La simulation est largement utilisée et étudiée dans plusieurs disciplines en santé, mais son intégration dans la formation professionnelle en nutrition demeure une pratique émergente. Cette étude mixte visait à évaluer le développement des compétences professionnelles des étudiant.e.s débutant.e.s en nutrition en contexte de simulation et à connaître leur perception. Trois simulations de cinq stations chacune (dont une avec patients simulés acteurs et deux avec patients simulés étudiants) suivies d’un débreffage ont eu lieu. Les compétences des participant.e.s (n = 35) ont été évaluées par vidéo pour la première et la dernière simulation grâce à un outil inspiré des compétences intégrées pour l'enseignement et la pratique de la diététique et des groupes de discussion virtuels ont permis de nuancer les résultats et d’approfondir les perceptions des participant.e.s (n = 13). Toutes les compétences liées au professionnalisme, à la communication et aux soins nutritionnels se sont améliorées de façon statistiquement significative entre les deux temps de mesure. En plus de la démonstration des compétences, l’analyse qualitative a montré que la simulation a permis aux participant.e.s de mieux comprendre et d’appliquer les notions apprises en cours, de réaliser que le patient doit être au cœur des interventions, de se mettre dans la peau d’un.e professionnel.le et d’être bien préparé.e pour les stages cliniques en milieu externe. Ces résultats montrent que la simulation en nutrition améliore les compétences des débutant.e.s et semble consolider leurs apprentissages antérieurs, améliorer leur compréhension de l’approche centrée sur le patient et initier la formation de leur identité professionnelle. / Simulation is widely used and studied in several healthcare disciplines, but its integration into dietetics training remains an emerging practice. This mixed-methods study aimed to assess the development of professional competencies of beginner dietetics students during simulations and to understand their perceptions. Three simulations of five stations each (including one with actor-simulated patients and two with student-simulated patients) followed by a group debriefing took place. The competencies of the participants (n = 35) were assessed by video for the first and the last simulation using an evaluation tool inspired by the national Integrated Competencies for Dietetic Education and Practice, whereas virtual focus groups helped to nuance the results and deepen participants’ perceptions (n = 13). Student t tests showed that all competencies related to professionalism, communication and nutritional care improved statistically significantly between the two measurement times. In addition to the improvement of skills, the qualitative analysis showed that simulation enabled participants to better understand and apply the concepts previously learned in class, to realize that all interventions should be patient-centered, to enact a professional dietitian role and to feel prepared for their clinical placement in an external environment. These results show that simulation as a pedagogy approach improves beginners’ competencies and seems to consolidate their previous learnings, improve their understanding of the patient-centered approach and initiate the formation of their professional identity.

視英語為第一外語的學習，一直是學生生活中一個重要的課題。英語的使用變的更為普遍，以位於東亞國家的台灣來說，就已經開始重視英語的教學。然而，大部分的家長仍不滿意孩子們的英語能力，因此，而產生了所謂的補習班。為了增進學生的閱讀能力與態度，任何一種有效的教學策略都是值得探討的。本研究的主要目的之一，便是了解平衡閱讀教學的出現，如何增進國小學生英語學習的效能。而實施行動研究的目的，主要是為了確認平衡閱讀教學的效果。在為期五個月的前導研究完成後，其研究成果便成為正式研究的基礎架構。本研究之對象為15位台北市國小一年級參加補習班的學童。研究結果顯示，平衡閱讀教學對於增進學生字彙的認知能力、語音覺識與技巧有所幫助，同時，也能大幅增進學生學習英語的自信心。除此之外，平時就有參加補習班的學童進步的程度也明顯大於未參加的學童。然而，為了增進教學的效能，系統化的發音教學範例在幫助教師制定更為合適的教學計畫與學習內容上，是極為必要的。 關鍵字:平衡閱讀教學、字母知識、語音覺識,閱讀態度,英語初學者。 / English language learning as the first and foreign language has always been an important factor in a child’s life as a student. As the usage of the English language becomes ever more apparent, East Asian nation like Taiwan has started to place much focus on its teaching. However, many parents in Taiwan are still unsatisfied with their children’s English abilities where they gained from formal school, hence the so-called cram school. In order to improve student reading ability and attitude, any effective teaching strategies are worth exploring. The main objective of this study is to determine how balanced reading instruction will enhance English learning effectiveness among EFL beginners. An action study was done in order to identify teaching effects of a balanced reading instruction. A pilot study was first accomplished, which later served as the backbone of the formal study. Participants were fifteen first graders at an English cram school in Taipei. Data collections were gained from abecedarian reading assessment, reading attitude questionnaires, observations, interviews and recordings methods. Results showed that balanced reading instruction is helpful in enhancing students’ letter knowledge, phonological awareness and increasing the students’ reading attitude. In addition, students who attended class in the cram school regularly improved better than those who did not. However, in order to improve teaching efficiency, more systematic phonics teaching are needed in order to help teachers make appropriate teaching plans for the EFL beginners. Keywords: balanced reading instruction, letter knowledge, phonological awareness, reading attitude, EFL beginners

This thesis focuses on the use of the mother tongue in foreign language teaching and learning. Recently there has been a notable shift towards promoting the use of the mother tongue. The theoretical part of the thesis maps the attitudes to the mother tongue in current literature as well as the suggested ways of its use in the classroom. The practical part attempts to analyse the students' attitudes towards the incorporation of Czech into English learning and teaching and their experience with its use from their secondary schools. To obtain the data, an online questionnaire was employed. The respondents are first- and second-year students of English and American studies who are expected to be able to analyse both the advantages and disadvantages of using Czech. The practical part focuses on the efficiency of Czech in comparison with English, ways of presenting grammar and vocabulary, the relation between the mother tongue use and the proficiency of students, and learning strategies of the respondents. Based on the analysis, suggestions regarding the mother tongue use are presented in the conclusion.

Community-based Open Source Software (OSS) projects are generally self-organized and dynamic, receiving contributions from volunteers spread across the globe. These communities survival, long-term success, and continuity demand a constant influx of newcomers. However, newcomers face many barriers when making their first contribution to an OSS project, leading in many cases to dropouts. Therefore, a major challenge for OSS projects is to provide ways to support newcomers during their first contribution. In this thesis, our goal was to identify and understand the barriers newcomers face and provide appropriate strategies to lower these barriers. Toward this end, we conducted multiple studies, using multiple research methods. To identify the barriers, we used data collected from: semi-structured interviews with 35 developers from 13 different projects; 24 answers to an open questionnaire conducted with OSS developers; feedback from 9 graduate and undergraduate students after they tried to join OSS projects; and 20 primary studies gathered via a systematic literature review. The data was analyzed using Grounded Theory procedures: namely, open and axial coding. Subsequently, the analysis resulted in a preliminary conceptual model composed of 58 barriers grouped into six categories: cultural differences, newcomers characteristics, reception issues, newcomers orientation, technical hurdles, and documentation problems. Based on the conceptual model, we developed FLOSScoach, a portal to support newcomers making their first OSS project contribution. To assess the portal, we conducted a study with undergraduate students, relying on qualitative data from diaries, self-efficacy questionnaires, and the Technology Acceptance Model. By applying the model to a practical application and assessing it, we could evaluate and improve the barriers model, changing it according to improvements identified during the conception of the tool, as well as suggestions received from the study participants. The FLOSScoach study results indicate that the portal played an important role guiding newcomers and lowering barriers related to the orientation and contribution process, whereas it was inefficient in lowering technical barriers. We also found that the portal is useful, easy to use, and increased newcomers confidence to contribute. The main contributions of this thesis are: (i) empirical identification and modeling of barriers faced by OSS project newcomers; and (ii) a portal providing information to support OSS project newcomers. / Projetos de software livre baseados em comunidade são, geralmente, auto-organizados e dinâmicos, e recebem contribuições de voluntários espalhados por todo o globo. A sobrevivência dessas comunidades, o sucesso a longo prazo, e sua continuidade exigem a entrada constante de novatos. No entanto, os novatos enfrentam muitas barreiras ao tentarem fazer a sua primeira contribuição para um projeto de software livre, o que leva, em muitos casos, a desistências. Portanto, um grande desafio para projetos de software livre é proporcionar maneiras de apoiar os novatos durante a realização de sua primeira contribuição. Nesta tese, nosso objetivo foi identificar e compreender as barreiras que os novatos enfrentam e fornecer estratégias adequadas para reduzir essas barreiras. Para isso, realizamos diversos estudos, utilizando vários métodos de pesquisa. Para identificar as barreiras, foram utilizados dados coletados a partir de: entrevistas semiestruturadas com 36 desenvolvedores de 14 projetos diferentes; 24 respostas a um questionário aberto realizado com desenvolvedores de software livre; feedback de 9 estudantes depois de tentarem contribuir para projetos de software livre; e 20 estudos obtidos por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se procedimentos da Grounded Theory: codificação aberta e axial. Posteriormente, a análise resultou em um modelo conceitual preliminar composto por 58 barreiras agrupadas em seis categorias: diferenças culturais, características dos novatos, problemas de recepção, orientação dos novatos, obstáculos técnicos, e problemas de documentação. Com base no modelo conceitual, desenvolvemos o FLOSScoach, um portal para apoiar os novatos no curso de sua primeira contribuição a projetos de software livre. Para avaliar o portal, realizamos um estudo com alunos de graduação, utilizando dados qualitativos de diários, questionários de autoeficácia (self-efficacy), e o modelo de aceitação tecnológica (TAM, do inglês Technology Acceptance Model). Ao aplicar o modelo em uma aplicação prática e experimentá-lo, pudemos avaliar e melhorar o modelo de barreiras, adequando-o de acordo com as melhorias identificadas durante a concepção da ferramenta, bem como sugestões recebidas dos participantes do estudo. Os resultados do estudo indicam que o portal FLOSScoach desempenhou um papel importante no direcionamento dos novatos e na redução das barreiras relacionadas com o processo de orientação e contribuição, enquanto não foi muito eficiente na redução de barreiras técnicas. Evidenciamos ainda que o portal é útil, fácil de usar, e aumentou a confiança dos novatos. As principais contribuições desta tese são: (i) identificação empírica e modelagem de barreiras enfrentadas pelos novatos em projetos de software livre; e (ii) um portal de informação para apoiar os novatos em projetos de software livre.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of parental evenings and their associated preparation, realization, process and communication of beginning teachers of primary school with pupils' parents. The aim of the diploma thesis is to create a set of procedures and recommendations based on the data obtained from starting teachers and parents, which have been successfully implemented in practice and can be inspired not only by other novice teachers. In the theoretical part, the diploma thesis identifies competencies that enable the teacher to effectively manage this professional situation and, on the basis of professional literature, it provides examples of conduct that contribute to better preparation and process of parental evenings. Research in the empirical part follows the cases of four beginning teachers. Methods which were used are observation, semi-structured interview and questionnaire. The research of this diploma thesis lasted for six months, during which were observed parental evenings, followed by interviews with beginning teachers. The whole research was completed with a questionnaire created for parents. The obtained data was then evaluated and compared with the theoretical part. After six months of co-operation with participating teachers, data collection and evaluation, it was...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:32:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda Oliveira Costa Gomes.pdf: 739973 bytes, checksum: d621c2379f9de4891d828b38feeae6e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This research aims to analyze the relation between initiation into career and didactic difficulties faced. To understand this question some aims were established: identifying difficulties encountered by teachers to teach in the initial phase of their career and also identifying the reactions and exceedances of these teachers face of these difficulties. Therefore, the subjects of this research are teachers that is working in the early years of elementary school; they are two beginning teachers; one of them starting her first year in the teaching profession working in state schools, in the arrangements of contracting temporary in the East Zone São Paulo. The second one acts in municipal, in the East Zone of the city of São Paulo, by two and a half years. Besides these two beginning teachers participated in the study two experienced teachers, who reported on the difficulties of the profession in their initial career. The procedures used for the research are composed of four instruments developed for this study: a questionnaire scale, an interview, observation in the classroom and an online questionnaire. This research was performed in 2013, and had as its theoretical basis the authors Michael Huberman, with the concepts relating to the beginning of the profession, Pierre Bourdieu; with the concepts of habitus and school cultural capital and Alda Marin with the concepts related to the area of didactics. Such concepts allow us to understand this stage of professional life and issues related to the formation and performance of teachers. The hypothesis established to guide the study is that the current situation may be repeated the previously existing difficulties that might lead to problems in basic education and add others on features of the current training that teachers fail to realize themselves in the teaching situation, therefore there is relationship between training and professional difficulties / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre iniciação à carreira e dificuldades didáticas enfrentadas. Para atender a esse questionamento foram estabelecidos como objetivos: identificar dificuldades para ensinar encontradas pelos professores, na fase inicial da carreira e ainda, identificar as reações e superações desses professores diante dessas dificuldades. Portanto, os sujeitos desta pesquisa são professores atuantes nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental; são dois professores iniciantes, sendo uma professora iniciando em seu primeiro ano na profissão docente, atuando na rede Estadual de Ensino, no regime de contratação temporária, na Zona Leste da cidade de São Paulo, o segundo professor iniciante, atua na rede municipal, na Zona Leste na cidade de São Paulo, há dois anos e meio. Além destes dois professores iniciantes participaram da pesquisa duas professoras experientes, que relataram sobre as dificuldades da profissão no seu início de carreira. Os procedimentos utilizados para a realização da pesquisa são compostos por quatro instrumentos construídos para este estudo: um questionário com escala, entrevista, observação em sala de aula e um questionário online. Esta pesquisa foi realizada em 2013, tendo como base teórica os autores, Michael Huberman com os conceitos relativos ao início da profissão, Pierre Bourdieu com os conceitos de habitus e capital cultural escolar e Alda Marin com os conceitos relativos à área da Didática. Tais conceitos permitem a compreensão dessa etapa da vida profissional e as questões relativas à formação e o desempenho dos professores. A hipótese estabelecida para orientar o estudo é a de que na situação atual reiteram-se as dificuldades anteriormente existentes que ocasionam problemas na educação fundamental e acrescentam outras diante das características da formação atual em que os professores não conseguem se perceber na situação de ensino, havendo, portanto relação entre formação e dificuldades profissionais

本研究旨在探索瑞典華語學習者漢字學習歷程、漢字學習困難、產生困難的因素及其之間的關係、以及因應困難的策略，屬質性個案研究。對象為瑞典林奈大學選讀初級華語課程的四位華語學習者，以深度訪談、學習週記、課室觀察作為資料收集方法。 研究發現學習者的漢字學習困難，除了過去研究提出的漢字書寫、辨識、記憶困難以外，還有漢字讀音困難與線上資源應用困難。而他們面對漢字學習困難的因應策略可以分為三種，分別是積極的尋求老師協助、積極的尋求網路資源協助、消極的逃避。影響漢字學習的「內在因素」有「語言學習態度與方式」、「華語學習動機」、「對漢字的看法」；「外在因素」有「環境因素」、「教學因素」、「簡繁體班因素」。影響漢字學習的內外在因素之間的互動關係，除了「外在因素」的「教學因素」是單方面影響「內在因素」，其它的內在因素與外在因素都是相互影響。 建議華語教學者除了加強學習者的漢字書寫、辨識、與記憶能力，還有漢字讀音的演練與線上資源應用的學習。而影響學習者漢字學習的因素有很多，因素之間也會相互影響，因此教學者可以通過了解影響學習者漢字學習的內外在因素，而給予學習者適切的協助。 / This qualitative study aims to explore Swedish learners’ Chinese-characters learning process, with a focus on discovering their difficulties and coping strategies and identifying the factors that influence the learning of Chinese characters and their relationship. The research participants were four Swedish learners who took the class “Chinese for Beginners” in Linnaeus University in Sweden. Multiple sources of data were collected, including in-depth individual interviews, learning journals, and class-room observations. The results showed that the four participants had difficulties in learning Chinese characters, including reading, writing, recognizing, and memorizing Chinese characters as well as the application of online resources. Despite learning difficulties, these Swedish learners were actively asking for the teacher’s help, using the online re-sources, and passively avoiding facing leanring difficulties. The internal factors that influence learning Chinese characters were “language learing attitudes and methods,” “the motivation of leanring Chinese,” “the feeling toward Chinese characters.” The external factors included “environmental factors,” “teaching factors,” and “tradition-al/simplified Chinese charactes class factors.” The relationship between internal factors and external factors were bi-directional, except that the ways the instructor teach Chinese characters may influence students’ attitudes, motivation or feelings unilater-ally. This study suggested that Chinese teachers should enhance students’ Chinese-characters writing, recognizing, memorizing ability and provide oppotunieis for be-ginners to practice reading Chinese characters and using online resources. It is also important for Chinese teachers to know the complexity and interaction of the factors that may influence students’ learning of Chinese characters. In so doing, Chinese teachers are able to offer beginners appropriate assistance in learning Chinese charac-ters.

Community-based Open Source Software (OSS) projects are generally self-organized and dynamic, receiving contributions from volunteers spread across the globe. These communities survival, long-term success, and continuity demand a constant influx of newcomers. However, newcomers face many barriers when making their first contribution to an OSS project, leading in many cases to dropouts. Therefore, a major challenge for OSS projects is to provide ways to support newcomers during their first contribution. In this thesis, our goal was to identify and understand the barriers newcomers face and provide appropriate strategies to lower these barriers. Toward this end, we conducted multiple studies, using multiple research methods. To identify the barriers, we used data collected from: semi-structured interviews with 35 developers from 13 different projects; 24 answers to an open questionnaire conducted with OSS developers; feedback from 9 graduate and undergraduate students after they tried to join OSS projects; and 20 primary studies gathered via a systematic literature review. The data was analyzed using Grounded Theory procedures: namely, open and axial coding. Subsequently, the analysis resulted in a preliminary conceptual model composed of 58 barriers grouped into six categories: cultural differences, newcomers characteristics, reception issues, newcomers orientation, technical hurdles, and documentation problems. Based on the conceptual model, we developed FLOSScoach, a portal to support newcomers making their first OSS project contribution. To assess the portal, we conducted a study with undergraduate students, relying on qualitative data from diaries, self-efficacy questionnaires, and the Technology Acceptance Model. By applying the model to a practical application and assessing it, we could evaluate and improve the barriers model, changing it according to improvements identified during the conception of the tool, as well as suggestions received from the study participants. The FLOSScoach study results indicate that the portal played an important role guiding newcomers and lowering barriers related to the orientation and contribution process, whereas it was inefficient in lowering technical barriers. We also found that the portal is useful, easy to use, and increased newcomers confidence to contribute. The main contributions of this thesis are: (i) empirical identification and modeling of barriers faced by OSS project newcomers; and (ii) a portal providing information to support OSS project newcomers. / Projetos de software livre baseados em comunidade são, geralmente, auto-organizados e dinâmicos, e recebem contribuições de voluntários espalhados por todo o globo. A sobrevivência dessas comunidades, o sucesso a longo prazo, e sua continuidade exigem a entrada constante de novatos. No entanto, os novatos enfrentam muitas barreiras ao tentarem fazer a sua primeira contribuição para um projeto de software livre, o que leva, em muitos casos, a desistências. Portanto, um grande desafio para projetos de software livre é proporcionar maneiras de apoiar os novatos durante a realização de sua primeira contribuição. Nesta tese, nosso objetivo foi identificar e compreender as barreiras que os novatos enfrentam e fornecer estratégias adequadas para reduzir essas barreiras. Para isso, realizamos diversos estudos, utilizando vários métodos de pesquisa. Para identificar as barreiras, foram utilizados dados coletados a partir de: entrevistas semiestruturadas com 36 desenvolvedores de 14 projetos diferentes; 24 respostas a um questionário aberto realizado com desenvolvedores de software livre; feedback de 9 estudantes depois de tentarem contribuir para projetos de software livre; e 20 estudos obtidos por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se procedimentos da Grounded Theory: codificação aberta e axial. Posteriormente, a análise resultou em um modelo conceitual preliminar composto por 58 barreiras agrupadas em seis categorias: diferenças culturais, características dos novatos, problemas de recepção, orientação dos novatos, obstáculos técnicos, e problemas de documentação. Com base no modelo conceitual, desenvolvemos o FLOSScoach, um portal para apoiar os novatos no curso de sua primeira contribuição a projetos de software livre. Para avaliar o portal, realizamos um estudo com alunos de graduação, utilizando dados qualitativos de diários, questionários de autoeficácia (self-efficacy), e o modelo de aceitação tecnológica (TAM, do inglês Technology Acceptance Model). Ao aplicar o modelo em uma aplicação prática e experimentá-lo, pudemos avaliar e melhorar o modelo de barreiras, adequando-o de acordo com as melhorias identificadas durante a concepção da ferramenta, bem como sugestões recebidas dos participantes do estudo. Os resultados do estudo indicam que o portal FLOSScoach desempenhou um papel importante no direcionamento dos novatos e na redução das barreiras relacionadas com o processo de orientação e contribuição, enquanto não foi muito eficiente na redução de barreiras técnicas. Evidenciamos ainda que o portal é útil, fácil de usar, e aumentou a confiança dos novatos. As principais contribuições desta tese são: (i) identificação empírica e modelagem de barreiras enfrentadas pelos novatos em projetos de software livre; e (ii) um portal de informação para apoiar os novatos em projetos de software livre.

Blockbaserade utvecklingsmiljöer blir allt vanligare för att lära ut grunderna i programmering. Metoden har visat sig ha flera fördelar jämfört med textbaserad programmering, som historiskt sett varit den ledande metoden för undervisning. Då textbaserad programmering dominerar industrin i stort behöver övergången från block- till textbaserad programmering ske förr eller senare, för de som tänkt fortsätta inom området. Denna övergång har visat sig innebära flera utmaningar. Som en del av detta arbete togs en textbaserad utvecklingsmiljö fram, med inspiration från styrkorna i blockbaserade miljöer. Syftet med detta var att möjliggöra en jämförelse i läsbarhet av kod mellan de olika miljöerna, samt undersöka utfallet av att hämta inspiration från blockbaserade miljöer vid skapandet av en textbaserad miljö. Den nyutvecklade miljön är ett textbaserat alternativ till en befintlig blockbaserad utvecklingsmiljö, som används för att programmera en digital lekplats. Miljön utvärderas genom två tester. Det ena testet var ett läsbarhetstest som utfördes på en klass i årskurs sju, vars elever hade minimal tidigare erfarenhet av programmering. Det andra testet var ett användartest i utvecklingsmiljön, där åtta personer med tidigare erfarenhet av programmering fick utvärdera den textbaserade utvecklingsmiljön sett till hur nybörjarvänlig den var och hur väl designprinciperna var implementerade. Utvärderingarna visade att den utvecklade miljön ansågs vara nybörjarvänlig. Testerna visade även att miljön var mer läsbar än sin blockbaserade motsvarighet och överlag väl anpassad för nybörjare. Dessutom ansågs designprincipernas implementationer underlätta utveckling i miljön. / Block-based development environments are becoming increasingly common for teaching the basics of programming. This method has shown several advantages compared to text-based programming, which has historically been more popular for educational purposes. Since text-based programming dominates the industry, the transition from block-based to text-based programming is inevitable for those who plan to continue within the field. This transition implies several challenges. As a part of this study a text-based development environment was developed, taking inspiration from the advantages of block-based development environments. The purpose of this was to enable a comparison of code readability between the two development environments and to study the outcome of taking inspiration from the strengths of block-based programming environments. The developed text-based environment is an alternative to an existing block-based environment, used to program a digital playground. The environment was evaluated through two tests. One test was a readability test with a class of students in seventh grade, who had minimal previous programming experience. The other test was a user test, where eight people with previous experience of programming evaluated the text-based development environment in regard to how beginner-friendly it was and how well the design principles were implemented. The evaluations showed that the developed text-based environment was considered beginner-friendly. The tests also showed that the environment was more readable than its block-based counterpart and overall well-suited for beginners. In addition, the implementation of design principles was considered to facilitate development in the environment.

The study substantiates common strategies and theories regarding the teaching of sight-reading. The literature study done on sight-reading at the keyboard consists of opinions and recommendations resulting from empirical findings of well-known piano pedagogues. Seven beginner courses were analysed in order to assess their presentation of a well-structured development of piano sight-reading against the opinions and recommendations of well-known piano pedagogues and authors in this field as well as the personal experience of the researcher. During this process it was discovered that insufficient attention was paid to the development of the association between a note symbol and its corresponding key on the piano. However no attention was paid to the act of playing while reading ahead. The researcher compiled additional progressive exercises for the 7 to 9 year old beginner, to address the above-mentioned discrepancies. The exercises and their individual purposes are clearly explained with instructions regarding their performance. / Hierdie studie bevestig algemene strategieë en teorieë aangaande die ontwikkeling van vaardighede om musieknotasie te lees en te speel. Die literatuur wat in hierdie studie bestudeer is, handel oor opinies en aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë wat voortspruit uit die resultate van hulle empiriese navorsing. Sewe aanvangskursusse is ontleed en die aktiwiteite en metodes waarvolgens vaardighede onderrig word om musieknotasie te leer lees en speel, is gemeet aan die aanbevelings van vooraanstaande klavierpedagoë, navorsers op die gebied, asook die navorser se eie ervaring met die boeke. Gedurende die studie is daar ontdek dat daar meesal nie aandag geskenk word aan die ontwikkeling van 'n assosiasie tussen 'n toonhoogtesimbool en ooreenstemmende klawer op die klavier nie en glad nie aan die proses van vooruitlees nie. Om hierdie tekortkominge te oorkom het die navorser 'n stel aanvullende en progressiewe oefeninge saamgestel wat maklik genoeg uitvoerbaar is vir die 7- tot 9-jarige beginner. Duidelike beskrywings van die oefeninge, elkeen se spesifieke doel, en aanwysings vir effektiewe uitvoering daarvan word verskaf. / Art History, Visual Arts & Music / M.A. (Musicology)