Le présent travail porte sur l'élaboration de couches minces du matériau binaire SnS avec des propriétés physico-chimiques répondant le mieux possible aux exigences d'une bonne alternative au composé ternaire CuInS2, dans les cellules solaires. Nous avons utilisé la technique de dépôt chimique en solution (ou Chemical Bath Deposition CBD) qui est une technique peu coûteuse, non toxique et facile à manipuler. Les couches fabriquées sont testées sur le plan cristallographique, chimique, morphologique et optique à différentes échelles, en utilisant les techniques de diffraction des rayons X, de profilométrie, de microscopie électronique à balayage associée à la dispersion en énergie des photons X, de microscopie à force atomique ou électrostatique, et de mesures par spectrophotométrie. Des recuits à différentes températures et des dopages à différentes concentrations sont effectués. Un calcul de l'épaisseur des films minces de SnS, basé sur la méthode des enveloppes des franges d'interférences dans les spectres de transmission optique calculés et expérimentaux, a été effectué à l'aide d'une modélisation utilisant les théories de Manifacier et de Heavens. / The present work deals with the fabrication of SnS thin films as a potential substitute to CuInS2 absorber material in thin film solar cells. The Chemical Bath Deposition method (CBD) is applied to this binary material, as it is non toxic and relatively inexpensive. Structural, chemical, morphological and optical properties of the fabricated layers are investigated by X-Ray diffraction, profilometry, scanning electron microscopy associated with energy dispersive spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, and visible to infrared spectrophotometry. Annealing and doping of the SnS thin layer is also investigated. Theoretical modelling of the thin film thickness is obtained from optical transmission and reflexion spectra based on the envelope of interference fringes.

Le présent travail s'articule autour de l'élaboration du matériau binaire In2S3 en couches minces en tant qu'alternative crédible au composé CdS, dans les cellules solaires à base de CuInS2. Nous avons utilisé la technique de dépôt chimique en solution (Chemical Bath Deposition ou CBD) qui est une technique non coûteuse, non toxique et facile à manipuler. Les couches fabriquées sont caractérisées de différents points de vue et à différentes échelles : caractérisations structurale par diffraction de rayons X (DRX), morphologique par Microscopie Electronique à Balayage (MEB), composition chimique par spectroscopie en dispersion d'énergie (EDS), propriétés optiques par spectrophotométrie, et électriques par la méthode du courant thermiquement stimulé (TSC) et par cartographie de courant localisé. L'objectif de ce travail est l'étude systématique des effets du dopage à l'aluminium et à l'étain, et du traitement thermique des films minces de In2S3 déposés sur verre et sur SnO2. Nous avons réalisé tout d'abord par CBD une multicouche d'In2S3 :4%Al formée par trois dépôts successifs sur des substrats verre et SnO2:F. La comparaison des caractéristiques physicochimiques est faite avec la couche non dopée en tant que caractéristiques de référence. L'étude par DRX faite pour différentes concentrations en Al, montre que ce binaire cristallise selon la structure cubique d'orientation préférentielle (400). Une meilleure cristallisation est obtenue pour une concentration en aluminium dans la solution y = [Al]/[In] = 4%. L'analyse optique montre que le gap est direct, il varie de 2,3 à 2,9 eV; la plus large bande optique est obtenue pour y = 4%. C'est une bonne valeur pour l'utilisation du composé β-In2-xAlxS3 comme fenêtre optique dans les dispositifs photovoltaïques. L'étude de l'effet du dopage à l'étain des multicouches d'In2S3, nous a permis de déduire qu'une meilleure cristallinité, une faible rugosité de la morphologie de surface et un gap optique plus proche de l'optimum théorique, sont obtenus pour des films croissants sur le substrat Pyrex avec une concentration d'étain égale à 2‰. L'analyse effectuée par MEB sur la tranche a montré que l'épaisseur moyenne des couches diminue avec l'augmentation de la concentration d'étain. La présence de l'étain, même en très petites quantités induit des changements importants dans le processus de croissance du film. L'étude TSC montre que l'augmentation de la concentration de l'étain au-delà 2 ‰ conduit à une diminution de courant thermiquement stimulé. Le recuit à différentes températures sous azote est appliqué aux couches dopées et non dopées étudiées précédemment. Le traitement thermique sous azote à 400°C provoque une augmentation nette de la taille des cristallites pour pratiquement tous les films minces dopés ou non dopés déposés sur verre ou sur SnO2. L'analyse par diffraction des rayons X a révélé une conversion de la phase cubique (400) à la phase tétragonale (109) pour l'In2S3:4%. Le changement de la forme des cristallites observé par AFM, met également en évidence l'existence d'une autre phase. Les analyses électriques par TSC montrent particulièrement le comportement électrique de type semiconducteur pour les films minces dopés à 4% Al, et recuit à 400°C, ainsi que pour les films minces dopés à l'étain après recuit à 200°C. L'analyse locale du courant de conduction dans la couche de In2S3 fait apparaître des inhomogénéités plus grandes après traitement thermique. Cependant les bons résultats macroscopiques permettent d'envisager sereinement la fabrication de cellules solaires incluant ces couches. / The present work focuses on the development of binary material In2S3 thin films as an alternative to CdS in thin film solar cells based on CuInS2. We used the technique of Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) as it is non-expensive, non-toxic and easy to handle. Layers produced are characterized at different levels and scales: cristalline structure by X-ray diffraction (XRD), surface morphology by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), chemical composition by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), optical properties by spectrophotometry and electrical conduction by thermally stimulated currents (TSC) and local mapping of currents. The objective of this work is the systematic study of the effects of aluminum or tin doping, and heat treatment of In2S3 thin films deposited on glass and SnO2. We achieved first a multilayer of CBD In2S3:Al(4%) formed by three successive deposits on glass and SnO2 substrates. Comparison of physicochemical characteristics is made with the undoped layer as reference features. The XRD study done for different Al concentrations, shows that In2S3:Al crystallizes in the cubic structure with preferential orientation (400). Better crystallization is obtained for a concentration of aluminum in the solution y = [Al] / [In] = 4%. The analysis shows that the optical gap is direct, it varies from 2.3 to 2.9 eV, the largest optical band is obtained for y = 4%. It is a good value for the use of the compound β-In2-xAlxS3 as optical window in photovoltaic devices. The effect of tin doping in In2S3 multilayers induces a better crystallinity, low roughness of the surface morphology and optical gap closer to the theoretical optimum, obtained for films grown on Pyrex substrate with a tin concentration equal to 2 ‰. Analysis by SEM on the wafer cleaved-edge showed that the average thickness of the layers decreases with increasing the concentration of tin. The presence of tin, even in very small quantities induced significant changes in the growth process of the film. The TSC study shows that increasing concentration of tin beyond 2‰ leads to a reduction of thermally stimulated current.Annealing at different temperatures under nitrogen is applied to doped and undoped layers studied previously. Heat treatment under nitrogen at 400 ° C causes a net increase of crystallite size for virtually all thin films doped or undoped deposited on glass or SnO2. The analysis by XRD showed a conversion of the cubic phase (400) to the tetragonal phase (109) for In2S3:Al(4%). Change the shape of the crystallites observed by AFM, also highlights the existence of another phase. The TSC analyzes show particular electrical behavior close to semiconductor type for the thin films doped with 4% Al and annealed at 400°C, as well as thin films doped with tin after annealing at 200°C. The local analysis of the conduction current in the layer of In2S3 shows inhomogeneities larger after heat treatment. However, good macroscopic results should allow to fabricate promising solar cells incorporating these layers.

The main target of my diploma thesis is a new synanogue for Jewish village in Olomouc, which is suggested to the place of the original synagogue that was burnt down in the year 1939. The requirement of the assignment for the new synagogue and also a connected seat for the Jewish village in Olomouc with connected operations a place for museum of Jewish cultures. The Jewish village in Olomouc is of rather closed character. The target was to created a complex with connection of areas closed to the village members and opened for the public. Based on the ideas, a complex of three buildings was established and their mapping out suits perfectly to the basic principle. The objects in the area are situated in order to their basic function can be supported. The synagogue together with the Jewish village are very closely directed into calmer, easwest part of the area. Against to this place is a muzeum, designed by the street tř. Svobody, which is also very frequented pedestrian connecting line. From this chosen mapping builds a public area with connection to a park. The complex include a kosher restaurant, administrative place, library, ritual bath mikve and private morespaced area for the village activities.

Psykisk ohälsa är det vanligaste hälsoproblemet i Sverige och framför allt bland unga. Det är alarmerande siffror som ses öka. Brist på regelbunden återhämtning kan vara en orsak och leda till psykisk ohälsa och utmattning.Vårt ursprung nära naturen påverkar oss även idag och i skogen finns många hälsofördelar att hämta. Där får hjärnan vila från alla intryck vi dagligen utsätts för och vi kan få känna lugn och ro.Denna studie undersökte om och hur korta skogsvistelser påverkar välmående. 10 deltagare fick göra korta skogsvistelser och besvara enkäter före och efter skogsvistelsen för att skatta olika aspekter på välmående. Studien visade att korta skogsvistelser hade en momentan positiv effekt på alla efterfrågade aspekter. Efter 15 min i skogen kände deltagarna sig mer avspända, glada, harmoniska lugna och klartänkta än innan. Långtidseffekter sågs främst på koncentrationsförmåga. Samtliga deltagare uppger att de har fått ett förbättrat välmående efter sina skogsvistelser och åtta av tio uppger ett förbättrat välmående efter studien.

The subject of this thesis is an architectural study of Roman spa and sauna world that connects seamlessly to a specialized atelier with theme Aquacentre - "Water Temple" Brno. The project is located to the upper floors front cupola waterpark, which is composed of monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton and its building envelope brings arched laminated wood trusses. The main task was to create the interior space. The source of inspiration was the whirlpool, which is transcribed into the design of furniture.

The subject of the master´s thesis is the architectural study of Spa world at Brno dam. The Spa is designed as part of the Aqua park, which was solved in atelier´s project. The building is located close to the Brno dam in hilly terrain. The proposed Spa world offers visitors the opportunity to relax, rehabilitation and entertainment in a variety of saunas. The Aqua Park is also a restaurant, massage, fitness center, shop, indoor and outdoor swimming pool.

Architectural study offers solution space of Roman baths and sauna world in designed Aquacenter , which is located in Brno - Rakovec area. Location aqua center study is based on the Territorial studies Brněnská přehrada area. Nowadays wellness facilities are important part of water parks. The designed spaces of Roman baths and sauna world offer its visitors the use Roman baths, Finnish saunas, as well as other supporting procedures such as massages, herbal baths, massage whirlpools, etc. It is not just a place to stay the recovery or relaxation, but is included here social function as generously solved frigidarium space s and relaxing bar. Form, which is based on the design building of Aquacenter, is circular and it allows central layout solution. The central solution dispositions are reflected throughout the interior design concept. The overall layout is also trying to build on traditional content Roman bath, respect the Finnish sauna concept and both join together in a common area.

The project deals with the study of recreational facilities named Roman spa and sauna world. A new building has been associated with the proposed aquacenter "Water Temple Brno", which is by its character and by the capacity predestined to be a multifunctional main "water world" in Brno. The aim of this study is to design a wellness center that would cover the capacity requirements resulting from population density of the city of Brno, that would architectural and urban correspond with the site, and last but not least, offering a wide range of comfortable services covering the needs of potential customers. As a result, it was suggested modern wellness center, does not disturb the landscape construction sites, understated building that more than itself prefers landscape scenery around and its design slightly underscores the balance between nature and human work planted in it.

The problematics of medieval baths in Prague is very comprehensive, for understanding we have to begin in ancient history spa, the evolution of barber guild and complete hierarchy of this handicraft. In all history are barbers standing on the edge of society, and they tried to change it. Very important role of barbers was they role as healers. Most informations about baths and spa are from illustrations, which shows us also the equipment of public spa. Part of this equipment is also in archeological sources. One of possible public baths could be on the Vltava river bank in Novomlýnská street. Keywords bath; 14th century; 15th century; archaeology; illumination; surgery; Prague; chronicles

The financial difficulties following the Covid-19 pandemic have been many. Typically in situations of financial distress, firms are incentivized to utilize earnings management techniques to alter the picture of their financial situation, due to market-based pressure. However, studies have shown that in times of crisis, institutional and macroeconomic factors may be more influential as increased scrutiny and an acceptance of abnormal results may make it less attractive to engage in such practices. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the use of earnings management with a sample of 942 firms, amounting to 5 652 firm-year observations between the years of 2015-2020. The results show a statistically significant increased amount of income-decreasing accrual-based earnings management, indicating the use of “big bath” accounting. This suggests that managers were incentivized to utilize earnings management techniques in an attempt to present boosted earnings to the market in future periods, by exploiting the pandemic and reporting worse than necessary numbers. However, the study does not find any significant changes in the use of real earnings management, which could be due to managerial limitations in making operational decisions during severe financial distress.