Previous research suggests that larger context effects are observed when participants are required to search a scene in order to find the to-be-remembered stimuli. Similarly, animal research on brain oscillations has shown theta wave activation when animals are searching their environment. These theta wave oscillations are positively correlated with learning. However, theta activation can also occur in response to sensory stimulation, for example, auditory stimulation with binaural beats or visual stimulation with a checkerboard pattern reversal. The results of several studies suggest that while a visual search task seems to reliably improve free recall performance, the effects of passive sensory stimulation on memory are less consistent. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.

No description available.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse vise à étudier la coordination entre gestes manuels et parole lors de la production d'énoncés multimodaux. Les études menées s'intéressent plus particulièrement aux relations temporelles entre les deux modalités. Cette coordination a été étudiée plus précisément dans le cadre de la désignation qui est réalisable à la fois dans la modalité manuelle (geste de pointage) et dans la modalité parole (« montrer avec la voix », en utilisant la focalisation et/ou les démonstratifs par exemple). Les études présentées ont été menées dans un environnement contrôlé de laboratoire afin d'obtenir des mesures précises et reproductibles en minimisant les facteurs extérieurs de variations intra- et inter-participants. Les productions des locuteurs peuvent ainsi être comparées entre-elles en se focalisant sur les facteurs d'intérêt toutes choses maintenues le plus possible égales par ailleurs. Un travail particulier de mise en place des protocoles a néanmoins permis de maintenir une tâche assez naturelle afin de ne pas induire des productions trop artificielles. Les deux premières études se sont intéressées à la production conjointe de gestes manuels et de parole contenant de la focalisation. Plusieurs types de gestes ont été comparés (geste de pointage, geste de battement et geste d'appui sur un bouton) lors d'une tâche de désignation. Il a été montré que la production de focalisation attire le geste manuel quel que soit son type mais que l'attraction est plus « précise » et fine pour le pointage. Par ailleurs, l'apex du geste de pointage semble être cooccurent à une cible articulatoire plutôt qu'acoustique. La seconde étude manipule le lien de désignation le geste de pointage et la parole. Elle montre, en exhibant deux stratégies adoptées par les participants, la complexité des mécanismes mis en jeu dans cette coordination. Finalement, une troisième étude s'intéresse à la coordination dans une tâche interactive et collaborative plus naturelle. Dans cette tâche les locuteurs utilisent naturellement des gestes de pointage pour désigner à leur interlocuteur l'emplacement d'une carte à poser grâce à une phrase porteuse contenant un démonstratif. Les résultats montrent une cooccurrence de la partie du geste qui montre avec l'information qui lui est complémentaire en parole, i.e. avec le nom de l'objet à poser à l'endroit désigné par le geste de pointage, plutôt qu'avec la partie de la parole qui désigne, i.e. le démonstratif. L'effet de la perturbation de l'interaction par un bruit ambiant est également testé et il est montré que, si la parole subit un effet Lombard classique, la production de gestes est peu modifiée mis à part une adaptation de la durée de la partie du geste qui montre à l'allongement de la parole. Ce mémoire propose par ailleurs une exploration des procédés d'annotation multimodaux mis en place pour l'annotation de tâches semi-contrôlées mais applicables à des cas plus généraux. Le manuscrit se conclut par une mise en perspective des résultats pour l'amélioration de certains modèles de production conjointe gestes manuels/parole et fournit quelques pistes utilisables dans le domaine des agents conversationnels ainsi que pour la détection de pathologies. / The work synthesized in this thesis aims at studying the coordination between manual gestures and speech during multimodal utterances production. More precisely, the temporal relationship between the two modalities is considered. The coordination is studied in a designation framework since designating is possible both manually (pointing gesture) and using speech (one can "show with the voice" using focus and/or demonstratives for example). All the studies presented in this work are done in a lab setting thus allowing to get precise and reproducible measurements while minimizing potential external sources of variation (either between or within participants). Participants' productions were then compared to each other focusing on factors of interest while keeping other sources of variation as low as possible. A part of the work consisted in designing rather natural experimental protocols so as to ensure productions were not too artificial. The first two experiments studied to co-production of manual gestures and speech containing a focused part. Different types of gestures were compared (pointing gesture, beat, button-push) in a designation task. It has been shown that producing focus did temporally attract manual gesture whichever its type but that this attraction was finer and less variable for pointing gesture. Another interesting finding was that the apex of pointing gesture seems to be cooccurring with articulatory targets rather than acoustic ones. The second study manipulates the designation link between manual gestures and speech. By showing that participants can be split up into two groups using different multimodal coordination strategies, it put forward the complexity of underlying mechanisms of this coordination. The last experiment focuses on the coordination in a more natural interactive and collaborative task. In this task, participants used pointing gestures as a natural way to show where a card should be placed on a playing board. They also produced accompanying sentences containing demonstratives. Results show a co-ocurrence of the part of the gesture that shows and with the complementary information in speech (ie. the name of the object to be placed at the spot pointed at by the manual gesture) rather than with the part of speech that shows (ie. demonstrative). The influence of impairing interaction by broadcasting a surrounding noise is also an issue which is addressed. However speech production shows a classical Lombard effect, the production of manual gesture undergoes only slight changes: mainly, the part of the manual gesture that shows lasts longer and this lengthening is related to the lengthening observed in speech. The work presented in this manuscript moreover put forward a systematic way of labeling semi-constrained interactive tasks which can be generalized. The conclusion puts in perspective the results so as to improve some manual gestures/speech co-production models and indicates paths for reflection about embodied conversational agents and early detection of pathological cases.

Exponering till Binaurala Svävningar (BinSv) kan enligt tidigare forskning orsaka ändringar i vårt sinnestillstånd. Hittills har BinSv använts exklusivt i avslappnings- och meditationsmusik men hur kan BinSv användas som ett ramverk inom populärmusik, och hur uppfattas det? Denna studietillämpar forskning genom design metodiken för att redogöra för hur man kan applicera BinSv påolika sätt i skapande av populärmusik och undersöka i kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer hurdetta uppfattas. I resultatet redovisas 3 olika sätt att applicera BinSv-frekvenser: på en basgitarr, påen tillagd statisk sinuston och på en sinuston som följer grundtonen i musiken. Deltagarna i undersökningen har uttryckt utökad avslappning och upprymdhet efter att ha lyssnat på musiken. Vidare diskuteras olika affordanser som BinSv kan erbjuda båda musikskaparen och lyssnaren.

I det här arbetet har jag jämfört två olika arbetssätt för att ta reda på hur jag kan effektivisera mitt skapande av hip-hop beats. Det första arbetssättet gick ut på att göra fyra beats per dag under en arbetsvecka så jag till slut hade 20 beats. Varje beat har inte tagit mer tid än en timme och är gjorda direkt efter varandra med en kvarts rast mellan beatsen. I det andra arbetssättet hade jag inte lika hård tidspress på mig. Jag gjorde då bara ett beat per dag under en veckas tid, så att jag fick fem beats totalt. Därefter upprepade jag de två olika arbetssätten under de kommande två veckorna och fick i slutänden 50 beats på fyra veckor. Jag ville ta reda på vilket av dessa två arbetssätt som gav mig flest beats som jag är nöjd med och som är färdiga att skicka till artister. Jag kom fram till att fyra beats per dag gav mig fler beats som jag blev nöjd med. Jag har även analyserat vilka metoder och workflows som fungerar bäst för mig när jag har gjort mina entimmes-beats och även gjort en uppskattning av beatsens hit rate.

No description available.

The goal of this study was to explore the potential of using video games with binaural beats as an alternative to regular binaural beat therapy. As previous studies have shown, music therapy, binaural beat therapy, and video games have been used for relaxation purposes to varying success. To prove this, three types of therapies were held in order to test their effectiveness. 16 students participated in the test in which their goal was to partake in one of the three therapy sessions, with two interviews before and after the therapy session. The results showed that a video game therapy with binaural beats could work as an alternative to a standard music therapy session, and that the binaural beats improved the relaxing factor in a video game. However, this area of study is quite new, which means more studies would be needed to ascertain the effectiveness of this kind of therapy. / <p>Det finns övrigt digitalt material (t.ex. film-, bild- eller ljudfiler) eller modeller/artefakter tillhörande examensarbetet som ska skickas till arkivet.</p>

This dissertation aims to develop a formal foundation to design an adaptive output feedback predictor for a class of unknown systems where parameters and order are unknown or high-dimensional. We present a reduced-order adaptive output-predictor scheme based on modal reduction and Lyapunov's method. Moreover, the credibility of the proposed reduced-order adaptive output-predictor scheme is validated by mathematical proof, and numerical and experimental studies, such as single pendulum, double pendulum, six-link pendulum, rope as a high-dimensional rope, and EEG data. Then the dissertation goal is to experimentally validate the proposed reduced-order model parameterization technique for tracking uncertain linear time-invariant (LTI) single-input, single-output (SISO) systems. The proposed theory focuses on parameterizing a high-dimensional, uncertain model and introduces a reduced-order adaptive output predictor capable of forecasting the system's output. This predictor utilizes auto-regressive filtered vectors, incorporating the input and output history. The adaptive output predictor is a simplified and known model, making it suitable for controlling high-dimensional, uncertain SISO systems without access to full-state measurements. Specifically, this work establishes the foundation for parameterizing uncertain models, creating a virtual structure that emulates the actual system, and offering a more manageable model for control when the objective is solely to regulate the system's output. The primary focus of this research is to assess the effectiveness and output-tracking capabilities of the proposed approach. These capabilities are extensively examined across diverse platforms and hardware configurations, relying solely on input and output data from the models without incorporating any additional information on the system dynamics. In the first experiment, the predictor's ability to track the angle of a single pendulum, including additional dynamics, is evaluated using only input-output data. The second experiment targets tracking the endpoint of a rope connected to a single pendulum, where the rope emulates a high-dimensional model. A vision system is designed and employed to acquire the rope endpoint position data. Before the rope experiment, a set of experiments is conducted on single pendulum hardware to ensure the accuracy of the vision system's data collection. Comparative analysis between data from object tracking via vision and data acquired through an encoder demonstrates negligible error. Finally, the input and the endpoint output data from the rope experiment are fed into the predictor to assess its capability to track the rope endpoint position without utilizing specific knowledge of the experimental hardware. Achieving negligible error in tracking implies that the predictor provides a simple and accurate representation of the rope dynamics. Consequently, designing a controller for this known model is equivalent to designing a controller for the actual rope system dynamics. The predictor, by closely emulating the behavior of the rope, becomes a reliable surrogate model for control design, simplifying the task of controller design for the complex and uncertain high-dimensional system. Finally, this study introduces a novel approach to enhance controller design for complex brain dynamics by employing a reduced-order adaptive output predictor proposed in [1], fine-tuned with chirp binaural beats. The proposed technique is promising for developing closed-loop controllers in non-invasive brain stimulation therapies, such as binaural beats stimulation, to improve working memory. The study focuses on parameterizing uncertain models and creates a predictor that utilizes auto-regressive filtered vectors to forecast mean phase lock values generated by binaural beats stimulation. The simplified and known model of the predictor proves effective in tracking brain responses, as demonstrated in experiments evaluating its ability to track mean phase locking values. The results indicate negligible tracking error, suggesting the predictor's reliability in representing brain dynamics and simplifying the task of controller design for the complex and uncertain high-dimensional system. / Doctor of Philosophy / This dissertation explores the development of a reduced-order adaptive output predictor for unknown systems with unknown or high-dimensional parameters and order. A reduced-order adaptive output predictor scheme is introduced, validated through mathematical proof, and tested in diverse scenarios, including pendulum systems and EEG data. The focus is on parameterizing uncertain models and creating a simplified adaptive output predictor capable of forecasting system output, specifically for SISO systems. Experimental validation involves tracking the angle of a single pendulum and the endpoint of a high-dimensional rope, demonstrating the predictor's accuracy without detailed knowledge of system dynamics. The study extends its application to complex brain dynamics, using the predictor fine-tuned with chirp binaural beats. Results show promise for developing closed-loop controllers in non-invasive brain stimulation therapies, offering a novel approach to improve working memory via helping to design closed-loop controllers.

O sistema Holter é considerado padrão ouro para detecção de arritmias cardíacas, possibilitando o seu diagnóstico e sua relação com os sintomas do paciente. As novas gerações de marcapassos (MP) detectam e registram eletrogramas intracavitários e poderiam dispensar o Holter no seguimento dos pacientes. Os diferentes MP dispõem de algoritmos de detecção de arritmias ventriculares (AV) que variam de acordo com o modelo e sua correlação diagnóstica com Holter foi pouco estudada. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar 1. a correlação entre o monitor de eventos dos MP e do Holter na detecção de AV e 2. a concordância das AV detectadas nos dois sistemas. Foram estudados129 pacientes portadores de MP com função de detecção de arritmias, com idade média de 68,6+19.1 anos (entre 19 e 94), 54,8% do sexo feminino. Os pacientes foram submetidos à monitorização com Holter por 72 horas. Assim que o sistema foi ligado, os contadores de eventos dos marcapassos foram reiniciados e os relógios sincronizados, para que ambos os sistemas detectassem os eventos simultaneamente. Os MP foram programados para detecção de eventos com o menor valor de frequência ventricular (FV) e o menor número de batimentos sequenciais (BT) possíveis. Depois de 72 horas, os sistemas Holter foram retirados e os registros analisados, assim como os registros simultâneos dos gravadores dos MP. Foram qualificados como eventos arrítmicos no Holter e MP, respectivamente: EV isoladas e \"PVC\"; extra-sístoles em pares e \"couplets\"; TVNS (> 3BT) e \"triplets\"(3BT), \"runs\"(3 a 8 ou > 8 BT) e \"HVR\" (3 ou 4 BT). As correlações de Spearman foram utilizadas para avaliar se o marcapasso acompanha a detecção dos parâmetros do Holter. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e os respectivos intervalos com 95% de confiança, calculados para avaliar a concordâncias entre os parâmetros equivalentes do marcapasso e do Holter. Foram calculados os coeficientes Kappa para avaliar a concordância na detecção de > 10 \"PVC\"/h com > 10 EV/h. Resultados: Os monitores dos marcapassos subestimaram o Holter. Os registros de \"PVC\", \"triplet\" e \"HVR\" por TVNS apresentaram correlações positivas em relação aos parâmetros do Holter, sendo a mais alta aquela entre \"PVC\" e EV (r=0,501). Porém, a concordância entre os tipos de arritmias detectadas foi baixa (CCI < 0,5), exceção feita à concordância de \"triplet\" com TVNS de três batimentos (CCI=0.984). A concordância na detecção de mais de 10 PVC/h e mais de 10 EV/h foi moderada (kappa= 0,483), embora para os MP da Medtronic, o coeficiente de concordância foi alto (kappa=0.877). Para os MP com algoritmo de detecção de sequências de três batimentos com FV menor que 140bpm ( < 140/3), a correlação entre HVR e TVNS foi expressiva (r = 1), sendo a concordância entre esses parâmetros também bastante alta (CCI = 0,800). Conclusões: A correlação e a concordância na detecção de AV registradas nos MP e no Holter foram inconsistentes. Padronização dos algoritmos de detecção de AV, semelhantes os do sistema Holter, é necessária para que os pacientes portadores de dispositivos implantáveis possam se beneficiar dessa função para seguimento clínico e estratificação de risco / The Holter monitoring is considered the gold standard method for detection of cardiac arrhythmias, enabling its diagnosis and its correlation with the patient\'s symptoms. New generations of artificial pacemakers can detect and record intracavitary electrograms and, theoretically, could discard the Holter during the follow-up of the patients. Pacemakers have different ventricular arrhythmias (VA) detection algorithms, varying according to the model. Their diagnosis capacity comparing to Holter monitoring has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate 1. the correlation between the event monitor of the pacemaker and the Holter in VA detection and 2. the agreement between the VA detected in both systems. We studied 129 patients with implanted pacemakers, which had arrhythmia detection function, mean age of 68.6 + 19.1 years (19 to 94), 54.8% female. The patients underwent Holter monitoring for 72 hours. Once the system was connected, event counters of pacemakers were reset and the clocks synchronized, so that both systems could detect the arrhythmic events simultaneously. The pacemakers were programmed to detect events with the lowest ventricular rate and lowest number of sequential beats allowed for each model. After 72 hours, Holter systems were removed and the records analyzed, as well as the simultaneous records of the pacemakers. Were considered as arrhythmic events: PVC isolated (in the pacemaker described as \"PVC\"); premature beats in pairs (pacemaker described as \"couplets\"); NSVT (pacemaker described as \"triplets\"- 3beats, \"runs\"- 4 to 8 or > 8 beats and \"HVR\"- 3 to 4 beats). Spearman rank correlations were used to assess whether the pacemaker and Holter identified the same parameters. The intraclass correlation coefficients and the respective intervals with 95% confidence were calculated to evaluate the concordance between the equivalent parameters of the pacemaker and Holter. Kappa coefficients were calculated to assess the agreement in the detection of > 10 PVC/h by the pacemakers and by the Holter. Results: The pacemakers underestimated the arrhythmias detection of Holter. Records of \"PVC\", \"triplet\" and \"HVR\" by NSVT showed positive correlations with the Holter parameters, and the highest one was among \"PVC\" and EV (r = 0.501). The agreement between the types of arrhythmias detected was quite low (CCI < 0.5), except for \"triplet\" detected by pacemakers and three beats NSVT by Holter (ICC = 0.984). The correlation detection for more than 10 PVC /h was moderate (kappa = 0.483), except for Medtronic pacemakers (kappa=0.877). When the pacemaker was programmed to detect sequences of three beats with heart rate lower than 140bpm ( < 140/3), the correlation between HVR and NSVT was perfect (r = 1) and the agreement between these parameters was also quite high (ICC = 0.800). Conclusions: The correlation and agreement between pacemakers and Holter monitoring in the detection of VA were not consistent. A standardization of the pacemakers\' detection algorithms is necessary before using this function for clinical follow-up and risk stratification of the patients

O sistema Holter é considerado padrão ouro para detecção de arritmias cardíacas, possibilitando o seu diagnóstico e sua relação com os sintomas do paciente. As novas gerações de marcapassos (MP) detectam e registram eletrogramas intracavitários e poderiam dispensar o Holter no seguimento dos pacientes. Os diferentes MP dispõem de algoritmos de detecção de arritmias ventriculares (AV) que variam de acordo com o modelo e sua correlação diagnóstica com Holter foi pouco estudada. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar 1. a correlação entre o monitor de eventos dos MP e do Holter na detecção de AV e 2. a concordância das AV detectadas nos dois sistemas. Foram estudados129 pacientes portadores de MP com função de detecção de arritmias, com idade média de 68,6+19.1 anos (entre 19 e 94), 54,8% do sexo feminino. Os pacientes foram submetidos à monitorização com Holter por 72 horas. Assim que o sistema foi ligado, os contadores de eventos dos marcapassos foram reiniciados e os relógios sincronizados, para que ambos os sistemas detectassem os eventos simultaneamente. Os MP foram programados para detecção de eventos com o menor valor de frequência ventricular (FV) e o menor número de batimentos sequenciais (BT) possíveis. Depois de 72 horas, os sistemas Holter foram retirados e os registros analisados, assim como os registros simultâneos dos gravadores dos MP. Foram qualificados como eventos arrítmicos no Holter e MP, respectivamente: EV isoladas e \"PVC\"; extra-sístoles em pares e \"couplets\"; TVNS (> 3BT) e \"triplets\"(3BT), \"runs\"(3 a 8 ou > 8 BT) e \"HVR\" (3 ou 4 BT). As correlações de Spearman foram utilizadas para avaliar se o marcapasso acompanha a detecção dos parâmetros do Holter. Os coeficientes de correlação intraclasse e os respectivos intervalos com 95% de confiança, calculados para avaliar a concordâncias entre os parâmetros equivalentes do marcapasso e do Holter. Foram calculados os coeficientes Kappa para avaliar a concordância na detecção de > 10 \"PVC\"/h com > 10 EV/h. Resultados: Os monitores dos marcapassos subestimaram o Holter. Os registros de \"PVC\", \"triplet\" e \"HVR\" por TVNS apresentaram correlações positivas em relação aos parâmetros do Holter, sendo a mais alta aquela entre \"PVC\" e EV (r=0,501). Porém, a concordância entre os tipos de arritmias detectadas foi baixa (CCI < 0,5), exceção feita à concordância de \"triplet\" com TVNS de três batimentos (CCI=0.984). A concordância na detecção de mais de 10 PVC/h e mais de 10 EV/h foi moderada (kappa= 0,483), embora para os MP da Medtronic, o coeficiente de concordância foi alto (kappa=0.877). Para os MP com algoritmo de detecção de sequências de três batimentos com FV menor que 140bpm ( < 140/3), a correlação entre HVR e TVNS foi expressiva (r = 1), sendo a concordância entre esses parâmetros também bastante alta (CCI = 0,800). Conclusões: A correlação e a concordância na detecção de AV registradas nos MP e no Holter foram inconsistentes. Padronização dos algoritmos de detecção de AV, semelhantes os do sistema Holter, é necessária para que os pacientes portadores de dispositivos implantáveis possam se beneficiar dessa função para seguimento clínico e estratificação de risco / The Holter monitoring is considered the gold standard method for detection of cardiac arrhythmias, enabling its diagnosis and its correlation with the patient\'s symptoms. New generations of artificial pacemakers can detect and record intracavitary electrograms and, theoretically, could discard the Holter during the follow-up of the patients. Pacemakers have different ventricular arrhythmias (VA) detection algorithms, varying according to the model. Their diagnosis capacity comparing to Holter monitoring has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate 1. the correlation between the event monitor of the pacemaker and the Holter in VA detection and 2. the agreement between the VA detected in both systems. We studied 129 patients with implanted pacemakers, which had arrhythmia detection function, mean age of 68.6 + 19.1 years (19 to 94), 54.8% female. The patients underwent Holter monitoring for 72 hours. Once the system was connected, event counters of pacemakers were reset and the clocks synchronized, so that both systems could detect the arrhythmic events simultaneously. The pacemakers were programmed to detect events with the lowest ventricular rate and lowest number of sequential beats allowed for each model. After 72 hours, Holter systems were removed and the records analyzed, as well as the simultaneous records of the pacemakers. Were considered as arrhythmic events: PVC isolated (in the pacemaker described as \"PVC\"); premature beats in pairs (pacemaker described as \"couplets\"); NSVT (pacemaker described as \"triplets\"- 3beats, \"runs\"- 4 to 8 or > 8 beats and \"HVR\"- 3 to 4 beats). Spearman rank correlations were used to assess whether the pacemaker and Holter identified the same parameters. The intraclass correlation coefficients and the respective intervals with 95% confidence were calculated to evaluate the concordance between the equivalent parameters of the pacemaker and Holter. Kappa coefficients were calculated to assess the agreement in the detection of > 10 PVC/h by the pacemakers and by the Holter. Results: The pacemakers underestimated the arrhythmias detection of Holter. Records of \"PVC\", \"triplet\" and \"HVR\" by NSVT showed positive correlations with the Holter parameters, and the highest one was among \"PVC\" and EV (r = 0.501). The agreement between the types of arrhythmias detected was quite low (CCI < 0.5), except for \"triplet\" detected by pacemakers and three beats NSVT by Holter (ICC = 0.984). The correlation detection for more than 10 PVC /h was moderate (kappa = 0.483), except for Medtronic pacemakers (kappa=0.877). When the pacemaker was programmed to detect sequences of three beats with heart rate lower than 140bpm ( < 140/3), the correlation between HVR and NSVT was perfect (r = 1) and the agreement between these parameters was also quite high (ICC = 0.800). Conclusions: The correlation and agreement between pacemakers and Holter monitoring in the detection of VA were not consistent. A standardization of the pacemakers\' detection algorithms is necessary before using this function for clinical follow-up and risk stratification of the patients