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Introduktion: Idag står utmattningssyndrom och stressrelaterade diagnoser för 66% av alla psykiatriska sjukskrivningar. Diagnosen skapar stort lidande för individen med aktivitetsbegränsningar som följd och leder till långa sjukskrivningar och stora kostnader för samhället. Det finns oklarheter gällande behandlingsmetoder vid utmattningssyndrom och det är av värde att finna verksamma metoder att möta den ökande patientgruppen.  Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att belysa fysioterapeuters erfarenheter av Basal Kroppskännedom (BK) som behandling för patienter med utmattningssyndrom.  Metod: Fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fysioterapeuter som behandlar patienter med utmattningssyndrom med BK. Den insamlade datan analyserades enligt kvalitativ innehållsanalys.  Resultat: Analysen resulterade i 11 underteman och fyra teman: Ett levande verktyg möjliggör kroppslig resa, Tolkande av kroppsliga uttryck genomsyrar utvecklingsprocessen, Att möta och bli bemött skapar utrymme för att läka samt Fysioterapeutens självutveckling en tillgång. Huvudtemat Kroppen som redskap mot självkännedom -  belyser informanternas erfarenheter av hur den kroppsorienterade behandlingsmetoden BK kan vara vägen mot självkännedom för patienter med utmattningssyndrom. Konklusion: BK blir ett levande verktyg för patienten som lär sig tyda kroppsliga signaler, blir bättre på gränssättning och hittar inre stabilitet där framsteg blir tydliga genom kroppen. Fysioterapeuten ser sig som en guide i den process där patienterna erövrar sig själva och kroppen blir till en trygghet. Gruppverksamhet ses som verksamt för att skapa igenkänning, normalisera upplevelser och effektivisera behandlingen. Metoden BK beskrivs genomsyras av ett tillåtande samt en respekt för patientens vilja att utvecklas och förmedlar en självmedkänsla genom att människan ses som en helhet.

Il existe encore plusieurs interrogations par rapport à la fonction cardiaque de repos chez l’athlète d’endurance. L’entraînement par intervalles à haute intensité (HIIT) est de plus en plus populaire chez les athlètes, mais ses effets sur la fonction cardiaque de repos demeurent encore inconnus. Le but de cette étude fut donc d’étudier les effets de six semaines d’HIIT sur la fonction cardiaque de repos, la pression artérielle ambulatoire (PAA) et la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque (VFC) chez l’athlète de sport d’endurance. Après six semaines d’entraînement, les structures et fonctions du ventricule gauche (VG) ainsi que la VFC sont restées similaires. L’HIIT a diminué la PAA. En conclusion, ces résultats suggèrent que six semaines d’HIIT n’affectent pas la fonction cardiaque de repos, ni la VFC, mais permettent de diminuer la PAA d’athlètes d’endurance. / There is still a lot of interrogations regarding the mechanisms underlying the resting cardiac function adaptations of endurance athletes. High intensity interval training (HIIT) seems to be the new trend in this population. The impact of this training method on resting cardiac function in endurance athletes is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of six weeks of HIIT on the cardiac function at rest, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) and heart rate variability (HRV) in endurance athletes. Following six weeks of HIIT, no sign of ventricular dilatation nor hypertrophy in the left ventricle (LV) were observed. Diastolic and systolic functions were preserved following training. HIIT decreased ABPM, reflected by a lowered systolic (SBP), mean (MAP) and pulse (PP) pressures. HRV remained at baseline level. These results suggest that six weeks of HIIT does not affect cardiac function at rest, nor HRV, but reduces ABP.

La calotte polaire antarctique représente le plus gros contributeur potentiel à l'élévation future du niveau des mers. On estime que 80 % du volume de glace déchargée de la calotte vers l'océan transite par les vastes plateformes flottantes qui bordent près de 45 % de la côte du continent. En vertu du principe d'Archimède, la contribution de la glace au niveau des mers est comptabilisée aussitôt que celle-ci franchit la ligne d'échouage qui marque la limite au delà de laquelle la glace posée sur le socle se met à flotter sur l'océan. Par conséquent, une modélisation réaliste de la dynamique de la ligne d'échouage est capitale pour obtenir des projections de l'évolution future du niveau des mers dignes de confiance. Cette dynamique est affectée par un certain nombre de processus physiques mal représentés dans les modèles d'écoulement glaciaire actuels. Cette thèse s'intéresse à deux de ces processus : l'endommagement de la glace d'une part et le frottement basal en lien avec l'hydrologie sous-glaciaire d'autre part.L'endommagement caractérise la dégradation des propriétés mécaniques de la glace due à la présence de fractures et crevasses telles qu'on les observe communément à la surface des glaciers. Cet endommagement rétroagit sur l'écoulement en réduisant la viscosité de la glace. La loi d'évolution de l'endommagement fait intervenir une équation d'advection pure dont la résolution numérique nécessite l'adoption de méthodes de stabilisation. Nous montrons que, pour des maillages associés à des temps de calcul acceptables, la dynamique de la ligne d'échouage est sensible au choix de cette méthode, ce qui complique nettement la modélisation des processus d'endommagement.Le frottement basal est représenté au sein des modèles par l'intermédiaire de lois de frottement qui visent à expliciter le lien entre vitesses basales et contraintes de cisaillement basales. Différentes formulations de ces lois ont été proposées au cours des dernières décennies sur la base d'arguments théoriques. Certaines d'entre elles intègrent explicitement l'effet de la pression de l'eau présente au sein du réseau de drainage sous-glaciaire, connue pour favoriser le mouvement basal. Malheureusement, les échelles spatiales et temporelles mises en jeu en glaciologie empêchent la validation in situ de ces différentes formulations et les modèles grande échelle optent habituellement pour la plus simple d'entre elles, la loi de Weertman. L'effet de la pression de l'eau sous-glaciaire sur le frottement basal est alors pris en compte de manière implicite via un coefficient de frottement dont la distribution est évaluée à l'aide de méthodes inverses. Faute de contrainte sur l'évolution temporelle de cette distribution, celle-ci est généralement maintenue stationnaire et une discontinuité peu réaliste du frottement apparaît à la ligne d'échouage dès lors qu'elle recule. Dans un premier temps, nous montrons que la dynamique de la ligne d'échouage modélisée est sensible à la manière dont cette discontinuité est traitée numériquement. Dans un second temps, nous mettons en évidence sur un cas synthétique que la prise en compte explicite de l'action de la pression de l'eau sous-glaciaire sur le frottement basal conduit à un phénomène de rétroactions positives qui induit des pertes de masse accrues. Enfin, nous étendons ces conclusions à un cas réel, le bassin d'Amundsen en Antarctique de l'Ouest, en montrant une sensibilité importante de la dynamique de la ligne d'échouage au choix de la loi de frottement ainsi qu'aux valeurs attribuées à certains paramètres intervenant au sein des lois testées. / The Antartic ice sheet represents the world's largest potential contributor to sea level rise. Over 80 % of Antarctica's grounded ice drains through its fringing ice shelves which surround close to 45 % of the continent's shore. Because of Archimède' principle, the contribution of the ice to sea level is accounted for as soon as it flows through the grounding line, which defines the limit beyond which ice grounded on the bedrock starts floating on the ocean. Therefore, realistic modelling of grounding line dynamics is crucial to produce trustworthy projections of future sea level rise. This dynamics is affected by a number of physical processes, some of which are not properly represented in current ice flow models. This PhD thesis focuses on two of these processes: damage of ice on the one hand and basal friction related to basal hydrology on the other hand.Damage accounts for the degradation of ice mechanical properties due to the presence of fractures and crevasses, commonly observed at the surface of glaciers. Damage affects ice flow by lowering ice viscosity. The evolution of damage is governed by a pure advection equation, the numerical resolution of which requires stabilisation methods. We show that, for numerical resolutions associated to acceptable calculation times, grounding line dynamics is sensitive to the choice of this method, which seriously complicates the modelling of damage processes.Ice flow models account for basal friction through the use of friction laws, i.e. the mathematical relationship between basal drag and sliding velocities. Several formulations of these laws have been proposed over the last decades based on theoretical arguments. Some of these formulations explicitly include the effect of basal water which is present in the subglacial drainage system and the pressure of which eases basal motion. Unfortunately, the temporal and spatial scales at stake in glaciology make it impossible to validate these different formulations in situ and large-scale ice flow models usually make use of the simplest one, the Weertman law. The effect of basal water pressure is then accounted for in an implicit fashion via a friction coefficient, the spatial distribution of which is inferred through the use of inverse methods. Because the temporal evolution of this coefficient is poorly constrained, it is usual to keep it stationary. This lead to an unphysical discontinuity of friction at the grounding line when the latter retreats. First of all, we show that grounding line dynamics is sensitive to the way this discontinuity is treated numerically. Then, we demonstrate on a synthetic case that the fact of explicitly accounting for the effect of basal water pressure on basal friction leads to positive feedback phenomeno which implies larger ice losses. Finally, these conclusions are extended to a real case, the Amundsen basin in West Antarctica, by showing a significant sensitivity of grounding line dynamics to the chosen friction law as well as to the values given to some of the parameters involved in the tested friction laws.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_vb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1120853 bytes, checksum: b77aba81140f280b73a4fa9f476931ac (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O conhecimento das alterações nos atributos químicos e biológicos relacionados aos sistemas de manejo do solo podem conduzir a um entendimento dos processos de evolução e degradação. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar atributos de solos sob cultivo de frutíferas em sistemas de manejo convencional, em transição de convencional para orgânico e orgânico em Neossolo Quartzarênico no norte do Estado do Piauí. Neste estudo foram selecionadas seis áreas: goiaba (Psidium guajava L.) no sistema convencional por 3 anos – GSC; coco (Cocos nucifera L.) no sistema convencional por 5 anos – CSC; goiaba em transição de sistema convencional para orgânico, com 5 anos no sistema convencional e 2 anos no sistema orgânico – GTO; coco em transição do sistema convencional para orgânico, com 5 anos no sistema convencional e 2 anos no sistema orgânico – CTO; acerola (Malpighia emarginata) em sistema orgânico por 3 anos – ASO e área com vegetação nativa adjacente aos cultivos com frutas, que foi considerada como referência – AVN. As diferentes áreas foram divididas em quatro subáreas com 300 m2, onde foram abertas, aleatoriamente, quatro trincheiras de 0,30 x 0,30 m eqüidistantes de 10 m. As profundidades de amostragem foram de 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,15; 0,15-0,20 m. Nas áreas sob cultivo e área nativa, as trincheiras foram abertas sob a copa das plantas. Os atributos avaliados foram: atributos químicos (carbono orgânico, nitrogênio total, pH em água, acidez potencial, alumínio trocável, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, fósforo e V%); carbono da frações da matéria orgânica do solo (ácidos fulvicos, ácidos húmicos e humina) e atributos microbiológicos (carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal, quociente metabólico e quociente microbiano). O manejo do solo nos sistemas convencional e orgânico promoveu diferentes comportamentos... / The knowledge of changes in chemical and biological systems related to soil management can lead to an understanding of the processes of evolution and degradation. The aim of this study was to evaluate attributes of soils under cultivation of fruits in conventional tillage systems in transition from conventional to organic and organic Typic Quartzipsamment in the northern state of Piauí. In this study we selected six areas: guava (Psidium guajava L.) in a conventional system for three years - GSC; coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) in a conventional system for five years - CSC; guava in transition from conventional to organic, with 5 years in the conventional and organic system in two years - GTO; coconut in transition from conventional to organic, with five years in the conventional and organic system in two years - CTO, Acerola (Malpighia emarginata) in an organic system for three years - ASO and area of native vegetation adjacent to crops with fruit, which was considered as a reference - AVN. The different areas were divided into four subareas with 300 m2, which were opened at random, four trenches of 0.30 x 0.30 m equidistant from 10 m. The sampling depths were 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.15 0.15- 0.20 m. In areas under cultivation and native area, the trenches were open under the canopy. The attributes evaluated were: chemical properties (organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, potential acidity, exchangeable aluminum, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and V%) carbon fractions of soil organic matter (fulvic acids, humic acids and humin) and the microbial (carbon and nitrogen of microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient and microbial quotient). Soil management in organic and conventional systems promoted different behaviors of chemical and biological. Agricultural practices employed in the area planted with cherry in the organic system and the area cultivated with coconut... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The aim of the present study was to assess the productivity and growth rate of three native species (Cabralea canjerana, Cedrela fissilis and Cordia trichotoma), with supposedly productive and economic potential, in unmanaged native forest fragments of Vale Vêneto district, in São João do Polêsine, a town in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In 1994, 346 permanent observation plots were randomly installed by Durlo (1996) in the forests of Vale Vêneto. In these plots, there were, among other species, 146 Cabralea canjerana, 117 Cedrela fissilis and 46 Cordia trichotoma trees. The occurring species were identified around each of the selected trees; the diameter at breast height (DBH), the distance between neighboring trees (co-occurring species) and the selected ones (subject species), and basal area per hectare were measured; in addition, the site characteristics were described, and eight crown radii were measured in order to determine productivity. Between 1995 and 2003, the increments in DBH and in basal area (g), competition indices, and morphometric parameters were calculated for each of the three selected species. The model ig = f (a + b. dimension + c. competition + d. site + e. morphometry) was used to describe the increment in basal area. The dependence of increment upon competition was tested using competition indices. Easily determined site parameters were assessed around each selected tree, namely relief, slope gradient, stone cover, and cardinal direction. The morphometric parameters (crown ratio, degree of slenderness, saliency measure, range measure and crown formal measure were calculated using dimensional characteristics (DBH, total height, length, diameter, and eight crown radii). The major results show that the largest basal area increments were observed for Cedrela fissilis, Cabralea canjerana and Cordia trichotoma, respectively. However, this difference was not statistically confirmed. There was no significant difference in productivity across the analyzed species. The three species demonstrate a growing and regular basal area increment on an annual basis as their DBH increases. The inflection points of growth curves were not reached, which indicates the necessity of further research studies that include trees with larger DBH. The regression analysis allowed selecting the mathematical models that best describe the basal area increment and productivity of each species. / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se conhecer a produtividade e o ritmo de crescimento de três espécies nativas (Cabralea canjerana, Cedrela fissilis e Cordia trichotoma), as quais acreditou-se terem potencial produtivo e econômico, em fragmentos florestais nativos não-manejados do distrito de Vale Vêneto, no Município de São João do Polêsine, situado na região central do Rio Grande do Sul. No ano de 1994, foram instaladas por Durlo (1996), aleatoriamente, 346 unidades amostrais de observação permanente nas florestas de Vale Vêneto. Nessas unidades amostrais, foram encontradas, entre outras, as três espécies objeto desse estudo, respectivamente, 146 canjeranas, 117 cedros e 46 louros. No entorno de cada uma das árvores selecionadas, foram identificadas as espécies ocorrentes, medidos os diâmetros à altura do peito (DAP s), medidas as distâncias das árvores circundantes (concorrentes) até as árvores selecionadas (concorridas), determinada a área basal por hectare, caracterizados os sítios circundantes e medidos oito raios de projeção de copa para a determinação da produtividade. Para as três espécies selecionadas, individualmente, no período de 1995 a 2003, foram calculados os incrementos em DAP e em área basal (g), índices de concorrência e índices morfométricos. Para a descrição do incremento em área basal de cada uma das espécies, foi utilizado o seguinte modelo: ig = f (a + b.dimensão + c.concorrência + d.sítio + e.morfometria). A dependência do incremento em relação à concorrência foi testada por meio de índices de concorrência. Ao redor de cada árvore estudada, foram observadas variáveis definidoras de sítio de fácil determinação como o relevo, a inclinação, a pedregosidade e a exposição. Utilizando-se as características dimensionais (DAP, altura total, comprimento, diâmetro e oito raios de copa), foram calculados os índices morfométricos: proporção de copa, grau de esbeltez, índice de saliência, índice de abrangência e índice formal de copa. Os principais resultados obtidos foram os seguintes: os incrementos mais altos em área basal foram observados, respectivamente, para Cedrela fissilis, Cabralea canjerana e Cordia trichotoma. Porém, essa diferença não foi comprovada estatisticamente. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas de produtividade entre as espécies. As espécies estudadas têm incremento periódico anual em área basal ascendente à medida que apresentam maiores DAP s. Ainda não foram atingidos os pontos de inflexão das curvas de incremento, o que induz à realização de novos estudos sobre o tema, que incluam árvores de maiores DAP s. Mediante a análise de regressão, selecionaram-se os modelos matemáticos que melhor descrevem o incremento em área basal e a produtividade de cada espécie.

Dorsoradial and anterior oblique ligaments were harvested during surgery in 13 patients with symptomatic trapeziometacarpal osteoarthritis, which had been graded preoperatively by a modified Eaton-Littler radiographic grading. Ligaments, including the periligamentous synovium, were stained with S100 protein, neurotrophic receptor p75, protein gene product 9.5, calcitonin gene related peptide, acetylcholine, substance P, neuropeptide Y, noradrenaline, N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor and Met/Leu-enkephalin. The synovium was classified as showing no, low-grade or high-grade synovitis. Free nerve endings had higher immunoreactivity for substance P than for N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor, enkephalin and noradrenaline. The synovial stroma had less immunoreactivity for N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor than for noradrenaline, substance P and calcitonin gene related peptide. There was no relation between the grade of osteoarthritis and the visual pain analogue scale, synovitis score, immunoreactivity of all antibodies and quantity of free nerve endings or blood vessels. Synovium in trapeziometacarpal joint osteoarthritis produces several neuromediators causing a polymodal neurogenic inflammation and which may serve as biomarkers for osteoarthritis or therapeutic targets.

The goal of the diploma thesis "Use of the concept of Basal stimulation in the Czech republic" is mapping using of the concept of Basal stimulation in sedlčanský region in the areas of the health, social services and education. Due to the demonstrability benefit of this method of working, diploma thesis finds reasons for her non-use and suggestions, how it would be possible encourage the use of this method. Sub-goal is to find of the reasons non- using of the concept of Basal stimulation in the surveyed facilities or untrained employees, who are working with the clients, patients or pupils in the direct care. Thesis component is a questionnaire inquiry with the staff of the above cited types of the organizations on Basal stimulation. Keywords: concept of Basal stimulation, disability, quality of life, education, Institute of Basal stimulation, questionnaire inquiry

Cette thèse constitue une nouvelle approche pour la prédiction des maladies des plantes dans une plantation par combinaison de fusion de données et modélisation spatio-temporelle. La maladie des plantes est un problème majeur dans le monde de l'agriculture. Par exemple en Malaisie, la maladie de la pourriture de basal de la tige (BSR) causée par le champignon Ganoderma Boninense est la maladie la plus grave pour les plantations de palmiers à huile. Le champignon infecte les palmiers à huile,causant des pertes de rendement et détruisant au final les arbres. Divers facteurs ont été précédemment signalés, qui influencent l'incidence de la BSR, tels que les cultures précédentes, les techniques de replantation, les types de sols et l'âge des arbres. Une gestion efficace et durable des stratégies pour contrôler le BSR se heurte principalement à un manque de compréhension des mécanismes d'établissement de la maladie, de son développement et de sa propagation. La présente recherche est une tentative d'appliquer la technique de fusion de données et la modélisation temporelle en système d'Information géographique (SIG) pour étudier le comportement des maladies des plantes dans un domaine particulier (zone artisanale). Cette recherche portera sur comment les SIG peuvent aider à évaluer la distribution des maladies des plantes dans une plantation de petite échelle. Avec les progrès simultanés dans les systèmes de positionnement global (GPS) et l'utilisation des systèmes d'Information géographique, ces techniques ont fourni de puissants outils d'analyse pour l'agriculture de précision. Les données pour l'analyse proviennent de palmiers à huile des expériences de densité de plantation aux stations de recherche MPOB à Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaisie.Dans le cas de la maladie de la BSR, les résultats de l'émission de modélisation prédictive ont observé une corrélation entre les maladies BSR prédites avec celles visuellement données par le BSR. Il a été constaté que la modélisation prédictive proposée a bien prédit la présence de la maladie de la BSR. Même si au début d'infection des maladies BSR, le modèle n'a pas fixé exactement la distribution de la maladie, la performance du modèle sera améliorée avec la sélection de la source de données. Dans l'ensemble, le modèle a bien prédit la présence de maladies avec une précision allant jusqu'à 98,9 %. / This thesis represents a new approach for predicting plant disease in a plantation through combination of data fusion and spatio-temporal modelling. Plant disease is a major problem in the world of agriculture. Example in Malaysia, basalstem rot disease (BSR) caused by Ganoderma Boinense is the most serious disease for oil palm plantation in Malaysia. The fungus infects oil palm trees, initially causing yield loss and finally killing the trees. Various factors were previously reported to influence incidence of BSR, such as previous crops, techniques for replanting, types of soils and the age of trees. At present effective and sustainable management strategies to control BSR are hampered mainly by a lack of understanding of mechanisms of disease establishment, development and spread. The present research is an attempt to apply data fusion technique and temporal modelling in Geographical Information System (GIS) to investigate the behaviour of plant disease in a specific area (small skill area). This research will focus on how GIS can help to assess the distribution plant disease in a small scale plantation. With concurrent advances in global positioning systems (GPS) and the use of geographical Information Systems(GIS) techniques have provided powerful analysis tools for precision agriculture. Data for analysis were obtained from oil palm planting density experiments at MPOB research stations at Teluk Intan, Perak, Malaysia. In the case of BSR disease, the results of the predictive modelling show a significance correlation between predicted BSR diseases with visually observed BSR data. It found that the proposed predictive modelling has well predicted the presence of BSR disease. Although at the beginning stage of BSR diseases infection, the model has not fitted exactly the distribution of the disease, we believe that with the proper selection of the source of data, the performance of the model will be improved.Overall, the model has well predicted the presence of diseases with accuracy up to 98.9%.

L’infection par le virus de l’hépatite B (VHB) reste un problème de santé publique avec plus de 880 000 décès chaque année dans le monde. Au stade chronique de l’infection virale B, des complications peuvent survenir comme la fibrose, la cirrhose et le carcinome hépatocellulaire. L'implication du VHB, de ses protéines ou de sa variabilité génétique dans la fibrose hépatique reste à élucider. Toutefois, des méta-analyses semblent montrer un lien statistiquement significatif entre la présence de la double mutation A1762T/G1764A dans le promoteur basal du core (PBC) du VHB et la fibrose sévère. C’est pourquoi nous avons orienté nos travaux de recherche selon deux axes : l’implication des mutations du PBC et de la région précore (PC) dans la sévérité des lésions hépatiques ainsi que le rôle des protéines HBc et HBe du VHB dans l’induction de la fibrogénèse. Dans un premier temps, deux études cliniques ont permis de confirmer l’association significative du double mutant PBC avec la fibrose sévère indépendamment du génotype viral. Nous avons également démontré un effet antagoniste de la mutation G1899A située dans la région PC vis-à-vis du double mutant PBC dans la sévérité de la fibrose. La deuxième partie de nos travaux a consisté à développer une technique innovante de production de protéines en utilisant la transduction de la lignée HepaRG par des vecteurs lentiviraux contenant la séquence de la protéine GFP (green fluorescent protein). En parallèle, nous avons synthétisé des particules lentivirales contenant les séquences sauvages et mutées du PBC et de la région PC, avec pour objectif de produire les protéines HBc et HBe dans les HepaRG. / The hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant public health problem with more than 880 000 deaths every year worldwide. At the stage of chronic HBV infection, complications can occur such as fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The role of HBV, its protein and its genomic variability in fibrosis are still unclear. Meta-analysis seems to indicate a strong link between the double mutation A1762T/G1764A detection in the basal core promotor (BCP) of HBV and the development of fibrosis. In this context, our work aimed to explore: i. the implication of BCP or precore (PC) regions mutations on the severity of fibrosis, and ii. the role of HBc and HBe proteins in fibrosis induction. For the first approach, our studies confirmed the association between the presence of the BCP double mutation and severe fibrosis, independently of the viral genotype. We also showed that the G1899A mutation in the PC region presents an antagonist effect regarding the double BCP mutant for fibrosis severity. In the second part of our work, we developed an innovative technology to produce protein via the transduction of HepaRG cells using lentiviral technology with a plasmid vector containing GFP (greenfluorescent protein) sequence. We also obtained lentiviral particles containing the wild and mutated sequences for the BCP and PC regions, in order to produce HBc and HBeprotein in HepaRG cells and to explore of the pathogenic role of BCP and PC mutants.