Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:38:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2044.pdf: 816620 bytes, checksum: 09308d0c838f42ea721cff59b6e62f03 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-29 / The present study is a qualitative survey involving four preschool directors who are just starting their careers within the community school system. It intends to describe and analyze the acquisition of professional knowledge experienced by these four professionals as they commence their practical living in the school routine. The concept of career is herein understood as a continuous build-up process that spans the entire professional life of an individual. The data used in this survey originated from the analysis of official records, like legal documents and government acts, and from the answers that the directors provided to semi-scripted interviews. The study is based on the hypothesis that preschool directors undergo singular periods of dense and conflicting occurrences as they start their professional practice; in face of such challenges, they often base their decisions upon experiences they had previously, when they were teachers who either observed or were directly helped by experienced directors. The initial period of a director s career is therefore similar to the initial stages of a teacher s career. General aspects of this hypothesis are confirmed as the directors describe details of their path from the teaching context to the management context, especially the strategies they adopted in face of the management challenges. The guiding role played by the more experienced peers is strongly highlighted by all four subjects as being an essential element to that particular moment in their careers. Progress to a further stage in the career is achieved through the particularization of professional skills acquired while performing the managerial work; the perception of being a director is constructed as they find a personal and unique way to pursue their new professional path. Reports collected from the interviews revealed that office and paperwork are likely to take up most of a director s available time during the initial stages in the career, and may be an obstacle to the completion of pedagogic tasks. The way each subject will handle this difficulty is characterized by an individual bias, which will further determine a typical way of running the job. The absence of an institutional development plan was found to be a possible threat to running the pedagogic duties, and the streamlining of both administrative and pedagogic demands may be a valuable aid to career-beginning directors. The skills acquired during professional practice were found to be chiefly related to the managerial context: leadership, team working, conflict resolution, and decision making, among others. This work focuses on the process that eventually leads to the acquisition of such skills and hence to a level of stability in the career of a school director. / O presente estudo caracteriza-se como sendo analítico-descritivo de natureza qualitativa. Foi desenvolvido em uma rede municipal de ensino na educação infantil, envolvendo quatro diretoras iniciantes. A intenção é identificar aprendizagens profissionais de diretoras de educação infantil vividas no início da carreira, essa entendida como um processo contínuo, ou seja, construída ao longo da vida profissional. Nesse sentido, como fonte de levantamento de dados, foram utilizadas: a análise de documentos oficiais municipais, tais como: decretos, leis, regimentos, entre outros, bem como a entrevista com roteiro semi-estruturado. O presente estudo tem seu início pautado na hipótese de que diretoras em início de carreira passam por períodos conflituosos, densos, que vivenciam experiências inéditas durante o período de início do exercício profissional e que muitas vezes adotam posturas para a tomada de decisões, baseadas em experiências vivenciadas anteriormente por meio da observação de diretoras em exercício enquanto professoras, ou ainda, que são auxiliadas por diretoras mais experientes e que, portanto, havia similaridade com o período de iniciação à docência. Aspectos gerais da hipótese anunciada são confirmados na medida em que as diretoras entrevistadas relatam detalhes de seu percurso atuando como professoras que se tornaram diretoras, bem como as estratégias de enfrentamento para as situações adversas vivenciadas no novo contexto, a gestão. Nesse cenário, o papel das mais experientes é exaltado com unanimidade na fala das quatro entrevistadas, como essencial para o momento da carreira em que estão inseridas. O que promove o avanço da hipótese inicial do trabalho é a particularização de algumas das aprendizagens profissionais adquiridas durante o exercício da função; é ainda, o modo como cada uma delas vai percorrendo o novo caminho profissional, dando a ele um caráter pessoal e singular, construindo dia após dia, situação após situação, o que caracteriza o estar diretora. Foi constatado por meio da fala das entrevistadas, que a função burocrática ocupa papel de destaque nesse período de iniciação na carreira e que demanda boa parte do tempo disponível, caracterizando-se como um entrave à realização do trabalho no aspecto pedagógico. O modo de conduzir o novo contexto é marcado por características pessoais e por sua vez configuraram um jeito singular de estar na carreira. Notou-se que a ausência de um plano de desenvolvimento institucional pode ser encarada como um aspecto dificultador no que se refere à gestão pedagógica da função, e a organização da demanda de trabalho pode ser entendida como uma possibilidade de auxílio às diretoras em início de carreira, tanto no que se refere à gestão burocrática, quanto à gestão pedagógica. As aprendizagens profissionais identificadas referem-se ao contexto da gestão, tais como: liderança, trabalho em equipe, resolução de conflitos, tomada de decisões, entre outros. Essas podem parecer óbvias, já que se referem à gestão, contexto de atuação das diretoras, todavia, o processo vivenciado para que se chegasse a um nível de estabilização na carreira é que consiste o diferencial desse trabalho.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EnoqueGV.pdf: 1669294 bytes, checksum: 4ab151089183b0ca7fce4e789dc16bdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-22 / The Brazilian city of Natal, located between river, sea and dunes, rises up as a peculiar, unique landscape. A landscape made by the junction of what we can call two natures, the first one most known as "native" and the other properly recognized as antr6pica. This landscape has been changing throughout the time as a result of human working activities. In this process of landscape changing, some influent people such as medicine doctors, people from govemment, and also technicians took place and gave their contributions based on hygiene and salubrity principles, since the early years of xx century. They intended to bring up to the Natal s citzens a legacy of new concept of healthier life, as free as possible from pathogenic agents / A cidade do Natal, constru?da entre rio, mar e dunas, constitui-se como uma paisagem peculiar, ?nica. Uma paisagem fruto da jun??o do que podemos chamar de duas naturezas, aquela que se convenciona tratar como "nativa" e uma outra que reconhecemos como sendo antr?pica. Uma paisagem que, ao longo do tempo, foi sendo estruturada, organizada e constru?da pela operosidade humana, que, unindo natureza e t?cnica, estabeleceu para a cidade, a partir de princ?pios de salubridade e higiene, sob a dire??o de uma classe m?dica influente, de t?cnicos atuantes e de governantes comprometidos com o progresso, desde os primeiros anos do s?culo XX, a constru??o de uma natureza que providenciasse, para as pessoas que vivem na cidade, uma vida mais salutar, um viver saud?vel em meio a uma natureza que, domada, livre de agentes patog?nicos, possibilitasse ao natalense viver bem.

This article explains when a judicial process starts, involving the exercise of fundamental procedural rights under the theory that is handled. Analyzing the current Peruvian legislation allows the author to conclude what concept or theory has chosen our Procedural Code. recognizing when the process starts, it is also mentioned that judicial protection must be even before any process. / El presente artículo explica cuando inicia un proceso judicial que supone el ejercicio de derechos fundamentales procesales según la teoría que se maneje. realizando un análisis de la actual legislación peruana, le permite concluir al autor cual es la concepción o teoría que nuestro Código Procesal ha optado. reconociendo cuando se entiende iniciado el proceso, se manifiesta que la tutela jurisdiccional debe ser incluso previa a dicho inicio.

Para inúmeros professores, o início da docência se revela como um momento de descobertas sobre o universo escolar a partir das vivências de novas realidades e inúmeros desafios. Para os professores iniciantes, a inserção na sala de aula e as primeiras relações estabelecidas com as crianças, professores e outros atores presentes na escola, trazem impressões que descortinam a complexidade do início da docência. Partindo dessas considerações, a pesquisa, de natureza qualitativa, teve como objetivo identificar as impressões sobre o início da docência e contextos vivenciados por 10 alunas bolsistas do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (PIBID), que se inseriram no cotidiano escolar de turmas dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental em duas escolas da rede municipal de ensino em Poços de Caldas (MG). Na revisão de literatura, foram estudados os assuntos: professores iniciantes e PIBID. Os estudos sobre os professores iniciantes, ainda escassos no Brasil, pautaram-se, principalmente, nos textos de Simon Veenman, Michael Huberman, Carlos Marcelo García e Maria Regina Guarnieri. No que se refere ao PIBID, são apresentadas informações sobre os dispositivos legais e a amplitude do programa, sendo detalhado o processo de implantação e desenvolvimento do subprojeto PIBID pelos sujeitos da pesquisa. A identificação das impressões sobre o início da docência e seus contextos, ocorreu a partir da realização de duas entrevistas com as alunas, e a análise das anotações de campo por elas registradas ao longo de seis meses, além de depoimentos escritos. A partir da análise desse material, entende-se que o PIBID deve ser considerado um importante programa de apoio e acompanhamento para estudantes que se propõem à docência, bem como propicia uma aproximação efetiva entre as escolas e a universidade. Em relação às impressões sobre o início da docência e os contextos apresentados pelas alunas, entende-se que elas vivenciaram momentos de encantos e desencantos, posicionando-se como professoras a partir das relações de afeto estabelecidas com as crianças. E, nesse momento inicial, suas principais referências foram as professoras que as acompanharam nas salas de aula, tanto professoras iniciantes quanto experientes, culminando na constituição de ações docentes pautadas, principalmente, como respostas às urgências das salas de aula. / For a number of teachers, beginning to teach reveals itself as a moment of discoveries about the school world, arising from the experience of new realities and countless challenges. For a beginner, entering the classroom and the first relationships with children, other teachers and actors present in the school bring impressions that reveal the complexity of early teaching. Based on these assumptions, my qualitative research had the purpose of identifying the impressions of early teaching and the context experienced by 10 of PIBID (Institutional Program of Scholarships for Early Teaching) female scholarship holders, who participated in the school´s everyday life of classes in the early grades of elementary teaching in two municipal schools in the city of Poços de Caldas (MG). By reviewing the literature, the following topics were covered: beginner teachers and PIBID. The studies on beginner teachers, still scarce in Brazil, were based mainly on the texts by Simon Veenman, Carlos Marcelo Garcia, and Maria Regina Guarnieri. As far as PIBID is concerned, information such as the legal devices, the program´s scope, and details about the process of implementing and developing the PIBID subproject by the individuals being researched are provided. The identification of the impressions of early teaching and its contexts took place by means of two interviews with the students, and the subsequent analysis of field notes that they took over a period of six months, in addition to written testimonials. Based on such materials, I understand that PIBID must be considered an important program to support and also that the follow-up of students who intend to be teachers must be done, as it provides an effective approach between schools and the university. In relation to the impressions of the early teaching and contexts presented by the female students, I understand that they have experienced moments of enchantment and disenchantment in early teaching, taking a standpoint as teachers based on the relationships of affection they were able to build with the children. At this early stage, their main references were the female teachers that did the follow-up their activities in the classrooms, both beginner and experienced teachers, culminating in the development of teaching actions taken mainly as responses to the urgent needs of a classroom.

O mercado exige cada vez mais o aperfeiçoamento das organizações, inclusive às de pequeno porte, haja visto que as empresas de pequeno porte estão aumentando sua área de atingimento e consequêntemente necessitam de maiores controles gerenciais. No que tange ao controle econômico-financeiro, não basta o administrador apenas prestar atenção nos valores movimentados, mas sim ter cuidado especial em sua base de dados que gera as informações para as decisões, isso recai sobre o sistema de custos na empresa. O sistema de custos é formado pelos princípios e métodos que auxiliarão na formação de preços, que também além do mercado, sofre influência do fluxo de caixa que por sua vez decorre em função do ciclo operacional realizado. Por isso da necessidade do aperfeiçoamento do administrado da empresa de pequeno porte, para poder implementar uma Gestão Financeira eficaz que possua controle sobre todas essas nunces citadas. O presente trablho buscou discernir de forma objetiva a parte teórica e tembém através de um modelo a parte prática dessa integração de informações criando um modelo de Gestão Financeira. / Every more the market demand organization, control and planning by every companies, inclusive and principally by a little companies and for this points occurring is need the manager's specialization and on relation economic-financer control is the extreme importance inthe implementation of coheren and efficacious Finance Gestion, that would be obtain over in the work the condition in the concrete datum bases that obtain exit in the maintenance in the information system equality efficacious the obtain supply the cust system implanted of company, this system formed for method and beginning that produce ine mix that better if adpat in the littles companies independent in the your activity wher this cust sustem would have decision influence about prices formation to be implement and this form de cash flood united with turn capital would be influenced for the systems, custs as much as informations the form to maintain Finance Gestion conquesting the exits established and principally returning the company lucrative. All this practice to be explaned in this dissertation.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo investigar o processo de formação de professores iniciantes de francês como língua estrangeira (FLE) sob o enfoque do ensino como trabalho. De forma mais específica, pretendemos analisar o papel das entrevistas de aloconfrontação (MOLLO, FALZON, 2004) nesse processo, identificando os questionamentos dos professores quando se veem diante de dilemas do trabalho de ensino vividos por outros professores e a forma como essas entrevistas podem contribuir para a construção de noções sobre o trabalho do professor de FLE. Para a compreensão desse processo sob o ponto de vista dos próprios professores, realizamos nosso estudo no contexto de um curso de francês em extensão universitária. Fizemos uso da aloconfrontação (MOLLO, FALZON, 2004), um método de intervenção formativa baseado na noção de confrontação entre o sujeito e sua atividade realizada por outros, em que, primeiramente, realizamos reuniões de discussão sobre o trabalho a fim de identificar os questionamentos dos professores desse contexto e, em um segundo momento, convidamos quatro professores a assistirem a vídeos de aulas de outros professores e comentarem-nos, possibilitando, assim, que eles verbalizassem seus questionamentos. O corpus desta pesquisa consiste nos textos das reuniões e das entrevistas e foi analisado segundo os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos do Interacionismo Sociodiscursivo (BRONCKART, 1999, 2004; BULEA, 2010). Adotamos como referência pesquisas produzidas no Brasil que consideram o ensino como um trabalho (LOUSADA, 2006, 2011; MACHADO, 2004, 2007) contamos, também, com aportes teóricos da Clínica da Atividade (CLOT, 1999, 2001a, 2008) e da Ergonomia da Atividade (FAITA, 2004, 2011; AMIGUES, 2002, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004). Os resultados de nossas análises permitiram-nos identificar alguns questionamentos dos professores iniciantes de FLE que participaram de nossa pesquisa e observar o posicionamento deles diante de suas dificuldades. Além disso, pudemos observar a construção de noções sobre o trabalho do professor de FLE propiciadas pelas verbalizações e generalizações da experiência vivida dos participantes. Entre outras contribuições, destacamos que a pesquisa confirmou o papel das aloconfrontações como um instrumento (VYGOTSKI, 1934/1997) que contribui para a reflexão sobre outras maneiras de realizar o trabalho do professsor de FLE , portanto para sua formação. / This dissertation goal is to study the process of development of beginning teachers of French as a foreign language (FLE) under the focus of teaching as work. In a more specific way, we aim at analyzing the role of allo-confrontation interviews (MOLLO, FALZON, 2004) in this process. To do so, we tried to identify teachers queries when they face teaching dilemmas lived by other teachers and to study how these interviews can contribute to the construction of notions about the FLE teachers work. In order to understand this process from the point of view of the teachers, we conducted our study in the context of a French open course at the University. We used allo-confrontation (MOLLO, FALZON, 2004), a method of formative intervention based on the concept of confrontation between the subject and its activity performed by others. First, we made some discussion meetings about the work in order to identify teachers queries in this context and, in a second moment, we invited four teachers to watch and to comment recorded classes from other teachers, making it possible for them to verbalize about their own queries. Our research corpus consists of texts from these meetings and interviews which were analyzed according to the theoretical and methodological assumptions of Socio-Discursive Interactionism (BRONCKART, 1999, 2004; BULEA, 2010). Our study is also based on studies produced in Brazil which consider teaching as work (LOUSADA, 2006, 2011; MACHADO, 2004, 2007), as well as in many theoretical contributions from Clinic of Activity (CLOT, 1999, 2001a, 2008) and Ergonomics of Activity (FAITA, 2004, 2011; AMIGUES, 2002, 2004; SAUJAT, 2004). The results of our analyzes led us to two conclusions: we could observe some queries from the beginning teachers of FLE who participated of our research and their opinion on their own difficulties. Besides that, we could observe that the fact participants verbalized and generalized their lived experience allowed the construction of notions of the teacher of FLEs work. Among other contributions, we highlight that our research confirmed the role of the allo-confrontation as an instrument (VYGOTSKI, 1934/1997) that contributes to think about ways of doing teachers of FLE work and to their development.

This diploma thesis defines the co-teaching in relation to individualization of students. It describes the benefits of co-teaching for the beginning teacher. It is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part describes the co- teaching in relation to individualization and differentiation of teaching, including historical context. It compares co-teaching with a student' assistant and a teacher's assistant. It analyzes the conditions and financing of the co-teaching at the elementary school. I focus on co-taught classes based on comparative study in the practical part. I compare educational conditions of students with learning disabilities in the co-taught class, in the class with the teacher's assistant and the student's assistant. The thesis is devoted to co-teaching, under what conditions it works, what are the benefits of co-teaching in relation to individualization of students during their education. KEYWORDS Co-teaching, funding co-teaching, beginning teacher, individualization of the student, innovation

La compréhension orale est une compétence primordiale dans l’apprentissage des langues étrangères. En classe, elle est généralement abordée à l’aide de supports audio, présentant souvent des dialogues qui rendent compte de la vie quotidienne des natifs de la langue cible. Ces supports peuvent présenter de la parole seule ou accompagnée de sons environnementaux contextuels. Toutefois, peu d’études proposent une formalisation de ces supports de cours complexes, tant au niveau de leur construction que de leur exploitation en classe. Notre étude repose donc sur les questions fondatrices suivantes : Quels mécanismes sont mis en œuvre dans une tâche de compréhension orale ? Comment construire des scènes sonores ad hoc, susceptibles d’aider les apprenants ? Quelles fonctions peuvent assumer ces sons environnementaux ? Comment évaluer leur impact sur la compréhension d’énoncés linguistiques ? Dans nos travaux nous évaluons la présence d’un contexte sonore complémentaire avec le message verbal : est-ce qu’il joue un rôle important dans sa compréhension en multipliant les indices porteurs de sens et en offrant un cadre à la construction d’une signification comme l’indiquent les travaux antérieurs dans ce domaine ? Dans cette optique nous avons mis en œuvre un plan d’expérimentation comportementale. Cette démarche repose sur l’élaboration de l’ensemble des supports de tests, ainsi que sur un protocole ad hoc, développé pour évaluer la compréhension des dialogues avec ou sans contexte sonore environnemental, par des locuteurs francophones et apprenants de FLE, (de niveau A). Nos résultats font apparaître une aide à la compréhension assurée par le contexte sonore environnemental pour des locuteurs non natifs, ce qui correspond aux résultats dans les études sur la charge cognitive. Enfin, ces travaux nous permettent de discuter diverses pistes didactiques qui vont dans le sens d’un enseignement stratégique de la compréhension orale. / Oral comprehension is a primary skill when learning foreign languages. In the classroom, it is generally ad-dressed by using dialogues usually depicting daily life situations of native speakers. These materials may include speech only or speech along with contextual environmental sounds. However few studies offer formalisation of these complex course materials, both in terms of their production and their educational use. Our study is based on the following questions: What mechanisms are at stake in a listening task? How ad hoc soundscapes, that may help learners, can be created? Which functions can these soundscapes stand for? How can their impact on understanding linguistic statements be assessed? In our work, we assess the role of a soundscape along with the verbal message: does it play an important part in the understanding of the message, multiplying meaningful cues and providing a frame for the construction of the meaning as previous studies in this field indicate? In this context, we implemented a behavioral experimental design. We elaborated all the test materials, as well as an ad hoc protocol developed in order to assess the understanding of the dialogues, with or without contextual soundscape, by native French speakers and learners of French as a foreign language (A level). Our results reveal that the contextual soundscape helps the comprehension for non-native speakers, which matches the results of the studies about cognitive load. Finally, this study allows us to discuss various didactic perspectives that are in line with a strategic teaching of oral comprehension.

This article focuses on the fact that many children in Peru are not able to read fluently when they finish elementary school. To analyze this shortcoming it presents an overview of the Peruvian context, the education system, the multilingual and the socio-cultural background and identifies the difficult conditions in which Peruvian children grow and its consequences in child development and beginning reading. The paper discusses different aspectsof developmental psychology and puts the accent on Bronfenbrenner's theory and the developmental approach to education. It offers, also, a review of several studies on reading in Peru. Finally it emphasizes the advantages of incorporating the ecological theory and the developmental approach to education / Este artículo se centra en el hecho de que muchos niños peruanos no son capaces de leer fluidamente al terminar la escuela primaria. Para analizar esta deficiencia, se presenta un análisis del contexto peruano, el sistema educativo y el bagaje lingüístico y sociocultural. Asimismo, se identifican las condiciones adversas en las que crecen los niños peruanos y las consecuencias para su desarrollo y los inicios de la lectura. También se discuten diferentes aspectos de la psicología del desarrollo, centrándose principalmente en la teoría de Bronfenbrenner y en el enfoque evolutivo de la educación. El artículo ofrece además una revisión de los diferentes estudios sobre la lectura en el Perú. Finalmente, se presentan lasventajas de incorporar la teoría ecológica y el enfoque evolutivo a la educación

Ce travail s’inscrit dans la lignée des recherches portant sur la professionnalité des enseignants. Nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à l’activité langagière des débutants. L’hypothèse centrale est qu’il est possible d’identifier, au sein du discours des enseignants en interaction avec leurs élèves, des indices de leur développement professionnel. Le cadre théorique croise les apports de la didactique professionnelle avec ceux de la pragmatique du langage et de la théorie interactionniste linguistique. Replacé dans un contexte didactique, nous envisageons le langage comme premier instrument stratégique pour enseigner et nous nous situons dans une approche instrumentée de l’activité enseignante. Nous avons mené une enquête ergonomique auprès de trois néo-titulaires, à partir de vidéos réalisées au cours de séances de mathématiques et d’entretiens d’auto-confrontation. Les interactions langagières entre les enseignantes et leurs élèves ont été analysées quantitativement et qualitativement, en relation avec l’identification de fonctions pédago-didactiques. Les résultats caractérisent des savoir-agir-langagiers-professionnels, révélateurs de la professionnalité et du développement professionnel de chacune des enseignantes enquêtées. / This work takes place within a line of research regarding teachers’ professionalism. We are looking particularly at the language activity of beginners. The central hypothesis is that it is possible to identify, within teachers’ conversations as they interact with pupils, clues regarding their professional development. The theoretical framework links the contributions made by professional didactics with those of language pragmatic and interactional linguistic theory. Set within a didactical context, we consider language as the first strategical tool to teach and we are placed within an approach orchestrated by teacher activity. We lead an ergonomic investigation alongside three newly qualified teachers, from videos shot during mathematics lessons and from self- confrontation interviews. Language interactions between teachers and their students have been analysed qualitatively and quantitatively, in relation with the identification of pedago-didactic functions. Results highlight professional language know-hows, revealing of the professionalism and the professional development of each of the teachers investigated.