The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of defensive driving as a preventative strategy for road traffic violations and collisions in Zimbabwe. A sample of one hundred defensive driving graduates was used in the study. The descriptive survey method was used and data were collected using a questionnaire schedule. Literature review revealed that the majority of similar s udies by other researchers indicate that defensive driving is effective in preventing traffic violations and traffic collisions. The major findings of the present study showed that: (a) The defensive driving course is effective in preventing traffic violations and collisions; and (b) The defensive driving course should be compulsory in Zimbabwe. In view of these findings, this researcher urges the Traffic Safety Council of Zimbabwe to request the government to make legislation that compels every motorist to attend the defensive driving course. The same organisation should start conducting research on road traffic accidents. / Criminology and Security Science / MA (Criminology)

Nuclear facility accidents involving leaks of radioactive substances into the environment might have serious radiobiological impacts on inhabitants in some cases and would require immediate or subsequent protective measures from iodine prophylaxis and hiding to evacuation or permanent resettlement. The first part of the thesis describes the conditions of nuclear facility operation, technology of the Temelin nuclear power plant, including description of technology and function of emergency systems and the basic principles of security, and environment protection. It also describes the principles and aims of nuclear safety, radiation protection and accident preparedness. A more detailed description of accident preparedness at the Temelin power plant including links to the External Emergency Plan and announcement of safety measures for inhabitants follows. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the decision making process on announcement of evacuation in the pre-leak phase of radiation accident from the point of view of the Temelin nuclear plant operator?s possibilities. The part Methodology includes a description of RTARC software for evaluation of radiological impacts of radioactive substance leakage into the environment of the Temelin nuclear plant in case of radiation accident. The set of source members (event scenarios) used for the calculation is also described there. The chapter Results presents and assesses the RTARC calculations. We may say upon analyses of the results that application of the decision making support programme is beneficial and is practically able to help with efficient protection of citizens in the final effect. For a part of the considered source members evacuation on pre-leak phase cannot be recommended with regard to the quick progress and leakage of radioactive substances into the environment.

La notion de métafiction, concept de la critique littéraire contemporaine, caractérise ces fictions qui subvertissent les catégories conventionnelles romanesques, et invitent à une aventure sémiologique. Nos recherches nous amènent à proposer la notion de métafiction comme méthode d'investigation du tissu textuel des romans du corpus. Elle interroge la fabula et révèle, dans l'entrelacs des matériaux narratifs, la bibliothèque qui dialogue avec elle, déterminée par le contexte historique d'une époque. L'historiographie agit comme un medium du métatexte et génère un système sémiotique représentable par « un labyrinthe de nœuds interconnectés » : une « sémiosphère », terme que nous empruntons à Lotman. Le parcours intertextuel propose une lecture à plusieurs niveaux et invite à revisiter ironiquement l'Histoire et ses impostures. L'écriture « baroque » d'Umberto Eco les livre généreusement à la sagacité critique d'un Lecteur Modèle, finalement confronté aux dimensions ontologiques de l'œuvre. / The notion of metafiction, concept taken from contemporary critics of litterature, defines these fictions subverting conventional categories of novels and invites the reader to a semiologic adventure. Our researches lead us to make the proposition of metafiction as an investigation method to explore the textual network of the novels in our corpus. It questions fabula in order to disclose, in the tracery of narrative materials, the library dialoguing with it, in the historical context of a period. Historiography acts as a medium for the meta-text and generates a semiotic system one can depict under the shape of a labyrinth made of interconnected nodes : a « semiosphere », as defined by Lotman. The intertextual journey offers a multi-levels reading and invites to re-visit, with irony, History and its impostures. The Umberto ECO's « baroque » writing brings them with generosity to the critic acumen of the « Model Reader », eventually confronted to ontological dimensions of the work.

La recherche part du constat de "l'érosion de la protection globale dont se trouvait dotée la communauté des travailleurs …" Causes de cette érosion, l'activité législative, mais aussi l'évolution de la jurisprudence ;en effet, "aucun texte n'est si clair que son application ne doive s'accompagner du choix de son sens et de sa portée et qu'il ne dispense le lecteur – et donc le juge, interprète privilégié – d'une reformulation de la règle.". <p><p>Comment le juge reformule-t-il la règle, quels sont les moyens dont il dispose ou use pour ce faire, quelle est son implication dans cette érosion ?La recherche, soutenue par une réflexion à la fois juridique, politique et philosophique, analyse des décisions judiciaires, leurs commentaires, et des articles de doctrine, qui ont en commun de paraître consacrer cette érosion. <p><p>La première partie de ce travail porte sur l'éradication des inégalités entre travailleurs masculins et féminins par le recours à des discriminations positives, par le biais de ce que Dworkin appellerait un "hard case" :un arrêt de la Cour de Justice des Communautés Européennes du 17 octobre 1995, statuant quant à la conformité de la législation d'un état membre à la directive européenne du 9 février 1976 relative à la mise en œuvre de l'égalité de traitement entre hommes et femmes en ce qui concerne l'accès à l'emploi, à la formation et à la promotion professionnelles, et les conditions de travail. La haute juridiction y fait bifurquer l'idée en deux concepts, l'égalité des chances et l'égalité des résultats, les définit puis les oppose ;ensuite, elle disqualifie la législation de l'état membre, au motif que celle-ci favorise l'égalité de résultats et non la seule égalité des chances. L'analyse décrit cette construction par la Cour d'un savoir juridique de l'égalité ;elle s'inquiète de la conformité de ce savoir au droit communautaire, du bien-fondé d'une bifurcation entre chances et résultats, et de ses effets sur les inégalités entre hommes et femmes. <p><p>Sa deuxième partie porte sur la construction du savoir du droit social, en général. Elle en exhibe certains ingrédients et évalue leurs agencements :la manière dont sont traités les faits, les diverses sortes d'intérêts à l'origine de la production de jurisprudence, la maîtrise du langage et l'art de convoquer le droit, et le pouvoir du praticien d'affecter et d'être affecté par le droit et son milieu. Elle pointe deux grandes bifurcations :celle entre dire le droit et juger quant au fond ;et celle entre "juridiquement correct" et "juste". Elle observe à quelles conditions la jurisprudence devient source effective de droit et se divise en courants majoritaire et minoritaire. Elle distingue deux moments dans la pratique juridique, et deux modes d'existence du jugement. La construction de la motivation, ajustée à tel litige particulier, constitue le moment créatif, qui aboutit au jugement vivant, à l'usage des protagonistes. Ce même jugement, s'il est diffusé dans les médias juridiques, connaît une autre forme d'existence, au sein du corpus jurisprudentiel commun ;si les juristes sont libres de s'y référer ou de l'ignorer, il nourrira un nouveau moment créatif, à titre d'exemple de savoir-faire ;le moment dogmatique, lui, est celui où le système judiciaire se saisit des énoncés de tel jugement vivant pour les imposer, en tant que savoir a priori, lieux de passage obligés, mots d'ordre, limitant ainsi le champ de possibles ouvert à l'activité créatrice. <p><p> / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation philosophie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

The topic of this thesis is the completion of compulsory education at elementary school. The goal of the theoretical part of this thesis is detailed description of specifics which relate to 9th grade. It can be useful to teachers who are, at the moment, teaching this grade and could help them to realize all the factors that influence their work. They might also find some new options how to improve their work. The practical part of this thesis is focused on a case study of project that is realised at Elementary School Josefa Kajetána Tyla, Písek. It is the 9th grade student's prom. The main focus is on what are the students learning, whether and how it influences their teaching and what does organizing this kind of event entitles.

This study evaluates the constitutionality of section 78(1B) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 (CPA), which places the burden of proving criminal capacity on the party who raises the issue, against section 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (CRSA). In a legal system such as ours, that has a high regard for equality, any form of unequal treatment must be scrutinised, assessed and, if found to be unjust, rooted out. Even more so where the unequal treatment affects a marginalised minority group such as the mentally disabled. This study weighs section 78(1B) against section 9(1) of the CRSA. It also weighs the section against section 9(3) of the CRSA. Attempts are made to justify possible infringements according to section 36 of the CRSA. An appropriate remedy is then ascertained. This study also provides the historical development of section 78(1B) of the CPA – both in the common law and statute. This study furthermore provides original guidelines and principles in assessing expert evidence where criminal capacity is placed in dispute due to a mental illness or defect of the accused. The main findings are that section 78(1B) infringes on both section 9(1) and section 9(3), that it cannot be justified in terms of section 36 of the CRSA and that the appropriate remedy is the striking out of the whole section from the CPA. Copyright / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Public Law / unrestricted

Governments across the globe are experiencing enormous budget deficits. The governments of South Africa and Australia felt that taxes on mining have not been reflecting a ‘willing buyer-willing seller’ relationship. This in essence means that mining companies in these two countries were not paying an arm’s length value to governments for extracting the resources. In Australia the authorities introduced the Resources Super Profits Tax to be charged at 40% of assessable profits. Mining companies still have to assess how to deal with this new tax when it is enacted on 1 July 2012. However, a change advantageous for the companies is the reduction in the corporate tax rate from 30% to 28% by the 2014/15 tax year. This Resources Super Profits Tax will also be deductible from the calculation of taxable income. South Africa enacted the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Royalty Acton 1 March 2010. Mining companies would now pay royalties based on a charging formula specifically for refined and unrefined minerals. The minimum royalty charging formula is 0.5% of gross sales regardless of whether the mining company incurs losses. This royalty charging formula is capped at 5% for refined minerals and 7% for unrefined minerals. However, any existing arrangement between mining companies and land owners for special royalties payable is not replaced by the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Royalty Act. A mining company such as Kumba Resources Limited never paid royalties in 2009, but were paying royalties in 2010 at 5.61% of accounting earnings before interest and taxes and 5.51% in 2011. Despite the additional royalties mining companies still invest in South Africa. The main drive for investment is managing risks and investing in projects that yield positive net present values. Typical risks to be managed are taxation laws, political uncertainty and social issues. These risks should be kept under control as the likelihood of mining companies walking away from investments is high when these risks spiral out of control. AFRIKAANS : Regerings dwarsoor die wêreld ondervind wesenlike begrotingstekorte. Die regerings van Suid Afrika en Australië glo dat die belasting op mynbou-maatskappye nie die ‘gewillige koper-gewillige verkoper’ verhouding weerspieël nie. In beginsel beteken dit dat die mynbou-maatskappye in die twee lande nie armlengte-waarde betaal aan regerings vir die ontginning van minerale nie. In Australië het owerhede die Minerale Super Winste Belasting gepromulgeer wat 40% heffings van berekende winste vereis. Mynbou-maatskappye is steeds in die donker oor hoe om hierdie nuwe belasting te hanteer wanneer dit op 1 Julie 2012 in werking tree.Die verlaging van die korporatiewe belastingkoers van 30% na 28% oor ’n tydperk tot en met die 2014/15 belastingjaaris egter ’n verandering wat voordelig is vir die maatskappye. Hierdie Minerale Super Winste Belasting sal ook van belasbare inkomste van mynbou-maatskappye aftrekbaar wees. Suid Afrika het die Minerale en Petroleum Reserwes Tantieme Wet op 1 Maart 2010 gepromulgeer. Mynbou-maatskappye sal in die vervolg tantieme betaal wat gebaseer word op ’n heffingsformule spesifiek ontwerp vir verwerkte en onverwerkte minerale. Die minimum tantieme heffingsformule is 0.5% van bruto verkope ongeag of die mynbou-maatskappy verliese ly. Hierdie tantieme heffingsformule word wel beperk tot 5% vir verwerkte minerale en 7% vir onverwerkte minerale. Enige huidige ooreenkoms met grondeienaars vir die betaling van spesiale tantieme word ongelukkig nie oorskryf deur die Minerale en Petroleum Reserwes Tantieme Wet nie. ’n Mynbou-maatskappy soos Kumba Resources Beperk het geen tantieme in 2009 betaal nie. In 2010 was Kumba Resources Beperk se tantieme 5.61% van rekeningkundige wins voor rente en belasting en in 2011 was dit 5.51%. Ondanks hierdie addisionele tantieme belê mynbou-maatskappye steeds in Suid Afrika. Die hoof-dryfveer vir beleggings is die bestuur van risiko en belegging in projekte wat positiewe netto huidige waardes lewer. Tipiese risiko’s wat bestuur moet word, is belastingwette, politieke onsekerheid en sosiale kwessies. Hierdie risiko’s moet te alle tye onder beheer gehou word omrede mynbou- maatskappye heel waarskynlik van beleggings kan onttrek indien die risiko’s buite beheer raak. Copyright / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Taxation / unrestricted

In 1970, Lygia Fagundes Telles published the book Antes do Baile Verde, disclosing previously unpublished tales and short stories, reviewed by the author herself for this new edition, beginning the creation of a personal canon, by excluding some texts and altering those which remained. That being so, this book emerges as a kind of critic to her own work - criticism that is true not only because of the tales reviewing, but also for the reviewing of the book itself, which configuration has been changing for more than a decade, until reaching its current version. This shows us a constant movement as a writer on pursuit of an never achievable perfection. The work here presented is an attempt undertaken by a "model reader" to understand the intent of a hypothetical "model author" by modifying the tales here gathered and studied - according to the researcher Umberto Eco (1994). Besides Eco, we based ourselves on other novelists, also theoretical, such as Alberto Manguel (2005), Osman Lins (1974), Ricardo Piglia (2006), which addressed the issue of construction and reading of literary texts; and the work of Lygia Fagundes Telles, specifically: Alfredo Monte (2013), Nelly Novaes Coelho (1971), Vera Maria Tietzmann Silva (1985 and 2009), Vicente Ataíde (1972). In that search, we looked quantitatively and qualitatively upon tales review presented before the book Green Ball, examining how some recurring elements were gradually incorporated into the narrative, giving them an authorial homogeneity. The changes seen in the tales are of different natures: employment of more conversational tone; update of words; greater adaptation of language to the characters; option for buildings that do not call too much attention to themselves; larger economy in the construction of the scenes and characters; etc. Such changes can be perceived in the critical edition through the comparison between the first and last issues of each of the stories in this book. Here, we give the reader the latest edition of these tales, bringing, beside them, modified excerpts, as they appeared in their primary editions, presented on books from 1949 to 1970. / Resumen: En 1970 Lygia Fagundes Telles publicó el libro Antes do Baile Verde, trayendo cuentos inéditos y cuentos publicados anteriormente, revisados por la propia autora para esa nueva edición, empezando la creación de un canon personal, renegando algunos textos y cambiando aquellos que permanecerían. Así, ese libro surge como una especie de crítica a la propia obra, – crítica que se da no solo en relación en la revisión de los cuentos, sino del propio libro cuya configuración se alteró por más de una década hasta lograr la forma actual. Eso nos muestra un constante movimiento autoral en la persecución de una presunta perfección narrativa. Este trabajo es la búsqueda emprendida por un ―lector-modelo‖ en el intento de comprender las intenciones de un posible ―autormodelo‖ al cambiar los cuentos aquí reunidos y estudiados – categorías esas según las acepciones dadas por el teórico Umberto Eco (1994). Además de Eco, nos valemos todavía de otros teóricos también ficcionistas, como Alberto Manguel (2005), Osman Lins (1974), Ricardo Piglia (2006), que tratan de la cuestión de la construcción y de la lectura del texto literario; y de expertos de la obra de Lygia Fagundes Telles, como Alfredo Monte (2013), Nelly Novaes Coelho (1971), Vera Maria Tietzman Silva (1985 e 2009), Vicente Ataíde (1972). En esa búsqueda, nos inclinamos cuantitativamente y cualitativamente, sobre las revisiones de los cuentos presentes en el libro Antes do Baile Verde, examinando el modo como algunos elementos recurrentes fueron poco a poco siendo incorporadas a las narrativas, dándoles unan homogeneidad autoral. Los cambios percibidos en los cuentos son de diversas naturalezas: empleo de tono más coloquial; actualización de vocablos; adecuación más amplia del lenguaje a los personajes; opción por construcciones que no llamen mucha la atención sobre si mismas; mayor economía en la construcción de escenas de los personajes; etc. Tales cambios pueden ser vistos en la edición crítica a través del cotejo entre la primera y la última edición de cada uno de los cuentos de ese libro. Aquí damos al lector la última edición de esos cuentos, trayendo, al lado de ellas, los trozos cambiados, en la forma como aparecen en sus ediciones príncipes, presentes en libros que van desde 1949 hasta 1970. / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Em 1970, Lygia Fagundes Telles publicou o livro Antes do Baile Verde, trazendo contos inéditos e contos publicados anteriormente, revisados pela própria autora para essa nova edição, dando início à criação de um cânone pessoal, ao renegar alguns textos e alterar aqueles que permaneceriam. Desse modo, esse livro surge como uma espécie de crítica à própria obra — crítica que se dá não apenas em relação na revisão dos contos, mas também do próprio livro, cuja configuração alterou-se por mais de uma década, até atingir a forma atual. Isso nos mostra um constante movimento autoral na perseguição de uma pretensa perfeição narrativa. Este trabalho é a busca empreendida por um ―leitor-modelo‖ na tentativa de compreender as intenções de um possível ―autormodelo‖ ao modificar os contos aqui enfeixados e estudados — categorias essas segundo as acepções dadas pelo teórico Umberto Eco (1994). Além de Eco, valemo-nos ainda de outros teóricos também ficcionistas, como Alberto Manguel (2005), Osman Lins (1974), Ricardo Piglia (2006), que trataram da questão da construção e da leitura do texto literário; e de estudiosos da obra de Lygia Fagundes Telles, como Alfredo Monte (2013), Nelly Novaes Coelho (1971), Vera Maria Tietzmann Silva (1985 e 2009), Vicente Ataíde (1972).Nessa busca, debruçamo-nos quantitativa e qualitativamente, sobre as revisões dos contos presentes no livro Antes do Baile Verde, examinando o modo como alguns elementos recorrentes foram aos poucos sendo incorporados às narrativas, dando-lhes uma homogeneidade autoral. As mudanças percebidas nos contos são de diversas naturezas: emprego de tom mais coloquial; atualização de vocábulos; maior adequação da linguagem às personagens; opção por construções que não chamem demais a atenção sobre si; maior economia na construção das cenas e das personagens; etc. Tais mudanças podem ser vistas na edição crítica através do cotejo entre a primeira e a última edição de cada um dos contos desse livro. Aqui, damos ao leitor a última edição desses contos, trazendo, ao lado delas, os trechos modificados, na forma como apareceram em suas edições príncipes, presentes em livros que vão de 1949 a 1970.

Characteristics of coating methods PVD, CVD, PACVD, MTCVD. The parting of the PVD methods. Advance operations before coating of round tools and hobs. Chemical stripping of HSS. Electrochemical stripping of AlCrN coats. Differently experimental methods of stripping of the cemented carbides. Finding of the most favour stripping method with help of the electron microscope. The history of the coating. Types of coats, their usage, properies and testing. Coating machine, description and characteristics data. Preparation of tools on the coating. Behaviour of the coating process. Signification of the geometry, cutting material and coating in relation to tool life. Test evaluation of the hobs.

Analyses of suicide notes have been conducted from varied perspectives in both linguistics and psychology. Not only have these studies added considerable value to the study of suicide, but they have also enriched the field of forensic linguistics. By analysing suicide notes, researchers are able to speculate about the state of mind of a suicidal individual from a psychological perspective, as well as gain insights into the characteristics of this genre from a linguistic perspective. Studies of suicide notes that are most relevant to forensic linguistics are those that compare authentic and fabricated suicide notes to determine whether these types of suicide notes may be distinguished from one another. Although the literature on suicide notes includes multiple studies that consider the differences between authentic and fabricated suicide notes, none seems to consider the fact that there might not be distinct differences between these types of suicide notes. Past studies also do not seem to consider that it might not be possible to determine whether a single suicide note is authentic or not. The present study fills this gap by considering authentic and fabricated suicide notes as indistinguishable texts. In this study, appraisal theory is used as the main theory of linguistic analysis to prove that authentic and fabricated suicide notes do not have distinct linguistic characteristics that can be used to differentiate them and that aiming to authenticate suicide notes might be a very risky and problematic undertaking. The results indicate that based on the theories and methods discussed in this thesis, it is not possible to successfully distinguish between authentic and fabricated suicide notes. It appears that, overall, the suicide notes included here would be more suited to analyses aimed at determining authorship identification or verification than analyses aimed at authenticating suicide notes. Accordingly, the study contributes not only to research concerned with the analysis of suicide notes but also to that concerned with forensic linguistics. Furthermore, the study includes analyses of South African suicide notes, and specifically Afrikaans suicide notes, which has not been attempted in previous research. / Tshekatsheko ya mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya e dirilwe go tswa mahlakoreng ao a fapanego ka go bobedi dithutapolelo le dithutamahlale tsa menagano. Dinyakisiso tse ga se tsa oketsa boleng bjo bogolo fela go dinyakisiso ka ga ditiragalo tsa go ipolaya, eupsa di humisitse gape lekala la dithutapolelo tsa mabapi le batho bao ba ipolailego. Ka go sekaseka mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya, banyakisisi gape ba kgona go akanya mabapi le seemo sa monagano sa motho yo a ipolailego ka lehlakoreng la tsa menagano, gammogo le go hwetsa tsebo mabapi le dipharologantshi tsa mohuta wo wa sengwalwa ka lehlakoreng la dithutapolelo. Dinyakisiso tsa mabapi le mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya tseo di nyalelanago kudu le dithutapolelo tsa mabapi le batho ba go ipolaya ke tseo di bapetsago mangwalo a go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora go tseba ge eba mehuta ye ya mangwalo a batho ba go ipolaya a ka faralogantshwa le a mangwe. Le ge e le gore dingwalwa tsa mabapi le mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya di akaretsa dinyakisiso tse ntsi tseo di hlokometsego go fapana magareng ga mangwalo a batho ba go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora, ga go seo se hlokometsego ntlha ya gore go ka no se be le diphapano magareng ga mehuta ye ya mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya. Dinyakisiso tse di dirilwego mo nakong ye e fetilego le tsona di bonala di sa hlokomele ntlha ya gore go ka no se kgonagale go tseba ge eba lengwalo le tee leo le ngwadilwego ke motho wa go ipolaya ke la makgonthe goba aowa. Dinyakisiso tse di tlatsa sekgoba se ka go bona mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora bjalo ka dingwalwa tseo di ka farologanywago. Ka mo dinyakisisong tse, teori ya go utolla tshekatsheko ya maikutlo e a somiswa bjalo ka teori ye kgolo ya go sekaseka polelo ka nepo ya go laetsa gore mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora ga a na le dipharologantshi tse di bonagalago tse di ka somiswago go a farologanya le gore go ikemisetsa go dira gore mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya ke a makgonthe go ka ba mosomo o kotsi kudu le wo o nago le mathata. Dipoelo di laetsa gore go ya ka diteori le mekgwa ye e ahlaahlwago ka mo thesesing ye, ga go kgonagale go farologanya ka katlego phapano magareng ga mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya a makgonthe le a bofora. Go bonala gore, ka kakaretso, mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya ao a akareditswego ka mo a tla lokela kudu go tshekatsheko ye e ikemiseditsego go tseba motho yo a ngwadilego lengwalo la go ipolaya goba tiisetso go feta tshekatsheko ye e ikemiseditsego go tiisetsa gore mangwalo ao a mabapi le go ipolaya a ngwadilwe ke bomang. Ka se, dinyakisiso ga di tsenye letsogo fela go dinyakisiso tsa mabapi le tshekatsheko ya mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya, eupsa gape mabapi le dithutapolelo tsa mabapi le batho bao ba ipolailego. Godimo ga fao, dinyakisiso di akaretsa tshekatsheko ya mangwalo ao a ngwadilwego ke batho ba go ipolaya ka mo Afrika Borwa, gomme kudukudu mangwalo a go ngwalwa ka Seafrikantshe a batho bao ba ipolailego, e lego seo se sego sa dirwa ka dinyakisisong tse di fetilego. / Ukuhlaziywa kwamanothi ezehlakalo zokuzikhunga/zokuzibulala kudala kwenziwa ngokwemiqondo eyehlukahlukene ngezindlela ezimbili ngokwelingwistiki nangokwengqondo. Izifundo zocwaningo azikhulisanga kuphela ukubaluleka kocwaningo olumayelana nokuzikhunga kuphela, kodwa ziphinde zanothisa umkhakha weforensiki yelingwistiki. Ngokuhlaziya amanothi amayelana nocwaningo, abacwaningi bayakwazi ukwenza umhlahlo ngesimo somqondo womuntu ozikhungayo ngokomqondo wezengqondo, kanye nangokuzuza ulwazi olumayelana nezimpawu zalo mkhakha ngokomqondo welingwistiki. Izimfundo ezimayelana namanothi ashiywa ngabantu abazibulalayo ahlobene kakhulu neforensiki yelingwistiki yilawo aqhathanisa amanothi okuzibulala oqobo nalawo angamanothimbumbulu, ukucacisa kahle ukuthi mhlawumbe lezi zinhlobo zamanothi angahlukaniswa kwamanye. Yize umbhalo wobuciko omayelana namanothi okuzibulala axuba izimfundo zocwaningo eziningi ezigxile kwimehluko ephakathi kwamanothi okuzibulala oqobo nalawo okuzakhela/ambumbulu, akhekho obheka udaba lokuthi kungahle kungabi khona umehluko ogqamile phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo zamanothi okuzibulala. Izimfundo zocwaningo zesikhathi esedlule nazo azilubheki udaba lokuthi angekhe kwenzeka ukuthi kutholakale ukuthi mhlawumbe inothi lokuzibulala ngabe elangempela noma yinothimbumbulu. Isifundo samanje sivala lesi sikhala ngokuthatha amanothi angempela namanothimbumbulu njengemibhalo engahlukaniseki. Kulesi sifundo socwaningo, ithiyori yokuhlola isetshenziswe njengethiyori eyinsika yokuhlaziya ilingwistiki ukukhombisa ukuthi amanothi okuzibulala angempela nalawo okuzakhela akanazo izimpawu ezibaphawulekayo ezingasetshenziswa ukuwehlukanisa kanti lokho kuqonde ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amanothi okuzibulala kungenzeka abe wumsebenzi onobungozi obukhulu kanye nenkinga enkulu. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ngokwamathiyori nangezindlela ezixoxwe kule thiyori, kunzima ukuphumelela uthole umehluko phakathi mwamanothi angempela nalawo ambumbulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyakhombisa ukuthi, amanothi okuzibulala aqukethwe lapha azohambisana kakhulu nolwazi oluhlaziyiwe oluqonde ukuthola umnini wenothi noma ukuqinisekisa kunolwazi oluhlaziyiwe oluhlose ukuqinisekisa umbhali wamanothi okuzibulala. Ngokosiko lwakhona, isifundo asifakanga kuphela igalelo kucwaningo kuphela ngokuhlaziya amanothi okuzibulala, kanti lokho futhi kumayelana neforensiki yelingwistiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ucwaningo luqukethe ulwazi oluhlaziyiwe lwamanothi okuzibulala eNingizimu Afrika, ikakhulu amanothi okuzibulala abhalwe ngesiBhunu, angakazwe alokothwe kucwaningo lwesikhathi esedlule. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / Ph. D. (Forensic Linguistics)