In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es darum, aufzuzeigen, dass es dringend erforderlich ist, die Leichte Sprache als Teil der Normalität des sozialen Verhaltens in unserer Gesellschaft zu etablieren, um somit kognitiv Beeinträchtigten eine Chance auf Gleichstellung zu geben. Des Weiteren wird auf die Notwendigkeit hingewiesen, die Thematik Leichte Sprache gezielter in den medizinischen Bereich zu integrieren. Dadurch könnte ein Beitrag zu einer barrierefreien Kommunikation mit dieser Personengruppe geleistet werden - ein aktuelles und brisantes Thema. Darüber hinaus gewinnt auch das Thema Digitalisierung im Gesundheitswesen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien sowie Robotik sind inzwischen unverzichtbar. Deshalb werden in dieser Arbeit die Digitalisierung im medizinischen Bereich sowie insbesondere die Telemedizin näher betrachtet. Im Rahmen der Gesundheitsförderung kommt dieser Neuerung eine wichtige Bedeutung zu. Es stellt sich aber die Frage, ob und inwiefern kognitiv Beeinträchtigte von den unterschiedlichen gesundheitsunterstützenden Maßnahmen - die zunehmend auch digitalisiert sind - profitieren bzw. ob durch die fortschreitende Technisierung ggf. sogar weitere Hürden bzw. Barrieren für betroffene Menschen entstehen. Die vorliegende Arbeit ist in einen theoretischen und einen praktischen Teil gegliedert. Im theoretischen Teil werden sowohl die Gesundheitsförderung im Allgemeinen als auch in Bezug auf kognitiv Beeinträchtigte, die bereits angesprochene Digitalisierung in der Medizin und deren Auswirkungen auf kognitiv Beeinträchtigte erläutert. Die Experten-Laien-Kommunikation stellt ebenfalls einen Schwerpunkt dar. Deren genauere Beschreibung erfolgt am Beispiel der medizinischen Aufklärung. Ein weiteres Thema ist die Leichte Sprache - das Konzept, die Regeln aber auch ihre Grenzen. Gleichzeitig soll der Prozess der Erstellung eines Textes in Leichter Sprache dargestellt werden. Darüber hinaus ist es ein Ziel der Arbeit, die Notwendigkeit der Einbeziehung des Konzepts der Leichten Sprache in die medizinischen Ausbildungsberufe zu begründen. Zur Verdeutlichung dienen hierfür die Ausbildungen zur bzw. zum Medizinischen Fachangestellten sowie zur Medizinisch-technischen Assistentin bzw. zum Medizinisch-technischen Assistenten für den Operationsdienst. Der praktische Teil besteht aus dem Versuch zweier Übersetzungen in Leichte Sprache. Insbesondere in Arztpraxen sowie Krankenhäusern ist die Kommunikation mit kognitiv Beein-trächtigten von großer Bedeutung. Aufklärungsbroschüren sowie Flyer werden dort als Informationsmaterial ausgelegt. Ebenso erhalten die Patientinnen bzw. Patienten vor Untersuchungen und geplanten operativen Eingriffen spezielle Aufklärungsbögen. Diese sind jedoch nicht für jeden verständlich. Deshalb habe ich bereits zum zweiten Mal versucht, einen ausgewählten Aufklärungsbogen in Leichte Sprache zu übersetzen - zusätzlich den dazu passenden Abschnitt eines Früherkennungsfaltblattes. Es ist durchaus denkbar, eine solche Textübertragung an der Berufsschule im Rahmen eines Projekts mit zukünftigen Medizinischen Fachangestellten zu thematisieren und ggf. umzusetzen. Am Ende der Arbeit erfolgt eine kritische Auseinandersetzung mit der Methode des Übersetzens in Leichte Sprache, bevor ein Fazit gezogen wird.:Inhaltsverzeichnis I Einleitung 4 II Theoretischer Teil 6 1 Gesundheitsförderung im digitalen Zeitalter bei kognitiv beeinträchtigten Menschen 6 1.1 Die Gesundheitsförderung - ein gesetzlicher Anspruch auch für kognitiv beeinträchtigte Menschen 6 1.1.1 Die Gesundheitsförderung - eine Begriffserklärung 7 1.1.2 Die Auswirkungen der Gesundheitsförderung 7 1.1.3 Die Teilhabe kognitiv beeinträchtigter Menschen an der Gesundheitsförderung 10 1.2 Die Digitalisierung und deren Auswirkungen auf kognitiv beeinträchtigte Menschen 16 1.2.1 Ein Einblick in die Telemedizin 16 1.2.2 Die Digitalisierung in der Medizin 17 1.2.3 Die Auswirkungen der Digitalisierung auf kognitiv beeinträchtigte Menschen 19 2 Experten-Laien-Kommunikation im Gesundheitswesen unter besonderer Beachtung kognitiv beeinträchtigter Menschen 22 2.1 Das Expertensystem 22 2.2 Das Laiensystem 22 2.3 Die Medizin als Profession 23 2.4 Die Experten-Laien-Kommunikation sowie die Arzt-Patienten-Kommunikation 24 2.4.1 Das Aufklärungsgespräch als Form der Experten-Laien-Kommunikation 28 2.4.2 Die Inhalte eines Aufklärungsgesprächs 28 2.4.3 Die Aufklärung aus Sicht der Expertin bzw. des Experten 29 2.4.4 Die Aufklärung aus Sicht des Laien 32 3 Leichte Sprache und Inklusion 34 3.1 Das Konzept der Leichten Sprache 35 3.2 Die drei Funktionen der Leichten Sprache 38 3.3 Die Regeln der Leichten Sprache - ein Überblick 39 3.4 Einige Grenzen von Leichter Sprache 40 4 Die Methode des Übersetzens in Leichte Sprache 44 4.1 Die Texterstellung in Leichter Sprache - Schrittfolge der Übersetzung 44 4.2 Die Leichte Sprache und medizinische Ausbildungsberufe 49 4.2.1 Die Ausbildung zur bzw. zum medizinischen Fachangestellten 49 4.2.2 Die Ausbildung zur Medizinisch-technischen Assistentin bzw. zum Medizinisch-technischen Assistenten für den Operationsdienst 53 III Praktischer Teil 55 5 Versuch zweier Übersetzungen in Leichte Sprache 55 6 Methodenkritik 56 7 Fazit und Ausblick 64 Literaturverzeichnis 67 Anhangsverzeichnis 73 Selbstständigkeitserklärung 137

The knowledge of solid-state second phase heterogeneous nucleation process is limited due to the experimental difficulty, such as tiny length scale, short time period, and high temperature condition. In recent years, some significant breakthroughs in nucleation studies have been achieved by aid of computational techniques. In this study, we apply molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to perform with heterogeneous nucleation occurring at grain boundaries (GB) during the austenite (FCC) phase to ferrite (BCC) phase transformation in a pure Fe polycrystalline system. A neighbor vector analysis (NVA) method has been introduced and it is shown how the NVA can be used to determine the misorientation of grain or interphase boundaries, which allow a further investigation of the boundary structure correlated to interfacial energy and mobility during the nucleation and early grain growth stage. Meanwhile, benefited from the MD technique, the bulk energy, grain boundary energy, and interfacial energy can be individually captured during the simulations, which allow a detail analyze of the shape, critical size and nucleation energy of specific nuclei, through the classical nucleation theory (CNT) and according to a faceted-spherical cap geometric model (FSC). In addition, we also compared the results from the classical approach with a new algorithm that combination of the multi-phase field model (MPFM) and the nudged elastic band (NEB) method to demonstrate the CNT in the solid-state conduction. Finally, we extend our simulation method to a more complex triple GB junction nucleation event, and investigate the non-classical barrier-free nucleation behaviors. The results support the critical informations to clarify the initial state of austenite to ferrite transition, and improve our knowledge of the heterogeneous nucleation process, which help to bridge the gap between the experimental measurements and the theoretical calculations. The simulation method also provided a new approach for studying the complicate heterogeneous nucleation phenomenon in solid-state for a wide variety of polycrystalline material systems. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The problem of the physically handicapped and architectural barriers has been a growing international, national, and University concern. Handicapped citizens are frequently "walled out" of public buildings because of thoughtlessness of the design. The handicapped have the right of access to public buildings. Because Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University is a public university, in fact and tradition, it has a responsibility to assure the accessibility of the campus to all who wish to use it. The first step in remedying the access problem at the university level would be to inventory the architectural barriers in the campus buildings and on the University site and access the current status of other factors effecting access at the University. The purpose of this study was to examine the problem of access and the handicapped at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University through these four research questions: 1. What was the current status of the problem of architectural barriers within the facilities of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University? 2. What was the extent of the activity, either proposed or in progress, for relieving the existing architectural barriers within Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University? 3. What was the extent of activity designed to prevent architectural barriers in future construction of University facilities? 4. What were the activities or programs which would be appropriate to provide for the removal of architectural barriers within current and future facilities of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University? The study developed the data to answer these questions through three research methods. First, an architectural survey form was developed from existing forms, architectural specifications, and related literature. This survey form was used to inventory the architectural barriers in fifty-one academic and administrative buildings on the University's main campus. The second method involved contacting handicapped students and staff in order to obtain their viewpoint concerning problems associated with access at the University. The contact was made by a mailed questionnaire and through personal interviews. The third method involved interviewing various members of the University administrative staff to determine the experience and perceptions of administrative staff concerning problems of access. Secondary purposes of these interviews were to determine if funds would be available to support the process of making the University accessible. It was found that the University was not generally accessible to handicapped persons. No building on the campus complied with current National or state access standards. No local organization or person had the responsibility to assure a barrier-free campus. Funds for removing campus barriers were non-existent and few discretionary funds could be used for this purpose. The single activity directed toward removal of architectural barriers on the campus was the development of an Ad Hoc Committee of the University Faculty Senate to study the problem. The study concluded with several recommendations in the areas of policy and architectural and site alterations. The primary implication for further research was directed toward defining the characteristics of Virginia's and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University's handicapped population and to use this data to determine wny the University's handicapped population was so low. / Ed. D.

P.L. 101-476 (IDEA) mandates the educational inclusion of students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment. Leaders in the field of special education support the inclusion of students with disabilities in neighborhood schools, and many school divisions now indicate that they are using an inclusive model. In such programs appropriate inclusion of students is to take place in school and community recreation programs, academics, art, music, industrial arts, consumer and homemaking education, vocational education, physical education, at meals and recess. Education is to take place in the school the child would attend if he or she was not disabled. Educational technology must be provided to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of children with disabilities. If schools are to follow these statutes, then total school and program accessibility must be addressed. Research and development methods used in this study include: (1) a survey of school divisions in Virginia to determine: size of division, disabilities categories in the division, if an inclusive model is being used in the division’s elementary schools, existence of a written policy on inclusion; (2) development of the Elementary Accessibility Checklist; (3) review of the instrument by experts in school facilities and elementary curriculum; (4) field testing of the Elementary Accessibility Checklist in six elementary schools in Virginia (small, medium, large divisions using an inclusive model and small medium, large division not using an inclusive model); (5) final review of the instrument by expert panel and participating school principals; (6) final revision of the Elementary Accessibility Checklist. The results of this study should provide an indication of the number of school divisions in Virginia using an inclusive model in elementary schools, and the number of divisions that support the inclusive model with written policy. The accessibility checklists developed will be useful to all elementary schools to determine their level of accessibility, suggest needed modifications in school facilities and programs. / Ed. D.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The United Nations (UN) declared the period 1983 to 1992 the “Decade of Disabled Persons”, and introduced the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities. The Rules demonstrate a strong commitment to upholding human rights and provide guidance for policy formulation to improve the lives of persons with disabilities through their equal participation and maximizing their welfare. There is no consensus on a definition and measurement of disability (Altman, 2001; Mitra 2005:7). The study used the medical, social, and theological models to explore the theoretical, conceptual and theological meaning of living with disabilities; examine the respondents’ perceptions of the church’s influence on their spirituality and daily lives; describe the respondents’ socio-economic conditions with particular attention to civic participation, discrimination, employment, education and health, and make recommendations, based on the findings, to inform policy on people with disabilities in South Africa. The researcher adopted a qualitative and quantitative approach in the study. The population consisted of parents or caregivers to minor and adult children with varying degrees of disabilities, adults with physical disabilities, and family members with disabled persons. Data was collected by means of informal and semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and observation. The main barriers to participation were that the respondents did not feel well enough to participate owing to their disabilities; lack of money; lack of confidence, and the attitudes of others either in the community, at work or at service points. Choice and control in the respondents’ lives was established to be an important aspect of wellbeing and life satisfaction. The respondents who felt they had a choice were satisfied with the services they received. The respondents with mental health conditions reported the least positive experiences and outcomes. Many of the barriers they reported related to their lack of confidence and the attitudes of others in their communities. The study was limited to a relatively small sample of respondents in the greater Cape Town area in the Western Cape, comprising only Evangelical Christians. Consequently, the findings cannot be generalised to all areas of the country and all the Christian churches. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: "Geen opsomming"

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1975. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 210-212. / Gayle Tweeton Epp. / M.C.P.

EVALUATING TWO SHOPPING CENTERS IN THE LIGHT OF PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN Sev&uuml / k, Muhammet Sancar M. of Arch., Department of Architecture Supervisor of the thesis: Prof. Dr. Vacit Imamoglu April 2011, 156 Pages Starting from the second half of the 20th century, the number of aged people and people with aging-related disabilities has increased significantly in the world. Parallel to this increase, special projects have been developed for aged people in the developed countries, but with these projects aged people were often excluded from society. People with disabilities were already living isolated from society. With the effect of raising awareness in the public after the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948, in the course of the last sixty years studies have been realized and new standards and principles have been developed for elderly people and people with disabilities to benefit from the social life equally together with everyone and to raise their quality of life. Starting with the barrier-free design approach, a new period improving and changing the view point of design from general and private design to design for all, to inclusive and/or the universal design has begun. In the thesis, this period has been reviewed through the summarized definitions of these stages. The effects of these improvements have been related to the design and construction of the built environments and buildings. Therefore, people with disabilities started to participate in the society more than ever. The implementation of principles of the Universal Design in the public buildings, especially to hospitals, cultural centers and shopping centers has gained more importance in order to advance full social integration of people with disabilities to the society. Number of shopping centers in Turkey increased rapidly after 1995. In this thesis, two examples were examined and evaluated in the light of universal design principles. The problems faced in these buildings were examined in order to design more inclusive buildings and environments. A brief history of shopping centers was presented. Brief information about some examples of old bazaars from Anatolia and shopping centers from different countries were given.

Abstract In 2002, Kaohsiung Port has become the fifth largest container world port in world rank, losing to Korea¡¦s Pusan Port the third time and to the Mainland¡¦s Shanghai Port the first. Under the fierce threat of global ports¡¦ competitions, Kaohsiung Port now is also facing the challenges from other new ports along the Mainland¡¦s coastline. Therefore, it might not even keep the fifth in rank if there is no any other managing strategy more effective to confront global ports¡¦ competitions. As a part of the Port, Kaohsiung Customs has the responsibility for helping it on the issues of three links and direct transport, planning free-trade portal zone and fulfilling obligations after entering WTO. Moreover, the Customs can render help to revitalize the Port as vigorous as before. In compliance with the Port¡¦s strategy, the Customs should know: how to use the synergy gained from knowledge management and innovation to simplify the administrative work, how to utilize the newest and most effective enforcement, and how to introduce the newest technology and instrument to reach the demand of Customs modernization¡Xa barrier-free clearance environment¡Xso as to raise the business sectors and the port¡¦s international competitiveness ¡Xall are testing the expertise and wisdom of the Port¡¦s authorities in business strategy. Nominal Group Technique (NGT), applied in a group, an organization, an enterprise, a community or a society, has certain performance of solving unstructured problems which are important, complex, badly communicated with, or controversial. According to general research, using NGT to operate interactive management has the effects such as effective participation of team workers, realizing and identifying an issue, reaching a consensus and conclusion, as well as restructuring recognition from interactive learning. This research proceeded with interviewing local experts, and compiling their opinions those were used not only to verify the research¡¦s assumptions but also to develop a subsequent NGT interactive questionnaire. This questionnaire was to test the interactive NGT participants. With the same questionnaire they were tested twice¡Xbefore and after the interaction. Thus, we can examine the degree of interactive learning satisfaction to verify the achievement of NGT interaction. Therefore, the NGT effects can both be the proof of the theoretical basis and the research discovering, which leads to a conclusion and research suggestions. The concrete achievements of NGT interaction include the big ten preferential strategies and an enhanced structural drawing. The structural drawing is a tangible achievement of the research operated by NGT. Moreover, the research collected and analyzed information through the editorials of domestic major newspapers in order to testify the intensity of which the big ten strategies and the structural drawing were converged on the strategy of ¡§three links and direct transport¡¨. The conclusion points out that it will help Kaohsiung Port strive for becoming a hub of global logistical centers. The complexity of the Customs affairs has certain influence over the development of a port¡¦s competition. Nowadays, the issue of the Customs modernization has become a new trend for every country in the world since the US Congress passed the Customs Modernization Act in 1993. How are the results of the two Customs modernization across the strait? This research collected relevant information to analyze and to compare. In conclusion, we found that the achievement of NGT interaction can be verified by general research. Besides, either by expert-interviewing method or by inviting relevant participants to involve the NGT interaction, the final conclusions have the following suggestions those are utilizing knowledge management and innovation to improve the Customs clearance operations, integrating the information between the harbor & Customs, applying risk management to reduce the Customs interference, launching the direct sea transport, decreasing the operation cost of port, legislating as soon as possible for establishing free-trade portal zone¡Ketc. All above will have the most enforceable effects on the competition and development of Kaohsiung Port. The strategy of ¡§Cross-strait three links and direct transport¡¨ will have the most effect on Kaohsiung Port that becomes the hub of global logistic centers.

Using a phenomenological hermeneutic methodology, this thesis describes the lived experience of people with mobility impairments in the context of their home environment. Nine individuals with mobility impairments were interviewed at length regarding their experiences in their homes. From the resulting narratives, the data were arranged under three thematic statements: Doing my thing, Being myself, and Evolving with my environment. The study highlights the interdependent nature of the person-environment-occupation relationship and reveals the potential for an enabling home design to affect all areas of human occupation (self-care, productivity and leisure). The efficient performance of self-care activities in the home emerged as being somewhat predictive of the extent to which participants were involved in the areas of productivity and leisure. This thesis offers support for the social model of disability and illuminates the need for incorporating universal design in all homes. / x, 98 leaves ; 29 cm. --