify priority areas for policy intervention, but only if there is an equitable distribution of resources and mobilization efforts to improve consumer food environments. If the structural forces which ration access to land-use planning persist (arguably including the media as gatekeepers to information and producers of message frames) disparities in obesity are likely to widen.</p> / Dissertation

Les débats entre historiens qui étudient l’époque féodale, Xe-XIIe siècle, portent sur la seigneurie castrale, son apparition, son développement, mais avec un présupposé : l’apparition des châteaux traduit la crise de l’autorité publique, son éparpillement entre les mains de l’aristocratie pour laquelle les châteaux deviennent des instruments de domination, l’an Mil marquant une étape décisive de ce processus. Cette thèse tente d’apporter des éléments de discussion par l’étude du phénomène castral : la formation des châteaux, les autres formes de fortifications, leur rôle, leur évolution. Leur implantation et leurs fonctions permettent d’apporter un nouvel éclairage sur ce qu’est une châtellenie, et sa mise en perspective sur le long terme, depuis le premier millénaire. L’évolution de la villa en seigneurie rurale constitue un chapitre qui tente de comprendre ce qu’est une seigneurie, ses droits et ses fonctions, et les divers acteurs de la création des seigneuries. Dans une deuxième partie, l’étude des familles gravitant dans les châteaux et dans leurs ressorts permet d’apporter des éléments nouveaux sur l’origine des nouveaux comtes, des seigneurs de châteaux et des garnisons castrales. Elle s’intègre directement dans le débat sur la chevalerie : hommes nouveaux, soldats de fortune, ou héritiers de l’aristocratie carolingienne. Les comportements familiaux sont aussi étudiés, et les évolutions entre cousinages et lignages. Ils sont impactés par l’extension des liens féodo-vassaliques qui concernent de plus en plus tous les aspects de la vie, les héritages et les biens allodiaux. L’étude de l’évolution de la société « féodale » tente d’éclairer le passage du château, détenteur de la puissance publique, au château, résidence d’une aristocratie et point de crispation de la part des populations rurales dès le XIVe siècle. Elle cherche à établir s’il y a bien eu une « mutation » féodale à la veille de l’an Mil, ou s’il s’agit d’un processus évolutif sur le long terme. / The debates between historians who study the feudal period,10th-12thc., relate on the seigneurie castrale, its appearance, its development, but with one presupposition: the appearance of the castles translates the crisis of public authority, its scattering in the hands of the aristocracy for which the castles become instruments of domination, the year 1000 marking a decisive stage in this process. The thesis tries to bring elements of discussion by the study of the castle phenomenon formation of the castles, the shapes of the fortifications, their role, their evolution. Their establishment and their functions make it possible to bring a new light on what is a châtellenie, and its setting in prospect in the long term, since the first millenium. The evolution of the villa to seigneurie rurale constitutes a chapter which tries to understand what is a seigneurie, its rights and its functions, and the various actors of the creation of the seigneuries. In a second part, the study of the families evolving in the castles and their resorts makes it possible to bring new elements on the origin of the new counts, the lords of castles and the garrisons of the castles. It is integrated firmly in the debate on knighthood : new men, soldiers of fortune, or heirs to the Carolingian aristocracy. The behavior of the families is also studied, and the evolutions between kinships. They are impacted by the extension of the feodo-vassalic links which relate more and more to every aspect of life, inheritances and freehold possessions. The study of the evolution of the “feudal” society tries to clarify the passage from the castle, holder of the public power, to the castle, residence of an aristocracy and locus of tenseness by the rural populations as soon as the14th century. It seeks to establish if there were actually a feudal “change” on the eve of the year 1000, or if it was an evolutionary process on the long term.

自一九七七年鄧小平提出科技人才的培養，基礎在教育以來，教育工作被視為促成中國大陸經濟發展的重要議程，也是完成社會主義現代化建設的戰略要點。而教育的發展重在建立合格、穩定的師資陣容，在此一前提下，農村地區為數眾多且學歷不合格的中小學民辦教師，則成為中國大陸提昇人力素質需求下，首要解決的問題。 　　一九七八年以後，中國大陸各地區根據「減少數量，提高質量」的教育方針，逐步擴展民辦教師在職培訓，減少數量並提高其政治、經濟地位。一九九五年二月二十日在廣東惠州召開的全國民辦教師工作會議上，國家教委堅持以「關、招、轉、辭、退」五字方針，解決民辦教師問題，並於公元兩千年之前讓中國大陸民辦教師成為歷史。然而，隨著九年義務教育的推展，教師需求增加；農村地區師資匱乏問題未獲妥善解決；加諸經濟改革以來，部份農村教師棄教從商等現象，均影響目前農村基礎教育的發展。因此，除了片面降低民辦教師數量外，如何運用民辦教師政策，鼓勵兩百多萬農村民辦教師繼續為農村教育奉獻心力，則更具啟發性。 　　本研究之目的乃在： 　　1.探討民辦教師的發展背景； 　　2.分析民辦教師主要的分佈特性； 　　3.瞭解中國大陸現行有關民辦教師的管理體制，以及現行政策之缺失； 　　4.分析中國大陸經濟改革開放後，對民辦教師教學工作與職業流動的影響。 　　另外，除檢討目前政策得失外，研究者也擬定若干建議。 　　依據研究目的，研究者採取文獻分析法與個案研究方法進行民辦教師現況與民辦教師政策問題的分析；另外，本研究也擬以「質的自然研究設計、量的資料蒐集分析、量的統計分析」之統合策略研究法，分析民辦教師區域的分佈特性。 　　研究結果發現，國家財政匱乏、政治因素主導教育發展、農村教師不足以及農村辦學體制的變動，乃是促成民辦教師發展的重要因素。另外，根據統計資料的分析，民辦教師數量與當地社會經濟結構、教育規模有高相關存在。換言之，社會經濟越發達，民辦教師所佔的比重越小，反之，則否。至於農村民辦教師職業流動的現象則呈現區域性的差異，一般而言，社會經濟結構越趨向高度農業化，就業結構越單一化的地區，民辦教師鮮有職業流動，而鄉鎮企業發達、或鄰近都市的農村，民辦教師職業流動現象明顯。 　　此外，在國家教委「關、招、轉、辭、退」的政策推行下，目前中國大陸民辦教師數量與質量獲得明顯的改善。如：民辦教師佔中小學教師總數的比例由一九七八年的59.4%，下降到一九九四年的24.3%；根據個案研究的結果發現，民辦教師學歷普遍提昇到高中以上。不過目前仍存在以下幾個問題： 　　1.片面禁止增聘民辦教師，卻未能解決農村教師不足的情況，導致農村代課教師數量增加，成為變相的民辦教師。 　　2.國家教委人事司與地方政府對「民轉公」政策宗旨認知不同，致使民轉公的選招方式備受爭議。 　　3.民轉公與中師招收在職民辦教師名額少，且考試競爭激烈，教師投入考試準備，怠忽教學工作。 　　4.已取得中專與大專本科學歷的民辦教師，為轉公辦教師仍須到師範學校學習，造成教育資源浪費。 　　5.民辦教師工資、福利與公辦教師相差二倍以上。 　　綜觀上述的問題，研究者建議： 　　1.按民辦教師年齡與學歷，分別考量民轉公選招的標準。 　　2.民轉公名額須與縣（市）地方財政負擔相配合。 　　3.農村教育費附加，由縣統一籌措，並用於保障與提昇民辦教師工資。 　　4.另外，由縣市統一規定農村民辦教師最低保障工資數。 　　5.以互助會的形式建立民辦教師社會福利保險制度。 　　儘管目前以政策性策略降低民辦教師數量的成長，但是長期以來農村地區師資嚴重短缺的問題，始終未獲得根本的解決，導致控制了農村地區民辦教師之數量，卻間接造成代課教師數量的成長。而欲解決農村民辦教師或代課教師的問題，根本之道在研擬一套舒緩農村教師緊缺的新途徑。

This work is intended to evaluate President Obama’s gun control policies by determining whether stricter federal gun control laws should apply within theUnited States. This paper examines whether setting legal standards at a national level would effectively reduce gun related violence and mass shootings on a local and state level. These include events such as Sandy Hook Elementary inNewton,Connecticut, the Virginia Polytechnic school shootings, and theAuroraTheatershooting inDenver,Colorado. Specifically, could executive orders proposed by the president, such as assault weapon bans, rigorous background checks on gun sales, submission of mental health records to the FBI Databases, and increased aid between states and mental health care institutions effectively reduce horrific incidences of gun related violence. Using gun control data from past and present as our research, we will determine whether stricter gun control policies have deterred violent crimes, murder rates, suicides and mass shootings. Since our research focuses on policy solutions as an alternative to reduce mass shootings, not the psychological make ups and environmental factors of mass shooters, we will omit America’s gun culture as a variable within our study: such as the effects violent video games and movies could have on the psyche of troubled individuals. After carefully analyzing gun date related to gun violence and crime, this work will attempt to suggest whether or not President Obama’s gun control policies will pass in Congress and which legislation will be the most effective in limiting gun violence and mass shootings.