The world’s human population is presently politically organized into an international system of territorially-defined nation-states. Each nation-state claims sovereign rights to non-interference and self-determination which minimize the legitimate influence of all other nation-states on the conduct of its internal affairs. International political discourse using the concept of human rights has become increasingly influential in addressing the regulation and restrictions of coercive activity that governing institutions can exact upon citizen populations. If there are universal human rights that all persons possess regardless of national affiliation, does this include basic economic rights that should insure all persons the basic economic goods necessary for healthy subsistence? Philosophers working within the state of nature contractual theory of government philosophical tradition, including Hobbes, Locke, Nozick, and Rawls, reach contradictory conclusions regarding the existence of universal basic economic rights. More recently, Shue has provided arguments affirming the existence of universal basic economic rights.

<p>Denna rapport beskriver ett examensarbete inom Programmet för Användarinriktad Systemutveckling vid Linköpings universitet, Campus Norrköping. Resultatet är en databasapplikation som är utvecklad specifikt för C.N.S. Systems AB i Linköping. </p><p>I uppgiften ingår analys, utformning, realisering, implementering, dokumentation samt i viss mån även förvaltning och drift. Utvecklingsarbetet har skett i nära samarbete med företaget som har tillhandhållit arbetsplatser och datorutrustning. </p><p>Applikationen är ett dokumentregistreringssystem där information om företagets interna och externa dokument lagras. Tidigare har motsvarande uppgifter lagrats i Excel. Den färdiga databasapplikationen har främst gjort det lättare att registrera och söka ett dokument vilket också var ett av de uppsatta målen. Själva databasen är utvecklad i Access och gränssnittet i Visual Basic. Kopplingen mellan dessa är skapad med ActiveX Data Objects 2.0 (ADO). </p><p>Rapporten ger inledningsvis en närmare presentation av utgångsläge och förutsättningar. Därefter beskrivs teorin bakom det arbetssätt som använts. I resultatdelen presenteras applikationen översiktligt, valda delar lite mer ingående. Och slutligen, i diskussionsavsnittet, görs en subjektiv bedömning av resultatet och utvecklingsarbetet. </p> / <p>This report is based on a project within ”User oriented System development Program”, ASP, at the University of Linköping, Campus Norrköping, Sweden. The result is a database application developed for C.N.S. Systems AB in Linköping. </p><p>The report describes analysis, design, implementation, documentation and in some extent maintenance of the system. The development work has been done in collaboration with the company at their office in Linköping. </p><p>The application handles and stores information about internal and external documents. The purpose of the database is to improve registration and searching of documents. The system is designed with MS Access 2000 connected to Visual Basic with ActiveX Data Objects 2.0(ADO).</p>

Šiame darbe nagrinėjamas kalbos mokymo automatizavimas technine prasme - kompiuterinių ir internetinių mokymo priemonių kūrimas, taip palengvinant ir atpiginant mokymo(si) procesą. Apžvelgiami įvairūs užsienio kalbos metodai informatikos požiūriu, nagrinėjamos jų realizavimo programiškai galimybės. Taip pat apžvelgiamos Lietuvoje prieinamos kompiuterinės kalbų mokymosi priemonės. Darbe pateikiamos metodinės rekomendacijos kompiuterinių mokymo priemonių kūrėjams. Praktinėje dalyje pateikiamos dvi programos: viena klasikinė ir viena internetinė. / This paper investigates computer assisted language learning and teaching through the various aspects: choice of language teaching methods to implement into software, mnemonical evaluation of various language learning programs and accessibility. Various language learning methods‘ software implementations are analysed, among them are: Communicative method, Pimsleur method and learning system, Audio-lingual method, Grammar-Translation method, Spaced repetition and language curve. Later various software-based and web-based language teaching programs are approached. Author makes a comparision between PHP-based web applications and Microsoft Visual Basic Express 2008 based software applications, their performance and user usability. Web-standards related advantages and disadvantages in language learning web-based programs are discussed. This work contains source code of two programs – English language irregular verbs teaching program, written with Microsoft Visual Basic Express 2008 and PHP and MySQL – based website that satisfies XHTML 1.0 Transitional standard. Website is suited for teaching Basic English list of 850 words and user can practice to transcribe English words to Lithuanian language, translate words in test form with 5 possible answers to choose from in both ways, recognize word’s meaning from English speech.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 92-107).

Este trabalho visa apresentar e discutir os aspectos que podem ser relacionados ao baixo grau de funcionalidade observado nas escolas brasileiras. Para tanto, a literatura em disfuncionalidade escolar é apresentada para que, posteriormente, se analisem os fatores apontados como determinantes para escolas disfuncionais de acordo com diversos estudos distintos. São apresentados alguns estudos sobre eficácia escolar, além das principais considerações sobre desenvolvimento cognitivo e não-cognitivo expostas nos trabalhos de James Heckman e Flavio Cunha e de aspectos que se relacionam ao abandono escolar. O objetivo é encontrar na literatura uma base que permita qualificar as características da escola que podem ser atribuídas ao seu fracasso ou ao seu sucesso. Por fim, são apresentadas, tomando-se como referência a discussão realizada, algumas sugestões para políticas públicas direcionadas para a educação básica no Brasil. / This study aims to investigate and examine arguments that could throw light on the low degree of functionality observed in Brazilian schools. To do so, the literature about school dysfunctionality is presented in order to identify its determining factors. The general context of school effectiveness is tackled and considerations about the cognitive and non-cognitive development put forward by James Heckman and Flavio Cunha are explored. The main goal of this work is to find in the literature a basis to qualify the school characteristics that can be attributed to its failure or success. To conclude, some suggestions for public policies to improve the status of basic education in Brazil are presented.

Este trabalho visa apresentar e discutir os aspectos que podem ser relacionados ao baixo grau de funcionalidade observado nas escolas brasileiras. Para tanto, a literatura em disfuncionalidade escolar é apresentada para que, posteriormente, se analisem os fatores apontados como determinantes para escolas disfuncionais de acordo com diversos estudos distintos. São apresentados alguns estudos sobre eficácia escolar, além das principais considerações sobre desenvolvimento cognitivo e não-cognitivo expostas nos trabalhos de James Heckman e Flavio Cunha e de aspectos que se relacionam ao abandono escolar. O objetivo é encontrar na literatura uma base que permita qualificar as características da escola que podem ser atribuídas ao seu fracasso ou ao seu sucesso. Por fim, são apresentadas, tomando-se como referência a discussão realizada, algumas sugestões para políticas públicas direcionadas para a educação básica no Brasil. / This study aims to investigate and examine arguments that could throw light on the low degree of functionality observed in Brazilian schools. To do so, the literature about school dysfunctionality is presented in order to identify its determining factors. The general context of school effectiveness is tackled and considerations about the cognitive and non-cognitive development put forward by James Heckman and Flavio Cunha are explored. The main goal of this work is to find in the literature a basis to qualify the school characteristics that can be attributed to its failure or success. To conclude, some suggestions for public policies to improve the status of basic education in Brazil are presented.

Este trabalho visa apresentar e discutir os aspectos que podem ser relacionados ao baixo grau de funcionalidade observado nas escolas brasileiras. Para tanto, a literatura em disfuncionalidade escolar é apresentada para que, posteriormente, se analisem os fatores apontados como determinantes para escolas disfuncionais de acordo com diversos estudos distintos. São apresentados alguns estudos sobre eficácia escolar, além das principais considerações sobre desenvolvimento cognitivo e não-cognitivo expostas nos trabalhos de James Heckman e Flavio Cunha e de aspectos que se relacionam ao abandono escolar. O objetivo é encontrar na literatura uma base que permita qualificar as características da escola que podem ser atribuídas ao seu fracasso ou ao seu sucesso. Por fim, são apresentadas, tomando-se como referência a discussão realizada, algumas sugestões para políticas públicas direcionadas para a educação básica no Brasil. / This study aims to investigate and examine arguments that could throw light on the low degree of functionality observed in Brazilian schools. To do so, the literature about school dysfunctionality is presented in order to identify its determining factors. The general context of school effectiveness is tackled and considerations about the cognitive and non-cognitive development put forward by James Heckman and Flavio Cunha are explored. The main goal of this work is to find in the literature a basis to qualify the school characteristics that can be attributed to its failure or success. To conclude, some suggestions for public policies to improve the status of basic education in Brazil are presented.

The target of diploma thesis was to improve author’s theoretical and practical design knowledge of process engineering. In the diploma thesis a Simplified Basic Engineering Project of distillation unit has been developed. It was necessary to become familiar with the process technology and formal requirements of Basic Engineering Project. The most important parts of Basic Engineering Project are material and heat balances. Material and heat balances are the corner stones of distillation unit equipment design. Parameters of process equipment are presented in the form of equipment datasheets. The specification of pipelines is based on material and heat balances too. Inevitable part of Basic Engineering are Process Flow Diagram and Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (PFD & PID). Process Flow Diagram and Piping and Instrumentation Diagram include all equipment, piping and basic control loops.

In this study, data on vibration measurements from Forsmark - Vattenfall AB's database has been studied, the goal has been to see how it can be reworked so that it becomes easier to interpret and more transparent for more people in maintenance.The idea has been to use all the data available to create graphs or graphs over a longer period to look for trends in systems that are similar to each other. Which is because there is redundancy in the systems and blocks 1 &amp; 2 are sibling blocks with identical components, so it is possible to compare them.Furthermore, it is intended to implement the results from this work in balanced scorecards that are already used at Forsmark at present. This is done to obtain data on how the maintenance is going and how many machines need to be maintained compared to previous periods.The work has consisted of retrieving data files from Forsmark's database and via an Excel script that reworks all data so that graphs can be created of the various measurements performed regularly by the Maintenance Group NMM 1-3 (Mechanical Maintenance) at Forsmark.The results of the work have been verified through the special software that NMM 1–3 uses but in which other groups have no experience. In this special software all graphs and data are already available, something that is not as easy, however, is the ability to compare different machines at the same time, something that this thesis work tries to create.As others in maintenance do not have experience in the specialized software, Excel is used instead, as it is a program all groups have access to and good knowledge in. What emerges from the work is that the amount of data is very large but the possibility to get to the goal is good, the data files need some reworking to be easily used for graph creation and some things are unfortunately not included in the data files but must be downloaded from the special software NMM 1- 3 have. / I denna studie har data över vibrationsmätningar från Forsmark – Vattenfall AB:s databas studerats, målet har varit att se hur den ska kunna omarbetas så att den blir lättare att tolka och mer överskådlig för flera inom underhåll.Idén har varit att använda all den data som finns tillgänglig för att skapa graf eller grafer över längre tid för att leta efter trender inom system som är snarlika varandra, vilket finns eftersom det finns redundans i systemen och block 1 &amp; 2 är syskonblock, så det går att jämföra mellan dem.Vidare är det tänkt att implementera resultatet från detta arbete i balanserade styrkort (Scorecard) som redan används på Forsmark i dagsläget, detta görs för att få in data över hur underhållet går och hur många maskiner som behöver underhållas jämfört med tidigare perioder.Arbetet har gått ut på att hämta datafiler från Forsmarks databas och via ett Excel script som omarbetar all data så att grafer kan skapas över de olika mätningar som utförs regelbundet av Underhållsgruppen NMM 1–3 (Mekaniskt underhåll) på Forsmark.Arbetets resultat har verifierats genom den speciella programvara som NMM 1–3 använder men som övriga grupper inte har erfarenhet av. Där finns alla grafer och all data redan att tillgå, något som inte finns lika enkelt är dock möjligheten att jämföra olika maskiner samtidigt, något som detta arbete försöker skapa.Då övriga inom underhåll inte har erfarenhet inom den programvaran så används Excel i stället, då det är ett program alla har tillgång till och god kunskap inom. Det som framkommer av arbetet är att mängden data är väldigt stor men möjligheten att komma till målet är goda, datafilerna behöver viss omarbetning för att enkelt kunna användas för graf skapande och vissa saker finns tyvärr inte med i datafilerna utan måste hämtas från specialprogramvaran NMM 1–3 har.

Hunger currently plagues over one billion people around the world, leaving mainly women, children and rural communities in post-colonial developing countries unable to obtain their most basic need for nutrition. The fundamental human right to food is found to be a complex human right involving a combination of both positive and negative duties by states and international institutions in order for its guarantee. Hunger is not only remediable but is highly preventable. Main causal factors of hunger are outlined, with a focus on Thomas Pogge’s claim that coercive international institutions are largely responsible for world poverty. In this way, global institutions are responsible not to cause harm in their economic policies and unfair trade rules in order for individuals to obtain economic access to food and thus remedy their hunger.