Stockholm Stad behöver utöka kapaciteten på sina badhus samt idrottsanläggningar. Därtill är renoveringsbehovet stort på samtliga badhus. Badet i Västertorp täcker ett stort område och är populärt men behöver nu rivas pga. det dåliga skicket. Istället ska man bygga bostäder på platsen och flytta ner det nya badet till Mellanbergsparkens södra spets för att samtidigt bli en bullerbarriär mellan motorvägen (E4/E20) och parken som man vill börja programmera. Det nya badhuset blir ett fint avslut på parken och ska även innehålla två fullstora idrottshallar, gym och gruppträningslokaler varför jag har kommit att benämna det Sportcenter. Sportcentret är således indelat i tre volymer bestående av en idrottsdel, en gymdel och en baddel. Sportcentrets placering får en ökad tillgänglighet via motorvägen och undviker att belasta områdets befintliga trafik, till skillnad från om badhuset hade stått kvar. Jag har ritat en ny rondell som kommer lösa dagens svåra situation samt sänka farten in till stadsdelen. Därtill kommer två nya busshållplatser i båda riktningarna att få plats. Platsens befintliga utebad ska inte integreras i anläggningen då det bara används tre månader under hela året samt ska fortsätta förbli gratis. I övrigt bygger förslaget på riktlinjer från idrottsförvaltningen. Programmets funktion har fått forma den yttre volymen. Jag började låta analyser från platsen forma projektet och grunda konceptet med meshfasaden som ska representera vatten och fart. Den utanpåliggande fasaden har fyra grundtankar i sin formgivning: att ge ett spännande inre ljusspel, skydda från solens direkta strålar, absorbera bullret samt bli ett skådespel för bilarna på motorvägen natt som dag. Fokus var att lösa programmet logistiskt samt utan nivåskillnader och samtidigt få spännande estetiska lösningar vad gäller material och ljus. Därtill finns lösningar på hur badhuset kan hållas rent på ett enklare sätt. Att lösa programmet på den lilla tomten är dock grundutmaningen. Projektet har varit en övning i nya program för hur man projekterar arkitektur, samt loggar sin arbetsprocess. / Stockholm City needs to expand the capacity of their public baths and sports facilities. In addition, the renovation need is great for all bathhouses. The popular bath in Västertorp covers a large area but needs to be demolished due to its poor condition. Instead appartments will be built on the site and the bath will move to the southern tip of the park Mellanbergsparken to become a noise barrier between the highway (E4/E20) and the park that the city wants to start programming. The new bathhouse will be a nice end to the park and will also include two full-sized sport halls, fitness center and group training rooms hence the name "Sports Center". The sports center is thus divided into three volumes, consisting of the sport halls, a fitness part and the bath-house. The location of the center will have an increased availability through the highway and thus avoiding burdening the area's existing traffic. I have designed a new roundabout that will solve today's difficult traffic situation and reduce speed in the neighborhood. There are also two new bus stops in both directions. The site's existing swimming-pool should not be integrated into the plan as it is only used for three months during the year and should continue to remain with free entrance. Otherwise, the proposal is based on guidelines from the Sport Management department of the municipality. The function of the program has been shaping the outer volume. Analyses from the area has defined the project and the concept of the mesh facade is to represent water and speed. The facade has four basic ideas: to provide an exciting internal play of light, protect from the sun's direct rays, absorb the noise and become a spectacle for the cars on the highway day and night. The focus was to solve the program logistically while getting exciting aesthetic solutions in materials and light. In addition, there are solutions to how the bath house can be kept clean through easy design methods. The challenge was to fit all the functions on the relatively small plot. The project has been an exercise in new programs on how to project architecture, and logging the work process.

Wards occupy significant proportions of hospital floor areas and due to their constant use, represent a worthwhile focus of study. Single-bed wards are specifically of interest owing to the isolation aspect they bring to infection control, including airborne pathogens, but threats posed by airborne pandemics and family-involvement in hospital care means cross-infection is still a potential problem. In its natural mode, ventilation driven by combined wind and buoyancy forces can lead to energy savings and achieve thermal comfort and high air change rates through secure openings. These are advantageous for controlling indoor airborne pathogens and external air and noise pollution. However, there is lack of detailed evidence and guidance is needed to gain optimum performance from available natural ventilation systems. This research is a proof of concept investigation into the feasibility and impact of natural ventilation systems targeting airflow rates, thermal comfort, heating energy and control of pathogenic bio-aerosols in hospital wards. In particular, it provides insights into the optimal areas of vent openings which could satisfy the complex three-pronged criteria of contaminant dilution, low heating energy and acceptable thermal comfort for occupants in a naturally ventilated single bed ward. The main aim of this thesis is the structured study of four systems categorised into three groups: Simple Natural Ventilation (SNV) in which single and dual-openings are used on the same external wall; Advanced Natural Ventilation (ANV) which is an emerging concept; and finally Natural Personalised Ventilation (NPV) which is an entirely new concept borne out of the limitations of previous systems and gaps in literature. The focus of this research is in the exploratory study of the weaknesses and potentials of the four systems, based on multi-criteria performances metrics within three architecturally distinct single-bed ward designs. In contributing to the body of existing knowledge, this thesis provides a better understanding of the performances of three existing systems while presenting the new NPV system. The analysis is based on dynamic thermal modelling and computational fluid dynamics and in the case of the NPV system, salt-bath experiments for validation and visualisation of transient flows. In all cases, wards were assumed to be free of mechanical ventilation systems that might influence the natural flow of air. The thesis meets three major objectives which have resulted in the following contributions to current knowledge: An understanding of the limitations and potentials of same-side openings, especially why and how dual-openings can be useful when retrofitted into existing wards. Detailed analysis of bulk airflow, thermal comfort, heating energy and room air distribution achievable from existing SNV and ANV systems, including insights to acceptable trickle ventilation rates, which will be particular useful in meeting minimum dilution and energy requirements in winter. This also includes qualitative predictions of the airflow pattern and direction obtainable from both systems. The innovation and study of a new natural ventilation system called Natural Personalised Ventilation (NPV) which provides fresh air directly over a patient s bed, creating a mixing regime in the space and evaluation of its comfort and energy performances. A low-energy solution for airborne infection control in clinical spaces is demonstrated by achieving buoyancy-driven mixing ventilation via the NPV system, and a derivative called ceiling-based natural ventilation (CBNV) is shown. A comparative analysis of four unique natural ventilation strategies including their performance rankings for airflow rates, thermal comfort, energy consumption and contaminant dilution or removal using an existing single-bed ward design as case study. Development of design and operational recommendations for future guidelines on utilising natural ventilation in single-bed wards either for refurbishment or for proposed designs. These contributions can be extended to other clinical and non-clinical spaces which are suitable to be naturally ventilated including treatment rooms, office spaces and waiting areas. The findings signify that natural ventilation is not only feasible for ward spaces but that there is opportunity for innovation in its application through further research. Future work could focus on related aspects like: impacts of fan-assisted ventilation for a hybrid flow regime; pre-heating of supply air; integration with passive heat recovery systems as well the use of full-scale experiments to fine-tune and validate findings.

Elizabeth Bath Inc. is one of the biggest spa facilities in the Czech Republic. The target of the graduation theses is the analyses, evaluation and proposal of reformative arrangements in connection with the marketing of Elizabeth Bath, especially with the focus on communication in marketing. Within the instrument of the marketing mix is the detailed focus orientated on advertising and its importance for the Elizabeth Bath. The end of the graduation theses is composed of a chapter related to the advertising of the Elizabeth Bath including the company's marketing plan and the medial plan for the year 2011. There is a possibility to meet with the new products, prepared events or the communication resources of the company in the year 2011.

Introdução: a revisão de literatura aponta que os recém-nascidos submetidos ao banho de imersão produzem menor variação térmica pós-banho comparado aos submetidos ao banho com esponja. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde vem capacitando profissionais que atuam em unidades de internação neonatal para implementar o Método Mãe Canguru e, entre outras práticas, recomenda que o recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT) e com baixo peso seja submetido ao banho de imersão envolto em cueiro ou lençol, sugerindo mudança da prática hegemônica do banho com esponja ou banho de imersão convencional. No entanto, a técnica de banho de imersão recomendada carece de evidências científicas quanto a sua segurança em relação às repercussões na estabilidade da temperatura corporal (T), frequência cardíaca (FC), cortisol salivar (CS) e comportamental em RNPT. Hipótese: os RNPT submetidos ao banho de imersão envoltos em lençol (BIE) apresentam respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais similares aos submetidos à técnica de banho de imersão convencional (BIC), nos primeiros 20 minutos pós-banho. Objetivo: avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamentais de RNPT submetidos ao banho de imersão envolto em lençol (BIE) e banho de imersão convencional (BIC). Método: ensaio clínico randomizado cruzado com amostra composta por 43 RNPT, internados na Unidade Neonatal de um hospital escola da cidade de São Paulo. Os RNPT foram alocados no grupo A ou B, seguindo uma lista de randomização gerada pelo software R que foi envelopada e mantida com os auxiliares da pesquisa responsáveis pelos banhos dos RNPT. A randomização definiu a técnica do primeiro banho que o RN seria submetido. Somente após análise dos dados foi aberto o envelope da randomização sendo identificado que no grupo A, o primeiro banho foi o BIC (intervenção controle) e no grupo B, o BIE (intervenção experimental). A técnica do BIE seguiu a técnica recomendada no Manual Atenção Humanizada ao Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso: Método Mãe-Canguru, publicada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram utilizadas filmadoras para obter os valores da FC e da SatO2 registradas pelo monitor cardíaco instalado nos RNPT e para captar imagens das reações comportamentais antes e após os banhos. As temperaturas axilares foram aferidas com termômetro digital e amostras de saliva foram coletadas com esponja oftálmica (Merocel)®, refrigeradas e processada pelo teste Elisa. As filmagens do estado comportamental 10 minutos pré e 10 e 20 minutos pós-banho foram analisadas utilizando o instrumento de avaliação do sono-vigília validado por Brandon e Holditch-Davis. Os dados foram registrados em formulário próprio e armazenados em planilha Microsoft Excel. A análise estatística foi realizada com os programas Minitab, versão 16.1 e SPSS, versão 20. Além da análise descritiva das variáveis numéricas para obtenção de medidas de tendência central e dispersão e frequências absoluta e relativa, foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher; o teste T pareado, ANOVA e Modelos Generalizados Lineares na análise dos dados. Resultados: As temperaturas axilares médias dos RNPT pré-BIC e pré-BIE foram, respectivamente, 36,695°C e 36,667°C, p = 0,329. No 10° minuto pós-BIC e BIE, as médias das temperaturas axilares foram, respectivamente, 36,533°C e 36,535°C, p = 0,944. No 20° minuto pós-BIC e BIE, as médias da temperatura axilar foram 36,626°C e 36,628°C, p = 0,663. Houve queda na temperatura axilar no 10° minuto pós-banho, independente do tipo de banho realizado (p <0,001). A hipótese de que o BIE é equivalente ao BIC em relação à variação da temperatura axilar foi confirmada. Houve redução significante nos valores das FC no 10° e 20° minutos pós-BIC e BIE comparados aos valores pré-banho, independente do tipo de banho (p<0,001). Ocorreu aumento gradativo dos valores médios de SatO2 no 10º e 20° minutos após os banhos sem diferenças significantes nos valores pré-banhos, p = 0,969. A concentração do cortisol salivar aumentou após o banho em ambos os grupos, p = 0,001, entretanto não ocorreram diferenças entre os grupos, ou seja, os níveis de cortisol salivar aumentaram após o banho, independente do tipo de banho, p = 0,797. O percentual de tempo em estado sono ativo aumentou após o banho, independente do tipo de banho, p<0,001, ou seja, houve mudança significativa no comportamento do recém-nascido, sem diferenças entre os banhos, p = 0,425. Conclusão: Tanto os RNPT que receberam BIC quanto os que receberam BIE apresentaram queda na temperatura corporal no 10° minuto pós-banho com aumento da temperatura corporal no 20° minuto pós-banho. Comparado aos achados da literatura, a redução da temperatura corporal foi menor que no banho com esponja. O BIE é equivalente ao BIC, portanto ambos são indicados aos RNPT. Convêm salientar o aumento dos custos do BIE em razão do consumo de lençol e da capacitação necessária da equipe de enfermagem nesta técnica de banho, sem prolongar o tempo médio dispendido no banho, visto que poderá reduzir a temperatura da água do banho e consequentemente causar queda na temperatura corporal do RN. / Introduction: the literature review shows that newborns underwent to immersion baths produce less post-bath thermal variation compared to those underwent to the sponge bath. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health has been qualifying working professionals in neonatal hospitalization units to implement the Kangaroo Mother Care and, among other practices, recommends that the preterm newborn infants (PNI) and underweight are underwent to the swaddle immersion bath wrapped in clothes or sheet, suggesting change of the hegemonic practice of sponge bath or conventional immersion bath. However, the immersion bath technique recommended requires more scientific evidence about its safety in relation to impact on the stability of body temperature (T), heart rate (HR), salivary cortisol (SC) and behavioral in PNI. Hypothesis: PNI underwent to swaddle immersion bath wrapped in sheet (SIB) have physiological and behavioral responses similar to those underwent to the conventional immersion bath technique (CIB), in the first 20 minutes post-bath. Objective: To evaluate the physiological and behavioral parameters of preterm newborn infants underwent to swaddle immersion bath in sheet (SIB) and conventional immersion bath (CIB). Method: Randomized crossover clinical trial with a sample of 43 preterm newborn infants in the neonatal unit of a university hospital in the city of Sao Paulo. PNI were allocated in the A or B groups, following a randomization list which was generated by the software R, which was enveloped and maintained with research assistants who were responsible for the baths of PNI. Randomization list defined the first bath technique that the newborn was underwent. The randomization envelope was only opened after data analysis being identified that in group A, the first bath was the CIB (control intervention) and group B, the SIB (experimental intervention). The SIB technique followed the technique recommended in the Humane Care Infant, Low Birth Weight: Kangaroo Mother Care Manual, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Video cameras were used for the HR and SpO2 values recorded at heart monitor installed in the PNI and to capture images of behavioral responses before and after baths. Axillary temperatures were measured with a digital thermometer and saliva samples were collected with ophthalmic sponge (Merocel) ®, refrigerated and processed by the Elisa test. The video recorded of behavioral states of 10 minutes pre-baths and 10 and 20 minutes post-baths were analyzed using the sleep-wake assessment tool validated by Brandon and Holditch-Davis. Data were recorded and stored in the proper form in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab software, version 16.1 and SPSS, version 20. In addition to the descriptive analysis of numerical variables to obtain measures of central tendency, dispersion, absolute and relative frequencies, Chi-square tests were used and Fisher Exact, the paired T-test, ANOVA and Generalized Linear Models in the data analysis. Results: The mean axillary temperatures of PNI pre-CIB and SIB were respectively 36.695 °C and 36.667 °C, p = 0.329. At 10 minutes post-CIB and SIB, the mean axillary temperatures were, respectively, 36.533 ° C to 36.535 ° C, p = 0.944. At 20 minutes post- CIB and SIB, the average of axillary temperature were 36.626°C and 36.628 ° C, p = 0.663. There was a decrease in the axillary temperature at 10 minutes post-bath, regardless of the type performed bath (p < 0.001). The hypothesis that the SIB is equivalent to the CIB related to the variation in the axillary temperature was confirmed. There was a significant reduction in the HR values at the 10th and 20 th minutes after CIB and SIB compared to pre-bath values, regardless type of the bath (p< 0.001). There was a progressive rise on SpO2 mean values on the 10th and 20 th minutes after baths with no significant differences in pre-baths values, p = 0.969. The salivary cortisol concentrations increased after bathing in both groups, p = 0.001, however there were no differences between the groups, in other words, salivary cortisol levels increased after bathing, regardless of the type of bath, p = 0.797. The percentage of time in active sleep state increased after bathing, regardless of bath type, p <0.001, that is meaning there was significant change in newborn behavior, without differences between baths, p = 0.425. Conclusion: Both the PNI who received CIB, as those receiving SIB, had a decrease in body temperature in the 10th minute post bath followed by an increased body temperature at 20 minutes post-bath. Compared to previous studies, reduction of body temperature was lower than in the sponge bath. The SIB is equivalent to the CIB therefore both are recommended for preterm infants. It should be emphasized the increased in the SIB costs due to the bed sheet consumption and the required nursing staff training in this bath technique, without extending the average time spent in the bath, as it may reduce the temperature of the bath water, consequently causing body temperature drop on the newborn

Introdução: a revisão de literatura aponta que os recém-nascidos submetidos ao banho de imersão produzem menor variação térmica pós-banho comparado aos submetidos ao banho com esponja. No Brasil, o Ministério da Saúde vem capacitando profissionais que atuam em unidades de internação neonatal para implementar o Método Mãe Canguru e, entre outras práticas, recomenda que o recém-nascido pré-termo (RNPT) e com baixo peso seja submetido ao banho de imersão envolto em cueiro ou lençol, sugerindo mudança da prática hegemônica do banho com esponja ou banho de imersão convencional. No entanto, a técnica de banho de imersão recomendada carece de evidências científicas quanto a sua segurança em relação às repercussões na estabilidade da temperatura corporal (T), frequência cardíaca (FC), cortisol salivar (CS) e comportamental em RNPT. Hipótese: os RNPT submetidos ao banho de imersão envoltos em lençol (BIE) apresentam respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais similares aos submetidos à técnica de banho de imersão convencional (BIC), nos primeiros 20 minutos pós-banho. Objetivo: avaliar os parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamentais de RNPT submetidos ao banho de imersão envolto em lençol (BIE) e banho de imersão convencional (BIC). Método: ensaio clínico randomizado cruzado com amostra composta por 43 RNPT, internados na Unidade Neonatal de um hospital escola da cidade de São Paulo. Os RNPT foram alocados no grupo A ou B, seguindo uma lista de randomização gerada pelo software R que foi envelopada e mantida com os auxiliares da pesquisa responsáveis pelos banhos dos RNPT. A randomização definiu a técnica do primeiro banho que o RN seria submetido. Somente após análise dos dados foi aberto o envelope da randomização sendo identificado que no grupo A, o primeiro banho foi o BIC (intervenção controle) e no grupo B, o BIE (intervenção experimental). A técnica do BIE seguiu a técnica recomendada no Manual Atenção Humanizada ao Recém-Nascido de Baixo Peso: Método Mãe-Canguru, publicada pelo Ministério da Saúde. Foram utilizadas filmadoras para obter os valores da FC e da SatO2 registradas pelo monitor cardíaco instalado nos RNPT e para captar imagens das reações comportamentais antes e após os banhos. As temperaturas axilares foram aferidas com termômetro digital e amostras de saliva foram coletadas com esponja oftálmica (Merocel)®, refrigeradas e processada pelo teste Elisa. As filmagens do estado comportamental 10 minutos pré e 10 e 20 minutos pós-banho foram analisadas utilizando o instrumento de avaliação do sono-vigília validado por Brandon e Holditch-Davis. Os dados foram registrados em formulário próprio e armazenados em planilha Microsoft Excel. A análise estatística foi realizada com os programas Minitab, versão 16.1 e SPSS, versão 20. Além da análise descritiva das variáveis numéricas para obtenção de medidas de tendência central e dispersão e frequências absoluta e relativa, foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado e Exato de Fisher; o teste T pareado, ANOVA e Modelos Generalizados Lineares na análise dos dados. Resultados: As temperaturas axilares médias dos RNPT pré-BIC e pré-BIE foram, respectivamente, 36,695°C e 36,667°C, p = 0,329. No 10° minuto pós-BIC e BIE, as médias das temperaturas axilares foram, respectivamente, 36,533°C e 36,535°C, p = 0,944. No 20° minuto pós-BIC e BIE, as médias da temperatura axilar foram 36,626°C e 36,628°C, p = 0,663. Houve queda na temperatura axilar no 10° minuto pós-banho, independente do tipo de banho realizado (p <0,001). A hipótese de que o BIE é equivalente ao BIC em relação à variação da temperatura axilar foi confirmada. Houve redução significante nos valores das FC no 10° e 20° minutos pós-BIC e BIE comparados aos valores pré-banho, independente do tipo de banho (p<0,001). Ocorreu aumento gradativo dos valores médios de SatO2 no 10º e 20° minutos após os banhos sem diferenças significantes nos valores pré-banhos, p = 0,969. A concentração do cortisol salivar aumentou após o banho em ambos os grupos, p = 0,001, entretanto não ocorreram diferenças entre os grupos, ou seja, os níveis de cortisol salivar aumentaram após o banho, independente do tipo de banho, p = 0,797. O percentual de tempo em estado sono ativo aumentou após o banho, independente do tipo de banho, p<0,001, ou seja, houve mudança significativa no comportamento do recém-nascido, sem diferenças entre os banhos, p = 0,425. Conclusão: Tanto os RNPT que receberam BIC quanto os que receberam BIE apresentaram queda na temperatura corporal no 10° minuto pós-banho com aumento da temperatura corporal no 20° minuto pós-banho. Comparado aos achados da literatura, a redução da temperatura corporal foi menor que no banho com esponja. O BIE é equivalente ao BIC, portanto ambos são indicados aos RNPT. Convêm salientar o aumento dos custos do BIE em razão do consumo de lençol e da capacitação necessária da equipe de enfermagem nesta técnica de banho, sem prolongar o tempo médio dispendido no banho, visto que poderá reduzir a temperatura da água do banho e consequentemente causar queda na temperatura corporal do RN. / Introduction: the literature review shows that newborns underwent to immersion baths produce less post-bath thermal variation compared to those underwent to the sponge bath. In Brazil, the Ministry of Health has been qualifying working professionals in neonatal hospitalization units to implement the Kangaroo Mother Care and, among other practices, recommends that the preterm newborn infants (PNI) and underweight are underwent to the swaddle immersion bath wrapped in clothes or sheet, suggesting change of the hegemonic practice of sponge bath or conventional immersion bath. However, the immersion bath technique recommended requires more scientific evidence about its safety in relation to impact on the stability of body temperature (T), heart rate (HR), salivary cortisol (SC) and behavioral in PNI. Hypothesis: PNI underwent to swaddle immersion bath wrapped in sheet (SIB) have physiological and behavioral responses similar to those underwent to the conventional immersion bath technique (CIB), in the first 20 minutes post-bath. Objective: To evaluate the physiological and behavioral parameters of preterm newborn infants underwent to swaddle immersion bath in sheet (SIB) and conventional immersion bath (CIB). Method: Randomized crossover clinical trial with a sample of 43 preterm newborn infants in the neonatal unit of a university hospital in the city of Sao Paulo. PNI were allocated in the A or B groups, following a randomization list which was generated by the software R, which was enveloped and maintained with research assistants who were responsible for the baths of PNI. Randomization list defined the first bath technique that the newborn was underwent. The randomization envelope was only opened after data analysis being identified that in group A, the first bath was the CIB (control intervention) and group B, the SIB (experimental intervention). The SIB technique followed the technique recommended in the Humane Care Infant, Low Birth Weight: Kangaroo Mother Care Manual, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil. Video cameras were used for the HR and SpO2 values recorded at heart monitor installed in the PNI and to capture images of behavioral responses before and after baths. Axillary temperatures were measured with a digital thermometer and saliva samples were collected with ophthalmic sponge (Merocel) ®, refrigerated and processed by the Elisa test. The video recorded of behavioral states of 10 minutes pre-baths and 10 and 20 minutes post-baths were analyzed using the sleep-wake assessment tool validated by Brandon and Holditch-Davis. Data were recorded and stored in the proper form in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab software, version 16.1 and SPSS, version 20. In addition to the descriptive analysis of numerical variables to obtain measures of central tendency, dispersion, absolute and relative frequencies, Chi-square tests were used and Fisher Exact, the paired T-test, ANOVA and Generalized Linear Models in the data analysis. Results: The mean axillary temperatures of PNI pre-CIB and SIB were respectively 36.695 °C and 36.667 °C, p = 0.329. At 10 minutes post-CIB and SIB, the mean axillary temperatures were, respectively, 36.533 ° C to 36.535 ° C, p = 0.944. At 20 minutes post- CIB and SIB, the average of axillary temperature were 36.626°C and 36.628 ° C, p = 0.663. There was a decrease in the axillary temperature at 10 minutes post-bath, regardless of the type performed bath (p < 0.001). The hypothesis that the SIB is equivalent to the CIB related to the variation in the axillary temperature was confirmed. There was a significant reduction in the HR values at the 10th and 20 th minutes after CIB and SIB compared to pre-bath values, regardless type of the bath (p< 0.001). There was a progressive rise on SpO2 mean values on the 10th and 20 th minutes after baths with no significant differences in pre-baths values, p = 0.969. The salivary cortisol concentrations increased after bathing in both groups, p = 0.001, however there were no differences between the groups, in other words, salivary cortisol levels increased after bathing, regardless of the type of bath, p = 0.797. The percentage of time in active sleep state increased after bathing, regardless of bath type, p <0.001, that is meaning there was significant change in newborn behavior, without differences between baths, p = 0.425. Conclusion: Both the PNI who received CIB, as those receiving SIB, had a decrease in body temperature in the 10th minute post bath followed by an increased body temperature at 20 minutes post-bath. Compared to previous studies, reduction of body temperature was lower than in the sponge bath. The SIB is equivalent to the CIB therefore both are recommended for preterm infants. It should be emphasized the increased in the SIB costs due to the bed sheet consumption and the required nursing staff training in this bath technique, without extending the average time spent in the bath, as it may reduce the temperature of the bath water, consequently causing body temperature drop on the newborn

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit traitent des mécanismes de croissance associés au dépôt de nanofils d’oxyde de zinc (ZnO) en bain chimique. Cette technique de croissance, attractive de par sa facilité de mise en œuvre et son coût limité, consiste à immerger un substrat dans une solution de précurseurs portée à basse température (typiquement 90°) pendant quelques heures. Le dépôt préalable d’une fine couche de ZnO fortement texturée est nécessaire à l’obtention de la morphologie nanofils et il est donc nécessaire de maîtriser le processus de croissance associé. Dans un souci de cohérence, la méthode sol-gel dite de trempage consistant à immerger le substrat dans une solution de précurseurs avant de recuire la couche ainsi déposée est ici adoptée. Le ZnO, sous sa morphologie nanofils, est actuellement fortement étudié du fait de son fort potentiel applicatif. Typiquement, il peut être utilisé en tant que brique de basse dans la réalisation de cellules solaires de types Grätzel ou à absorbeur extrêmement fin. Dans ce contexte, il est nécessaire que les nanostructures élaborées présentent des propriétés physiques attractives et ces dernières doivent donc être finement caractérisées. Dans un premier temps, l’influence des paramètres expérimentaux associés au processus de trempage sur les propriétés morphologiques et structurales de films minces de ZnO déposés via ce processus est quantifiée. Il est montré à cette occasion que dans des conditions extrêmes de recuits, les couches évoluent vers une morphologie de type fil. Fort des conclusions obtenues, les mécanismes régissant la croissance de nanofils de ZnO en bain chimique, et plus particulièrement l’influence de la surface de nucléation sur ces derniers, sont étudiés. La possibilité d’obtenir des nanofils localisés et parfaitement alignés à travers la réalisation de masques est démontrée. L’ensemble des nanostructures élaborées (couches et nanofils) sont caractérisées par photoluminescence afin de pouvoir estimer leur qualité structurelle et d’étudier les défauts en présence. Pour finir, une étude plus fondamentale consistant à suivre in situ l’évolution des nanofils au cours de la croissance par rayonnement synchrotron est proposée avec une attention toute particulière aux phénomènes de polarité. / ZnO nanowires are of strong interest in the realization of solar cells based on type-II band alignment. They can be grown by chemical bath deposition, a technique in which the substrate is seeded with ZnO nanoparticles by dip-coating and then placed in a precursor solution heated at 90°C for a couple of hours. In this document, we will discuss the nucleation and growth mechanisms associated with this low cost technique. In particular, we will see how the seed layer morphology can drive the one of the nanowires. Also, advanced characterization by photoluminescence and synchrotron radiation will be performed on the grown nanostructures.

William Jay (1769-1853) was an Independent minister of the Argyle Chapel in Bath for sixty-two years. His career bridged the time between the Evangelical Revival of the eighteenth century and the formal Congregational denominationalism of the nineteenth century. Jay’s autobiography is used among historians for its first-hand accounts of other notable evangelical figures such as William Wilberforce (1759-1833), Hannah More (1745-1833) and John Newton (1725-1807). Too often his own influence has been overlooked, but at the time he was regarded as one of the foremost Dissenting preachers of his era. His ministry within a fashionable spa city increased the respectability of evangelical religion among the growing middle classes in Bath. This thesis examines the evangelicalism of William Jay in the context of his times. The scope of Jay’s life and popularity will be examined in six chapters. Following the introduction, chapter two will examine his direct impact through the Argyle Chapel upon Bath. Chapter three will review the early life of William Jay that was much neglected by his biographers. It will demonstrate the formation of his evangelicalism first introduced to him by Joanna Turner (1732-1784) and instilled in his training by Cornelius Winter (1742-1807). The social composition of the Argyle Chapel will be evaluated in the fourth chapter. Those that Jay attracted to the chapel not only promoted his cause to advance the gospel, but also increased the prestige of the minister and his place of worship. In chapter five, Jay’s preaching, which attracted celebrity and commoner alike, will be analyzed for form, style, content, delivery and the receptivity of his audience. Likewise, the spirituality of the man, which will be reviewed in chapter six, induced similar qualities to stimulate evangelical religion. Finally, the polity and ecclesiology of William Jay will be examined in the seventh chapter. The Argyle Chapel was under strong pastoral guidance for the vast majority of the minister’s service until Jay lost that influence shortly before his retirement in 1852. The biography will conclude with an appraisal of R.W. Dale’s (1829-1895) categorization of Jay and his chapel as representative of older evangelical religion and criticism of the early participants of the revival found in Dale’s sermon The Old Evangelicalism and the New (1889). William Jay promoted a religious perspective that exhorted the individual to dwell on the self yet sought to do so through a united Christian movement that crossed denominational barriers.

Inledning: Svenska kommuners verksamhet betecknas som säregen. Till detta hör att kommunerna skiljer sig från den privata sektorn i avseende på målsättning och utförande. En utav de särdrag som finns inom kommunerna är deras redovisning av pensionerna som skall ske enligt blandmodellen. Ett flertal studier har lyft upp farhågor om att redovisningen enligt blandmodellen anses leda till diskretionära tolkningsutrymmen som troligtvis kommer utnyttjas av politikerna i syfte att påverka redovisningen. En del av de diskretionära åtgärder som antas vara möjliga är pensionsförvaltning av de förmånsbestämda pensionerna. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att förklara kommunernas val av förvaltning av de förmånsbestämda pensionerna. Metod: En deduktiv ansats har använts i studien för att kartlägga de olika teoretiska förhållandena mellan pensionsförvaltning och pensionsredovisning. Studiens utförande grundar sig i att tillföra en ny inblick i redovisningsforskningen. För att åstadkomma detta har tolv hypoteser sammanställts och prövats utifrån den statistiska analysen. Slutsatser: Studien har visat att variabeln lönsamhet har varit signifikant inom samtliga analyser. Detta har lett till att hypotesen om resultatutjämning har använts som en förklaring till kommunernas val av pensionsförvaltning. Variablerna befolkningsstorlek och befolkningsförändring har även de visat sig påverka valet av pensionsförvaltningen. I den logistiska regressionen har det dock varit problematiskt att införa samtliga variabler i samma modell. Därför har hypoteserna om befolkningsstorlek och befolkningsförändring förkastats tillsvidare. Hypoteserna som utformades har stundom växlat mellan positiv redovisningsteori och institutionell teori för att på så vis ge en mer utförligt förklaring. De anses därför ha bidragit var på sitt sätt till att förklara valet av pensionsförvaltningen. / Introduction: Swedish municipalities’ operations are described as being distinctive. This means that the municipalities differ from the private sector in terms of goal settings and performance. One of the characteristics found in the municipalities is their reporting of pensions that is to be accounted for according to the mixed model. Several studies have brought forward concerns that the accounting according to the mixed model may give rise to discretionary interpretations that assumedly are going to be exploited by the politicians in order to affect the financial reporting. A part of the discretion that is used in the earnings management is assumed to occur in the pension management of the defined benefit pension plans. Aim: The aim of the study is to explain the municipalities’ choice of management of the defined benefit pension plans. Method: A deductive approach has been used in the study to identify different theoretical relationships between the pension management and pension accounting. The study's design was based on providing a new insight into accounting research. To achieve this, twelve hypotheses were formulated and later tested using the statistical analysis. Conclusions: The study has shown that the variable profitability has been significant in the overall analyzes. This has led to the hypothesis that income smoothing could be used as to explain the municipalities’ choice of pension management. The variables population size and population change have also been shown to affect the choice of pension management. Doing the logistical regression with all the variables was however problematic. Therefore, the hypotheses on population size and population change have been rejected for the time being. The hypotheses that were designed have been interchangeable at different points between positive accounting theory and institutional theory, which has led to a more detailed explanation. They are therefore considered to have contributed each in its own way to explain the choice of pension management.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeocadiaTCB.pdf: 1594369 bytes, checksum: da7a2bc5860922178cae36e104bfbd40 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / Effluent color resulting from textile dyeing processes has been one of the biggest environmental problems faced by the textile industry. In particular, reactive dyes are highly resistant to conventional wastewater treatment methods. New technologies have been contemplated, some of which have been applied in industrial treatment plants, but color removal has not been efficiently attained. Since microemulsion systems provide good results in heavy metals and proteins extraction processes, their use in dyes extraction has been suggested and investigated. In this work, a real textile wastewater from an exhaustion dyebath has been treated, which contains the following reactive dyes: Procion Yellow H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Blue H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) and Procion Red H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120), in addition to auxiliary compounds normally found in dyeing processes with reactive dyes. The dyes Remazol Blue RR and Remazol Turquoise Blue G (Reactive Blue 21) have also been examined in view of the presence of heavy metals in these molecules. The microemulsion system comprised dodecyl ammonium chloride (as a cationic surfactant), water or wastewater as aqueous phase, kerosene as oil phase, and one of the following alcohols as cosurfactant: isoamyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol and n-octyl alcohol. The pseudo-ternary diagrams were constructed in order to define Winsor s equilibrium regions. The influence of parameters such as pH, C/S (cosurfactant/surfactant) ratio, distribution coefficient, initial dye concentration, salinity, temperature, phases relative amounts, loading capacity of the microemulsion phase and dye reextraction rate has also been investigated. An experimental planning (Scheff? Net) was used to optimize the extraction process. The removal of color and metals reached levels as high as 99% / A cor do efluente resultante dos processos de tingimento tem sido um dos principais problemas ambientais enfrentados pela ind?stria t?xtil. De modo especial, efluentes contendo corantes reativos s?o altamente resistentes aos processos de tratamento convencionais. Novas tecnologias t?m sido buscadas, algumas j? em escala industrial, por?m nem sempre ? poss?vel atingir a efici?ncia desejada. Por serem utilizadas de forma eficiente em processos de extra??o de metais e de prote?nas, buscou-se utilizar as microemuls?es na extra??o de corantes. Para este estudo, um efluente real foi examinado, consistindo no banho de exaust?o de um processo de tingimento contendo os seguintes corantes: Procion Amarelo H-E4R (CI Reactive Yellow 84), Procion Azul H-ERD (CI Reactive Blue 160) e Procion Vermelho H-E3B (CI Reactive Red 120), al?m de auxiliares normalmente encontrados em processos de tingimento com corantes reativos. Para estudar a remo??o de metais ligados ?s mol?culas dos corantes, utilizaram-se ainda os corantes Remazol Azul RR e Remazol Azul Turquesa G (Reactive Blue 21). Os sistemas de microemuls?o foram formados pelo cloreto de dodecilam?nio (tensoativo cati?nico), ?gua ou efluente como fase aquosa, querosene como fase oleosa e um dos seguintes ?lcoois como cotensoativos: ?lcool isoam?lico, n-butanol e n-octanol. Os diagramas pseudo-tern?rios, representativos dos sistemas microemulsionados em estudo, foram desenvolvidos a fim de delimitar as regi?es de exist?ncia de equil?brio de fases (sistema de classifica??o Winsor). Verificou-se a influ?ncia de par?metros como: pH, raz?o C/T (cotensoativo/tensoativo), coeficiente de distribui??o, concentra??o inicial de corante, salinidade, temperatura, rela??o das fases, capacidade de carga da fase de microemuls?o e reextra??o do corante. Uma metodologia de planejamento experimental (Rede de Scheff?) foi utilizada para otimizar a extra??o. A remo??o da cor e de metais alcan?ou ?ndices de extra??o superiores a 99%

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Augusto Pereira Braga.pdf: 1145854 bytes, checksum: 8898d3084e223e4e9ad52a8aa7363b01 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-07 / A tunning model for Kalman filter based on QR duality principle is presented to measure the state variables of the electrolytic bath in aluminium production cells. The main goal is to establish a set of filter gains that better represents the percentual of alumina in the bath. The filter bandwidth tunning is performed by increasing or decreasing the filter bandpass from the Q and R variations. The design and analysis of the Q and R covariance matrices are performed to find a pattern of the resistance variations that could be associated with the alumina concentration in the bath. The technical solution encloses on-line evaluation of the Kalman filter in order to prove its capableness of response when used to control real production cells. The Standard Kalman is coded upon a scalar form to reduce the use of computing resources when the filter is processed. The line current and pot voltage are directly read from the hardware interface and then converted in a third variable, the resistance, which is used to infer the alumina concentration in the bath. Moreover, the filter implementation goes in the direction of practical aspects limits of the indirect measurement system implementations, its robustness is appraised by observability, roundo® and modeling errors. / O controle da concentração de alumina no banho de cubas eletroliticas é de vital importância para um rendimento eficiente do processo de produção de aluminio. Este controle tem por objetivo promover, em uma visão macro, um retorno justificável perante ao planejamento global das metas de produção de uma fábrica de aluminio. O desenvolvimento de uma metodologia baseada no ajuste dos ganhos de um filtro tipo Kalman Padrão é o principal enfoque cientifico e tecnológico desta pesquisa. A sintese da metodologia é a implementação do filtro de Kalman Padrão e Escalar em um computador que controla a quantidade de alumina no banho eletrolitico. Considera-se as restrições de software e de hardware na implantação do algoritmo de Kalman no sistema que executa o controle de processo por computador. Desenvolve-se um modelo de sintonia do filtro de Kalman utilizando-se o principio da dualidade das matrizes Q e R. O objetivo é estabelecer um conjunto de ganhos que representem da melhor forma a quantidade de alumina dentro da cuba. Assim, faz-se uma análise considerando-se mudanças nas matrizes Q e R, e apresenta-se os resultados obtidos. Analisa-se a largura de banda do filtro, verificando-se diminuição ou aumento de banda na medida que as matrizes Q e R sofrem alterações em seus elementos. As estratégias de monitoramento são verificadas para diversas situações de operação(dinâmica) da planta, e as variações paramétricas do modelo são levadas em consideração para garantirmos uma operação robusta e estável do filtro. O desempenho do filtro é verificado em paralelo com um sistema de filtragem e de controle historicamente utilizados na estimação do percentual de alumina no banho eletrolitico.