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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Impairment of Baroreflex Control of Heart Rate in Conscious Transgenic Mice of Type 1 Diabetes (OVE26)

Lin, Min, Harden, Scott W., Li, Lihua, Wurster, Robert D., Cheng, Zixi J. 15 January 2010 (has links)
Baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) is impaired in human type 1 diabetes mellitus. The goal of this study is to use a transgenic mouse model of type 1 diabetes (OVE26) to assess the diabetes-induced baroreflex impairment in the conscious state. OVE26 transgenic mice (which develop hyperglycemia within the first three weeks after birth due to the specific damage of beta cells) and normal control mice (FVB) 5-6 months of age were anesthetized, and the left femoral artery and both veins were catheterized. On the second day after surgery, baroreflex-mediated HR responses to arterial blood pressure (ABP) changes that were induced by separate microinfusion of phenylephrine (PE) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) at different doses (0.03-0.4 μg/min) were measured in the conscious state. Compared with FVB control, we found that in OVE26 diabetic mice 1) mean ABP (MABP) and HR were decreased (p < 0.05). 2) PE-induced MABP increases were comparable to those in FVB mice (p > 0.05). 3) Baroreflex-mediated bradycardia was attenuated (p < 0.05). 4) SNP-induced MABP decreases was reduced (p < 0.05). 5) Baroreflex-mediated tachycardia was attenuated (p < 0.05). Since baroreflex control of HR in conscious OVE26 mice is impaired in a similar fashion to human diabetes mellitus, we suggest that OVE26 mice may provide a useful model to study the neural mechanisms of diabetes-induced baroreflex impairment.
22

Sustained Stimulus Paradigms and Sexual Dimorphism of the Aortic Baroreflex in Rat

Mintch, Landan M. 05 1900 (has links)
Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The neurophysiological pathways associated with beat-to-beat regulation of mean arterial pressure are well known. Less known are the control dynamics associated with short term maintained of arterial blood pressure about a homeostatic set point. The barorefex (BRx), the most rapid and robust of neural refexes within the autonomic nervous system, is a negative feedback controller that monitors and regulates heart rate and blood pressure. By leveraging the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, the BRx can change blood pressure within a single heart beat. To better understand these controller dynamics, a classic BRx refexogenic experimental preparation was carried out. This thesis recon rmed previous observations of an electrically-evoked sexually-dimorphic peak depressor response in the BRx of Sprague-Dawley rats and veri ed that these functional refexogenic differences carry over to sustained electrical paradigms. Further, it uncovered interesting recovery dynamics in both blood pressure and heart rate. The rat aortic depressor nerve was used as an experimental target for electrical activation of the parasympathetic-mediated reduction in mean arterial pressure. The duration, frequency, and patterning of stimulation were explored, with emphasis on differences between sexes. By measuring the normalized percent decrease in mean arterial pressure as well as the differences in beats per minute during rest and during stimulation, the null hypothesis was rejected.
23

Baroreflex Sensitivity after Adenotonsillectomy in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea during Wakefulness and Sleep

Crisalli, Joseph A., M.D. January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
24

Papel dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos nas respostas hemodinâmicas e respiratórias à estimulação elétrica do seio carotídeo/nervo do seio carotídeo / Role of carotid chemoreceptors in hemodynamic and respiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus/carotid sinus nerve

Katayama, Pedro Lourenço 15 March 2018 (has links)
A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um dos fatores de risco mais importantes para a ocorrência de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares, além de estar associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças renais e metabólicas. Recentemente, novas abordagens têm sido utilizadas no tratamento da HA, especialmente em pacientes hipertensos resistentes ao tratamento farmacológico. Dentre tais abordagens, destaca-se a terapia de ativação barorreflexa (TAB), a qual, por meio de um dispositivo eletrônico cirurgicamente implantável, estimulam-se os barroceptores carotídeos, causando inibição da atividade simpática e resultando em redução da pressão arterial (PA). Embora os resultados de estudos clínicos utilizando a TAB em pacientes hipertensos resistentes ao tratamento farmacológico sejam promissores, é necessário um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos nesta abordagem. Pela proximidade anatômica dos barorreceptores e dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos, bem como de suas respectivas aferências, a TAB poderia estar ativando não somente o barorreflexo, mas, também o quimiorreflexo carotídeo. Nesse sentido, um dos objetivos do presente estudo foi o de avaliar o papel dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos nas respostas hemodinâmicas e respiratórias provocadas pela estimulação elétrica do seio carotídeo/nervo do seio carotídeo (ESC) em ratos acordados. Ratos Wistar adultos jovens foram divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Controle (CONT); Ratos com inativação dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos (QUIMIO-X); Ratos com inativação dos barorreceptores carotídeos (BARO-X) e ratos com inativação simultânea de baro- e quimiorreceptores carotídeos (TOTAL-X). As inativações seletivas foram realizadas cirurgicamente. Os ratos pertencentes aos 4 grupos foram instrumentados com um eletrodo bipolar no seio carotídeo/nervo do seio carotídeo esquerdo, e cateteres na artéria e veia femorais para registro da PA e administração de drogas, respectivamente. Os animais foram submetidos à ESC (Intensidade: 5 V; Largura de pulso: 1 ms; Frequências: 15, 30, 60 e 90 Hz; Duração do estímulo: 20 s). Os resultados mostraram que a ESC causou significativa resposta hipotensora nos ratos do grupoCONT. O efeito hipotensor da ESC foi maior em animais do grupo QUIMIO-X, indicando que os quimiorreceptores carotídeos foram ativados no grupo CONT, atenuando a resposta hipotensora. O grupo BARO-X apresentou respostas hipertensoras, denotando ativação exclusiva dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos. Em relação às respostas da frequência cardíaca (FC) à ESC, o grupo CONT não apresentou alterações da mesma, enquanto que os grupos QUIMIO-X e BARO-X apresentaram significativa bradicardia. O grupo TOTAL-X não apresentou nenhuma alteração hemodinâmica (PA e FC) durante a ESC. Adicionalmente, as respostas respiratórias (frequência respiratória, fR; volume corrente, VT; e ventilação minuto, VE) à ESC (Intensidade: 3 V; Largura de pulso: 1 ms; Frequências: 15, 30, 60 e 90 Hz; Duração do estímulo: 20 s), foram avaliadas em animais dos grupos CONT e QUIMIO-X. A ESC causou aumento da ventilação no grupo CONT, evidenciado por aumentos significativos da fR, VT e VE. O aumento da ventilação observado durante a ESC foi substancialmente atenuado pela inativação dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos (QUIMIO-X). No sentido de se investigar formas para modulação da atividade dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos, no presente estudo foram avaliados, também, os efeitos do antagonismo de receptores P2X3 sobre a respiração, sensibilidade do quimiorreflexo periférico e ocorrência de apneias em ratos recémnascidos. Os resultados mostraram que o antagonismo agudo de receptores P2X3 não afetou a respiração basal, mas reduziu a sensibilidade do quimiorreflexo periférico e a ocorrência de apneia. Em conjunto, os resultados do presente estudo mostram que os quimiorreceptores carotídeos influenciam as respostas hemodinâmicas e respiratórias à ESC em ratos acordados. Adicionalmente, o antagonismo de receptores P2X3 pode modular a atividade dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos, reduzindo a sua sensibilidade sem afetar a respiração basal, além de reduzir a ocorrência de apneia em ratos recém-nascidos. / Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for heart and cerebrovascular diseases, and also, is related to renal and metabolic disorders. Recently, new approaches have been used to treat hypertension, especially in hypertensive patients resistant to pharmacological treatment. Among these approaches, the baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) can be highlighted. BAT consists in the electrical stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors, inhibiting the sympathetic activity and resulting in blood pressure reduction. Although results from clinical trials have been promising, studies of the mechanisms involved in BAT are still needed. Because of the anatomic proximity between carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, BAT could activate not only the baroreflex but also the carotid chemoreflex. Thus, part of this study was designed to evaluate the role of carotid chemoreceptors in the hemodynamic and respiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus/carotid sinus nerve (ESC) in conscious rats. Male adult Wistar rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: Control (CONT), Rats with deactivation of carotid chemoreceptors (CHEMOX); Rats with removal of carotid baroreceptors (BARO-X); and Rats with simultaneous carotid baro- and chemoreceptors deactivation (TOTAL-X). Selective deactivations were surgically performed. In addition, all rats were instrumented with a bipolar electrode in the left carotid sinus/carotid sinus nerve and femoral artery and vein catheterization to blood pressure (BP) recordings and drug administration, respectively. Animals were subjected to ESC (Intensity: 5V; Pulse width: 1 ms; Frequencies: 15, 30, 60 e 90 Hz, stimulus duration: 20 s). Results showed that ESC caused significant hypotensive response in CONT. The hypotensive effect of ESC was greater in CHEMO-X group, indicating that carotid chemoreceptors were activated in CONT, attenuating the hypotensive response. BARO-X group presented hypertensive responses to ESC, indicating full activation of the carotid chemoreceptors. Regarding heart rate (HR), CONT showed no response, whereas CHEMO-X and BARO-X presented a marked bradycardia. TOTAL-X group did not showed any hemodynamic (BP and HR) response to ESC. Moreover, the respiratoryresponses (Respiratory rate, fR; tidal volume, VT; and minute ventilation VE) to ESC (Intensity: 3V; Pulse width: 1 ms; Frequencies: 15, 30, 60 e 90 Hz, stimulus duration: 20 s), were analysed in CONT and CHEMO-X animals. ESC significantly increased ventilation in CONT, increasing fR, VT e VE. These respiratory responses elicited by ESC were blunted by carotid chemoreceptors deactivation (CHEMO-X). In order to investigate methods for carotid chemoreceptors modulation, the present study also examined the P2X3 antagonism effects on the respiration, peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and apnoea occurrence in newborn rats. The results showed that acute P2X3 antagonism did not affected basal respiration but reduced peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and apnoea occurrence. Taken together, results from the present study show that the carotid chemoreceptors impact hemodynamic and respiratory responses to ESC in conscious rats. Moreover, P2X3 antagonism may be used to modulate carotid chemoreceptors activity, inhibiting its sensitivity without effects over baseline respiration, and also to reduce apnoea occurrence in newborn rats.
25

Papel dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos nas respostas hemodinâmicas e respiratórias à estimulação elétrica do seio carotídeo/nervo do seio carotídeo / Role of carotid chemoreceptors in hemodynamic and respiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus/carotid sinus nerve

Pedro Lourenço Katayama 15 March 2018 (has links)
A hipertensão arterial (HA) é um dos fatores de risco mais importantes para a ocorrência de eventos cardíacos e cerebrovasculares, além de estar associada ao desenvolvimento de doenças renais e metabólicas. Recentemente, novas abordagens têm sido utilizadas no tratamento da HA, especialmente em pacientes hipertensos resistentes ao tratamento farmacológico. Dentre tais abordagens, destaca-se a terapia de ativação barorreflexa (TAB), a qual, por meio de um dispositivo eletrônico cirurgicamente implantável, estimulam-se os barroceptores carotídeos, causando inibição da atividade simpática e resultando em redução da pressão arterial (PA). Embora os resultados de estudos clínicos utilizando a TAB em pacientes hipertensos resistentes ao tratamento farmacológico sejam promissores, é necessário um melhor entendimento dos mecanismos envolvidos nesta abordagem. Pela proximidade anatômica dos barorreceptores e dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos, bem como de suas respectivas aferências, a TAB poderia estar ativando não somente o barorreflexo, mas, também o quimiorreflexo carotídeo. Nesse sentido, um dos objetivos do presente estudo foi o de avaliar o papel dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos nas respostas hemodinâmicas e respiratórias provocadas pela estimulação elétrica do seio carotídeo/nervo do seio carotídeo (ESC) em ratos acordados. Ratos Wistar adultos jovens foram divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Controle (CONT); Ratos com inativação dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos (QUIMIO-X); Ratos com inativação dos barorreceptores carotídeos (BARO-X) e ratos com inativação simultânea de baro- e quimiorreceptores carotídeos (TOTAL-X). As inativações seletivas foram realizadas cirurgicamente. Os ratos pertencentes aos 4 grupos foram instrumentados com um eletrodo bipolar no seio carotídeo/nervo do seio carotídeo esquerdo, e cateteres na artéria e veia femorais para registro da PA e administração de drogas, respectivamente. Os animais foram submetidos à ESC (Intensidade: 5 V; Largura de pulso: 1 ms; Frequências: 15, 30, 60 e 90 Hz; Duração do estímulo: 20 s). Os resultados mostraram que a ESC causou significativa resposta hipotensora nos ratos do grupoCONT. O efeito hipotensor da ESC foi maior em animais do grupo QUIMIO-X, indicando que os quimiorreceptores carotídeos foram ativados no grupo CONT, atenuando a resposta hipotensora. O grupo BARO-X apresentou respostas hipertensoras, denotando ativação exclusiva dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos. Em relação às respostas da frequência cardíaca (FC) à ESC, o grupo CONT não apresentou alterações da mesma, enquanto que os grupos QUIMIO-X e BARO-X apresentaram significativa bradicardia. O grupo TOTAL-X não apresentou nenhuma alteração hemodinâmica (PA e FC) durante a ESC. Adicionalmente, as respostas respiratórias (frequência respiratória, fR; volume corrente, VT; e ventilação minuto, VE) à ESC (Intensidade: 3 V; Largura de pulso: 1 ms; Frequências: 15, 30, 60 e 90 Hz; Duração do estímulo: 20 s), foram avaliadas em animais dos grupos CONT e QUIMIO-X. A ESC causou aumento da ventilação no grupo CONT, evidenciado por aumentos significativos da fR, VT e VE. O aumento da ventilação observado durante a ESC foi substancialmente atenuado pela inativação dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos (QUIMIO-X). No sentido de se investigar formas para modulação da atividade dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos, no presente estudo foram avaliados, também, os efeitos do antagonismo de receptores P2X3 sobre a respiração, sensibilidade do quimiorreflexo periférico e ocorrência de apneias em ratos recémnascidos. Os resultados mostraram que o antagonismo agudo de receptores P2X3 não afetou a respiração basal, mas reduziu a sensibilidade do quimiorreflexo periférico e a ocorrência de apneia. Em conjunto, os resultados do presente estudo mostram que os quimiorreceptores carotídeos influenciam as respostas hemodinâmicas e respiratórias à ESC em ratos acordados. Adicionalmente, o antagonismo de receptores P2X3 pode modular a atividade dos quimiorreceptores carotídeos, reduzindo a sua sensibilidade sem afetar a respiração basal, além de reduzir a ocorrência de apneia em ratos recém-nascidos. / Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for heart and cerebrovascular diseases, and also, is related to renal and metabolic disorders. Recently, new approaches have been used to treat hypertension, especially in hypertensive patients resistant to pharmacological treatment. Among these approaches, the baroreflex activation therapy (BAT) can be highlighted. BAT consists in the electrical stimulation of the carotid baroreceptors, inhibiting the sympathetic activity and resulting in blood pressure reduction. Although results from clinical trials have been promising, studies of the mechanisms involved in BAT are still needed. Because of the anatomic proximity between carotid baroreceptors and chemoreceptors, BAT could activate not only the baroreflex but also the carotid chemoreflex. Thus, part of this study was designed to evaluate the role of carotid chemoreceptors in the hemodynamic and respiratory responses to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus/carotid sinus nerve (ESC) in conscious rats. Male adult Wistar rats were divided into 4 experimental groups: Control (CONT), Rats with deactivation of carotid chemoreceptors (CHEMOX); Rats with removal of carotid baroreceptors (BARO-X); and Rats with simultaneous carotid baro- and chemoreceptors deactivation (TOTAL-X). Selective deactivations were surgically performed. In addition, all rats were instrumented with a bipolar electrode in the left carotid sinus/carotid sinus nerve and femoral artery and vein catheterization to blood pressure (BP) recordings and drug administration, respectively. Animals were subjected to ESC (Intensity: 5V; Pulse width: 1 ms; Frequencies: 15, 30, 60 e 90 Hz, stimulus duration: 20 s). Results showed that ESC caused significant hypotensive response in CONT. The hypotensive effect of ESC was greater in CHEMO-X group, indicating that carotid chemoreceptors were activated in CONT, attenuating the hypotensive response. BARO-X group presented hypertensive responses to ESC, indicating full activation of the carotid chemoreceptors. Regarding heart rate (HR), CONT showed no response, whereas CHEMO-X and BARO-X presented a marked bradycardia. TOTAL-X group did not showed any hemodynamic (BP and HR) response to ESC. Moreover, the respiratoryresponses (Respiratory rate, fR; tidal volume, VT; and minute ventilation VE) to ESC (Intensity: 3V; Pulse width: 1 ms; Frequencies: 15, 30, 60 e 90 Hz, stimulus duration: 20 s), were analysed in CONT and CHEMO-X animals. ESC significantly increased ventilation in CONT, increasing fR, VT e VE. These respiratory responses elicited by ESC were blunted by carotid chemoreceptors deactivation (CHEMO-X). In order to investigate methods for carotid chemoreceptors modulation, the present study also examined the P2X3 antagonism effects on the respiration, peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and apnoea occurrence in newborn rats. The results showed that acute P2X3 antagonism did not affected basal respiration but reduced peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity and apnoea occurrence. Taken together, results from the present study show that the carotid chemoreceptors impact hemodynamic and respiratory responses to ESC in conscious rats. Moreover, P2X3 antagonism may be used to modulate carotid chemoreceptors activity, inhibiting its sensitivity without effects over baseline respiration, and also to reduce apnoea occurrence in newborn rats.
26

Pharmakologische Dissektion des Baroreflexes beim Menschen / physiologische und pathophysiologische Implikationen

Jordan, Jens 26 March 2002 (has links)
Komplette pharmakologische Unterbrechung des Baroreflexes mittels eines Ganglienblockers führt zu einer starken Zunahme der Wirkung vasoaktiver Substanzen auf den Blutdruck. Eine ähnliche Überempfindlichkeit gegenüber vasoaktiven Substanzen ist auch bei Erkrankungen zu beobachten, die mit Schädigungen des afferenten oder des efferenten Schenkels des Baroreflexes einhergehen. Variabilität der Baroreflexfunktion innerhalb der Population trägt somit in erheblichem Umfang zur Variabilität des Ansprechens auf vasoaktive Substanzen bei. Durch Vergleich der Wirkung kreislaufwirksamer Substanzen oder physiologischer Interventionen vor und während Ganglienblockade können zentrale und periphere Effekte voneinander unterschieden werden. Mit dieser Methode können Änderungen der vaskulären Sensitivität und der Pufferfunktion des Baroreflexes bei Krankheitszuständen charakterisiert werden. / Complete pharmacological interruption of the baroreflex using ganglionic blockade is associated with a profound increase in the blood pressure response to vasoactive substances. Similar hypersensitivity to vasoactive substances can be observed in disorders that involve the afferent arc or the efferent arc of the baroreflex. Therefore, interindividual variability in baroreflex function contributes substantially to the variability in the responsiveness to vasoactive substances. Comparison of the response to cardiovascular medications before and during ganglionic blockade can be used to dissect central and peripheral effects. This approach is also useful to characterize changes in vascular sensitivity and in baroreflex buffering function in diseases.
27

Psychological well-being and cardiovascular function in obese African women : the POWIRS study / Henk Malan

Malan, Henk January 2006 (has links)
Motivation: Abdominal obesity (hereafter referred to as "obesity") is becoming the biggest "global epidemic" of our modern times. It is associated with a range of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Recent research showed that an increase in sympathetic activity is of central importance in the pathogenesis of obesity-related diseases. Increased leptin levels and impaired baroreflex sensitivity have both been independently associated with abdominal obesity and increased sympathetic activity. A perception of poorer health may also contribute to the physiological characteristics of obesity-related diseases. A lack of data regarding sympathetic activity, leptin levels, baroreflex sensitivity and perception of health in Africans, serves as a motivation for conducting this study. Objective: To investigate the contributions of leptin levels, baroreflex sensitivity and perception of health data to increased sympathetic activity in lean and obese African women from South Africa. Methodology: The manuscript presented in Chapter 2 made use of the data obtained in the POWIRS (Profiles of Obese Women with the Insulin Resistance Syndrome) study. A group of 102 urbanized African women, living in the North-West Province of South Africa, was recruited according to body mass indexes. Only 85 subjects were included for analysis due to incomplete datasets. For this study, subjects were divided into lean and obese groups according to their waist circumferences. Anthropometric measurements were done according to standardized methods. Resting cardiovascular measurements were obtained from Finometer observations. Resting, fasting levels of leptin were calculated after radioimmunoassay analyses. Subjective perception of health was determined by means of the 28-item General Health Questionnaire. Comparisons between the groups were done using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) whilst adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors (age. smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity). Correlation coefficients were determined to indicate any associations between leptin, baroreflex sensitivity and perception of health with sympathetic activity (represented by heart rate) and other cardiovascular variables. The study was approved by the Ethics committee of the North-West University and all the subjects gave informed consent in writing. The reader is referred to the Methods section in Chapter 2 for a more detailed description of the subjects, study design and analytical procedures used in this dissertation. Results and conclusion: Results from this study indicate that obese African women, compared to lean African women, were older, reported higher physical activity, and exhibited higher diastolic and mean blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, arterial compliance, leptin and hypertension prevalence rate values. In lean African women social dysfunction was positively associated with diastolic and mean blood pressure and arterial resistance, and negatively with arterial compliance. In obese African women baroreflex sensitivity was negatively associated with diastolic blood pressure, which could be an indication of impaired baroreflex sensitivity. In this obese group a perception of social dysfunction was associated with decreased heart rate. Although leptin and heart rate were significantly higher in the obese Africans, no significant correlations existed between these variables to reflect leptin's enhancement of sympathetic activity. However, leptin correlated weakly but positively with cardiac output (p = 0.054, r = 0.32). In conclusion, baroreflex sensitivity (although similar between groups) and leptin seem to contribute to blood pressure and thus hypertension in obese African women, possibly through increased sympathetic activity and volume loading. A perception of poorer health, especially a perception of social dysfunction, could possibly contribute to this image. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.
28

Efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos do destreinamento no diabetes experimental / Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of detraining in experimental diabetes

Rogow, André 24 November 2008 (has links)
Indivíduos diabéticos estão sujeitos a maior mortalidade cardiovascular relacionadas à disfunção autonômica e à neuropatia. Por outro lado o exercício físico é uma ferramenta importante no tratamento do diabetes, melhorando a função autonômica, melhorando a sensibilidade baroreflexa e quimioreflexa além de melhorar a freqüência cardíaca intrínseca. Os benefícios cardiovasculares e metabólicos do exercício físico em indivíduos diabéticos são bem conhecidos, mas uma questão permanece em aberto: Por quanto tempo esse benefícios são mantidos após a cessação do treinamento físico? O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o efeito de 3 semanas de destreinamento nas variáveis autonômicas, metabólicas e cardiovasculares após 10 semanas de treinamento em ratos diabéticos por STZ. Os experimentos foram realizados em ratos Wistar, machos, randomicamente divididos em 6 grupos: controle sedentário (CS), controle treinado (CT), controle treinado-destreinado (CD), diabético sedentário (DS), diabético treinado (DT) e diabético treinado-destreinado (DD). A indução do diabetes foi feita por uma injeção IV de STZ (50-60 mg/kg). O exercício físico de moderada intensidade (50 70% da velocidade máxima de corrida) foi realizado durante 10 semanas, seguidas de 3 semanas de destreinamento. Ao final do protocolo, artéria e veia femoral foram canuladas, pressão arterial (PA) e freqüência cardíaca (FC) foram medidas, de forma direta, gravadas e processadas por um sistema de aquisição de dados (Windaq, 2 kHz). A sensibilidade baroreflexa foi calculada pela razão da FC/PAM, depois da infusão de drogas vasoativas. A análise da potência espectral (FFT) foi calculada pela densidade media dos espectros. O diabetes reduziu a PA, a FC e a sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR), o que foi revertido pelo exercício físico e mantido após as 3 semanas de destreinamento. Nos animais controles, o exercício físico diminuiu a PA e a FC e melhorou a SBR, alterações estas que retornaram aos valores basais depois do destreinamento. A variância foi menor no DS quando comparada ao CS. O treinamento físico melhorou a variância no grupo DT enquanto que no grupo DD a variância foi similar a do grupo DS. Nenhuma alteração foi observada nos animais controle não diabéticos. No domínio da freqüência, o componente LF (%) e a razão entre LF/HF foi atenuada no grupo DT e no grupo DD, entretanto essa diferença não foi estatisticamente diferente do grupo DS. Nos animais controle, o exercício físico diminuiu a razão entre LF/HF (balance simpatovagal) e o componente LF enquanto que o componente HF esteve aumentado nos dois grupos: CT e DT. Embora a variância do IP tenha retornado aos valores basais após o destreinamento, nos animais diabéticos, observamos uma relação inversa entre o nível de glicose plasmatica e o componente HF (%) da variância da FC. O diabetes induziu redução da freqüência cardíaca intrínseca quando comparada a todos os grupos controle. O exercício físico reverteu essa alteração, e o efeito persistiu após o destreinamento. Nos animais diabéticos, o exercício diminuiu a glicemia e o destreinamento aumentou-a, mas mesmo assim o nível glicemico ainda ficou menor do que os observados nos animais diabéticos sedentários. Os ratos diabéticos treinados apresentaram 84% de sobrevivência durante as 10 semanas de treinamento enquanto que os diabéticos sedentários apresentaram 62%. Na 13 semana de protocolo, os diabéticos destreinados tiveram 80% de sobrevivência e os diabéticos sedentários 53% de sobrevivência. Esses achados indicam que o exercício físico não é apenas uma importante ferramenta no manejo das disfunções metabólicas e cardiovasculares do diabetes, mas mostra também que a algumas dessas melhoras persistem mesmo após 3 semanas de destreinamento, contribuindo para o aumento da taxa de sobrevida dos grupos treinados e destreinados quando comparados com os sedentários. / Diabetic subjects are prone to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality related to autonomic dysfunction and neuropathy. On the other hand, exercise is an important therapeutic tool in the treatment of diabetes improving autonomic function, increasing baro (BRS) and chemoreflex sensitivity and also intrinsic heart rate (IHR). Regarding the benefits of exercise training in cardiovascular and metabolic function in diabetic subjects, a question not yet answered is how long are these benefits kept. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 weeks of detraining in the autonomic, metabolic and cardiovascular parameters after a previous period of 10 weeks of training in STZ-diabetic rats. Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups (n=8 each): sedentary controls (CS), trained controls (CT), traineddetrained controls (CD), sedentary diabetic (DS), trained diabetic (DT) and trained-detrained diabetic (DD). Diabetes was induced by STZ (50 mg/kg. ev). Moderate intensity exercise training (50-70% maximal running speed) was performed during 10 weeks, and 3 weeks for detraining. After femoral vessels catheterization, arterial pressure (AP) and heart rate (HR) were directly obtained, recorded and processed by a data acquisition system (Windaq, 2 kHz). BRS was calculated by the ratio HR/MAP, after infusion of vasoactive drugs. Spectral power (FFT) was calculated by means of power spectrum density integration. Diabetes promoted attenuation in AP, HR as well as in BRS, which was reversed by exercise training and maintained after 3 weeks of detraining. In controls, training decreased AP and HR and improved BRS, changes that returned to baseline values after the detraining. Variance was lower in DS versus CS. Exercise training improved variance in DT while in DD it was similar to DS. No changes were observed in non diabetic controls. In frequency domain the LF (%) component and the LF/HF ratio were attenuated in DT and DD groups, but not statistically different to DS. Exercise training in controls decreased the LF/HF ratio (sympathovagal balance) and LF component while HF component was increased in both CT and DT. Although whole variance of HR returned to basal levels after detraining in diabetic animals, there was an inverse relationship between plasma glucose levels and the HF (%) component of HRV. Diabetes induced IHR reduction in relation to all groups of control animals. Exercise training reversed that change, which was kept after detraining. In diabetes, exercise training lowered glycemia while detraining increased it when compared to trained diabetic, but the glucose levels were still lower than in sedentary diabetic. Diabetic trained rats presented 84% while diabetic sedentary 62% of survival rate in 10 weeks of training protocol. In the 13th week of protocol the diabetic detrained animals had 80% and the diabetic sedentary rats had a survival rate of 53%. These findings indicate that exercise training is not only an effective tool in the management of cardiovascular and metabolic diabetic derangements but also that these changes were kept working even after 3 weeks of detraining, contributing to the increase survival rate of the trained and detrained groups in comparison with sedentary ones
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"A rigidez arterial e o barorreflexo em diabéticos do tipo 2" / Arterial stiffness and baroreflex sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes

Malachias, Marcus Vinícius Bolívar 16 December 2003 (has links)
Avaliou-se a velocidade da onda de pulso (VOP) carótido-femoral (CF) e carótido-radial (CR), por meio de técnica não-invasiva, em 14 indivíduos diabéticos do tipo 2 normotensos, A sensibilidade do barorreflexo (SBR) foi avaliada pela manobra de Valsalva e por testes com nitroglicerina e fenilefrina, durante monitorização não-invasiva batimento-a-batimento da pressão arterial. Os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos em 13 indívíduos saudáveis pareados por idade, índice de massa corporal e sexo. O grupo diabetes apresentou maiores níveis de glicose de jejum e HbA1c. As VOP CF e CR foram mais elevadas no grupo diabetes. A SBR estava reduzida nos diabéticos, nos testes com nitroglicerina, fenilefrina e, no reflexo de taquicardia da fase II da manobra de Valsalva. O aumento da VOP CF foi significativamente correlacionado à redução da SBR. Os resultados demonstram que em diabéticos do tipo 2 há maior rigidez arterial e a SBR está reduzida. A SBR é inversamente correlacionada ao aumento da rigidez arterial / Fourteen normotensive diabetic subjects were submitted to carotid-femoral (CF) and carotid-radial (CR) pulse wave velocity (PWV) analysis by non-invasive automatic device. The baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) was evaluated by Valsalva manoeuvre, phenylephrine and nitroglycerin tests during non-invasive beat-to-beat blood pressure monitoring. The data were compared with those obtained in 13 age, body mass index and sex-matched healthy subjects. The diabetes group showed a higher fasting glucose level and HbA1c. The CF PWV and CR PWV were higher in diabetic patients. The BRS was impaired in diabetic individuals in nitroglycerine and phenylephrine tests and, also, in the tachycardic reflex in phase II of Valsalva manoeuvre. The increase of CF PWV was significantly correlated to the decrease of BRS. The data demonstrated that, in diabetic normotensive individuals, arterial stiffness is increased and the BRS is impaired. The BRS is inverselly correlated to increase of aortic stiffness
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Influência dos barorreceptores e da pressão arterial na resposta cardíaca à hipertensão renovascular em ratos / Influence of baroreceptors and of arterial blood pressure in cardiac responses to renovascular hypertension in rats

Rosa, Kaleizu Teodoro 15 August 2008 (has links)
No presente estudo, duas importantes situações foram abordadas no intuito de se melhor entender os mecanismos homeostáticos dos pressorreceptores na gênese da hipertrofia cardíaca em resposta à hipertensão renovascular: o efeito do tempo de clipe na artéria renal e o efeito dos níveis pressóricos e da variabilidade da pressão arterial. O curso temporal mostrou que, antes mesmo da instalação da hipertensão, há alteração da morfologia cardíaca, qual seja o desenvolvimento de uma hipertrofia ventricular excêntrica e, como forma de mecanismo compensatório, um aumento da expressão de algumas proteínas da homeostase do cálcio (fosfolambam fosforilada pela serina-16 e corrigido pelo fosfolambam total em 100% e fosfolambam fosforilado pela treonina-17 e corrigido pelo fosfolambam total em 54%). Uma vez instalada a hipertensão, observou-se um remodelamento ventricular esquerdo para o tipo concêntrico, com prejuízo da função diastólica e um desbalanço do sistema nervoso autonômico, com aumento da atividade simpática, observado pelo aumento da razão dos componentes de baixa freqüência (LF) e alta freqüência (HF) no tacograma (0,44 ± 0,10 vs. 0,20 ± 0,03 nos controles). A análise do efeito da pressão arterial e da variabilidade da pressão arterial mostrou uma correlação positiva com o grau de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (r=0,76, p<0,01). A secção cirúrgica dos pressorreceptores somada à implantação do clipe na artéria renal mostrou adaptações cardiovasculares em níveis semelhantes (mesmo nível de hipertensão) e, por vezes maiores (modulação simpática para o coração e para os vasos, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e disfunção diastólica), ao grupo cuja artéria renal foi estenosada e que permaneceu com os barorreceptores intactos. Estas respostas aconteceram num período de tempo três vezes menor na ausência do barorreflexo. Tais observações ressaltam o importante efeito homeostático do barorreflexo na gênese das respostas cardíacas adaptativas à hipertensão arterial / In the present study, two important situations were observed to evaluate the role of the baroreceptors in the genesis of cardiac hypertrophy in response to hypertension: the effect of the time-course of the clip in the renal artery and the effect of the level of arterial blood pressure (ABP) and blood pressure variability (ABPV). The time-course evaluation showed that even before hypertension was installed, cardiac alterations could be observed, as a left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy. Compensatory mechanisms, such as an increase in some calcium homeosthatic proteins, could also be noticed (increase in phosphorilated phospholmaban at threonin-17 corrected by total phospholamban in 54% and increase in phosphorilated phospholmaban at serine-16 corrected by total phospholamban in 100%). However, once hypertension was established, left ventricle morphology changed to a concentric hypertrophy, accompanied by a diastolic dysfunction and enhanced sympathetic modulation, observed by relation between low-frequency component (LF) and high-frequency component (HF) at tachogram (0,44 ± 0,10 vs. 0,20 ± 0,03 in control group). ABP and ABPV analyses showed an important positive correlation with the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy (r=0,76, p<0,01). However, the absence of baroreceptors in one of the hypertensive groups, evoked the same cardiovascular alterations (same level of hypertension) or even worse (sympathetic modulation for heart and vessels, left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction) reached by the hypertensive baroreceptors-preserved group. These cardiovascular responses were observed in a period that correspond one third of time to the group with intact baroreflex. These observations lead us to conclude the importance of homeosthatic effects of the baroreflex in the genesis of cardiac responses to hypertension

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