The objective of this work was to study the addition of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) for efficient use on pigment coating of paper substrates with low grammage and the goal was to achieve high optical response by using low amount of FWAs. A commercial light-weight coated (LWC) paper grade was provided by Stora Enso Corbehem Mill and isotropic laboratory sheets were produced at Stora Enso Research Centre using PFI sheet former. Optical properties such as brightness, whiteness and L, a* and b* colour space values were evaluated using Minolta spectrophotometer with D65 illuminant for both types of substrate using different types and amounts of FWA while the effect of the addition of dye was evaluated in both isotropic sheets and as well as in the coating. The results showed that brightness and whiteness of double-coated paper increased by increasing the amount of fluorescent whitening agent in the coating layer. Also, higher brightness and whiteness was achieved by introducing a higher amount of fluorescent whitening agent in the top coating rather than in a pre-coating. The addition of a shading colorant in the paper substrate had a positive influence not only on the brightness but also on the whiteness of coated paper. / Syftet med denna studie var att studera tillsatsen av fluorescerande vitmedel (FWA) för att effektivisera användningen i pigmentbestrykning av papper med låg ytvikt. Målet var att nå en hög optisk respons men ändå använda en låg mängd FWA. Ett kommersiellt LWC-papper erhölls från Stora Enso, Corbehems pappersbruk, och isotropa laboratorieark tillverkades med PFI-arkformerare på Stora Enso Research Centre. Optiska egenskaper, såsom ljushet, vithet och färgrymd (L, a* och b* värden), hos samtliga prover med varierande mängd och typ av FWA uppmättes med hjälp av en Minolta spektrofotometer med D65 ljuskälla. Effekten av färgnyanstillsats utvärderades både hos handgjorda ark och hos bestrykningslager. Resultaten visade att både ljushet och vithet hos dubbelbestrukna ark ökade med ökad mängd FWA i bestrykningslagren. Högre ljushet och vithet nåddes också när FWA placerades i toppbestrykningen. Tillsats av nyanseringsfärg i papperssubstratet ökade både ljushet och vithet hos de bestrukna arken.

ABSTRACT The aim of this dissertation is to fabricate an optical transceiver based on Si-bench technology for light peak application. The transceivers are composed of hybrid integration of the vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL), photo diodes and multi-mode fibers (MMF) on the Si optical bench using V-groove and U-groove structures. We are able to passively align VCSEL to MMF and photo diode to MMF because of the accurately-aligned characteristic of V-groove. The 45-degree-angled fibers with mirror coating are used to bend the directions of both the incoming and outgoing lights to the photodiode and the MMF. The simulations showed that the optical losses of the transceiver are less than 10 dB when the distance between VCSEL and MMF is 250£gm.The measured optical losses between transmitting module and receiving module are less than 12 dB. Key words: Light Peak¡Boptical transceiver¡BSi-bench¡Baccurately-aligned

The primary target of this paper is to fabricate triplexer modules based on Si-bench technology. The triplexer modules were formed by hybrid integration of single mode lensed fibers and ultra-thin thin-film filters (TFF) on silicon bench as using V-groove and U-groove techniques. The output light at 1.31 µm was launched into the input lensed fiber of the module. After passing through two filters, the light was received by the output lensed fiber of the module. The insertion loss of the module at the 1.31 µm light was 1.25 dB. On the other hand, incoming lights at 1.49µm and 1.55µm were received from the output lensed fiber. Lights at 1.49µm will pass through the first filter, and be reflected by the second filter, and eventually be collected into the second multimode fiber. The insertion loss of the module at the 1.49 µm light was 1.14 dB. The 1.55µm wavelength lights received at the lensed fiber are reflected by the first filter and collected by the first multimode fiber. The insertion loss of the module at the 1.55 µm light was 0.68 dB.

­^¤åºK­n In the wet wafer cleaning process, the wafer surfaces are washed with toxic solutions such as ammonia and sulfuric acid which was not to allow to enter the surroundings i.e. clean room. Therefore, common practice is to reduce the pressure differential between the wet bench and the surroundings to a very low pressure difference level while maintaining a high exhaust flow rate for toxic fumes. In such a case, the isolation of process area from the surrounding area may be compromised i.e. there is a danger that the surrounding air was suctioned to the process area. Conceptually, this dilemma can be solved by creating an air buffer between the wafer process area and the surrounding area. This study aims to determine/prove-in the optimal operational conditions and geometries of such design by both CFD analysis and experimental verification. This thesis includes three parts. First, the detailed experimental data to a bio-clean bench installed with the guide-vane design are conducted. The data are then used to verify the feasibility/accuracy of the CFD model. Second, the optimal operational conditions and geometries of a full-scale isothermal wet bench with the guide-vane design are determined by CFD simulation that takes most influential factors into account. These influential factors include exhaust pressures, length of the guide- vane, guide-vane angle and downward face velocity of the filter etc. The results show that the air curtain created by the guide-vane is able to isolate the process area from surrounding area, and vise-versa. Third, the thermal effect of ammonia solution on the distribution of ammonia vapor are examined. The shape of the thermal plume that encounters the downward air stream of the filter is discussed intensively. In general, this thesis provides significant information in improving the isolation effect of wet benches by the air-curtain design.

This Master of Laws thesis provides an analysis of Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench civil money judgment cases, sampled quantitatively for 1995 and 2004, to examine the length of time from the filing of a claim to judgment being issued, before and after the implementation of Manitoba Queen s Bench Rule 20A. The historical roots of Manitoba court procedure and certain enforcement processes are examined to explain historically: if you get the judgment, how do you get the money? The procedural law is rooted in the English medieval common law system of judicial writs, most recently made more efficient by Manitoba Queen s Bench Rule 20A. This remains basic to issues of law reform for all common law jurisdictions, including Saskatchewan s Enforcement of Money Judgments Act, and this thesis concludes with a set of qualitative recommendations.

This Master of Laws thesis provides an analysis of Manitoba Court of Queen's Bench civil money judgment cases, sampled quantitatively for 1995 and 2004, to examine the length of time from the filing of a claim to judgment being issued, before and after the implementation of Manitoba Queen s Bench Rule 20A. The historical roots of Manitoba court procedure and certain enforcement processes are examined to explain historically: if you get the judgment, how do you get the money? The procedural law is rooted in the English medieval common law system of judicial writs, most recently made more efficient by Manitoba Queen s Bench Rule 20A. This remains basic to issues of law reform for all common law jurisdictions, including Saskatchewan s Enforcement of Money Judgments Act, and this thesis concludes with a set of qualitative recommendations.

The fluvial morphology of a river channel is a function of the river’s hydrologic and sediment regime. Within-channel river benches are a fluvial feature widely identified in the international literature as geomorphically and ecologically important. Despite this recognition the relationship between bench morphology and the flow regime is poorly understood. The aim of this thesis is to identify the components of the flow regime responsible for the formation and destruction of within-channel benches. / Opinions on the formative flows for benches are highly varied with reports that benches are formed by flows which just inundate the bench; to low-flow periods and sub-bankfull flows; bankfull flows and the annual flood; and moderate, medium and catastrophic sized floods. A large body of research also treats benches as a static morphology. Opinions on destructive flows are similarly varied. There is little empirical evidence for these suggestions. / A bench is most commonly referred to as comprising a horizontal (planar) surface which results from within-channel deposition, but the term is also used to describe bars, floodplains and erosional features. The inability of researchers to agree on the relationships between bench morphology and river hydrology is influenced by the lack of a consistent definition and classification for benches. To adequately address the aim this thesis is presented in two parts: Part A addresses bench nomenclature and provides a sound basis for Part B which addresses the processes of bench formation and destruction. (for complete abstract open document)

Power has been proven to be an important factor for sport performance, especially in sports where accelerations, decelerations, jumping or throwing are of great importance. Post activation potentiation (PAP) induced by heavy exercise has been reported as an acute and effective method in improving individuals’ power output. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PAP during warm up on strength and power among elite junior athletes. Methods; 12 elite junior athletes from Kuortane sports gymnasium, Finland, participated in this study. Participants were allocated in two groups (Intervention’s and Control group) in a counterbalanced order. All participants performed a 1RM bench press test and a power-velocity test pre and post a 6-weeks training period. During the training period performed Intervention’s group 2 sets of 3 reps benchpress at 90% of 1RM during the warm up of each strength training session, while Control group performed the same supplement at the end of the strength training sessions.  Results:Results didn’t show any significant increases in 1RM bench press for either the intervention’s group or the control group. There were no significant increases observed in the power velocity test in any of the test groups either. 35% 1RM (C= -9, I= +45, P=0,13), 45% 1RM (C= +10, I= +25, P=0,57), 55% 1RM (C= -25, I= +36, P=0,008), 65% 1RM (C= -1, I= +40, P=0,26) samt 75% 1RM (C= -18, I= +30, P=0,14). (Watt, mean value) Discussion:1RM and power velocity did not differ significantly neither between groups nor in the pre vs. post measurements. Intervention’s group showed a larger improvement in power-velocity on 55% of 1RM compared to the control group but the effect size was rather low and therefore no significant conclusions can be drawn. Statistics have clearly shown that larger testing groups or/and a longer training period are needed in order to test the PAP hypothesis. / Power är en fysisk faktor som är viktig för prestation i de flesta idrotter, framförallt där aktioner i form av hopp, kast och accelerationer är väsentliga. Post activation potentiation (PAP) har i ett flertal studier visat sig kunna förbättra effektutvecklingen i musklerna under en kortare tid hos tränade individer. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om det genom applicering av PAP i uppvärmning inför styrketräningen går att förbättra utfallet av styrka och powerökning hos elit juniorer. Metod: 12 Elitidrottsjuniorer från Kuortane idrottsgymnasiet, Finland deltog i studien. Deltagarna delades upp i två grupper (en interventions- och en kontrollgrupp) och de fick utföra ett 1RM bänkpress test samt power-velocitytest före och efter en träningsperiod på 6 veckor. Interventionsgruppen utförde två set bänkpress med 3 reps på 90% av 1RM inför varje styrkepass, medan kontrollgruppen utförde en likadan intervention vid slutet av varje styrkepass. Statistiska analyser genomfördes genom two way ANOVA.  Resultat: Resultatet visade ingen signifikant ökning i 1RM bänkpress i varken interventionsgruppen eller kontrollgruppen. Det visade heller ingen signifikant förbättring på någon av belastningarna i power-velocitytestet. 35% av 1RM (K= -9, I= +45, P=0,13), 45% av 1RM (K= +10, I= +25, P=0,57), 55% av 1RM (K= -25, I= +36, P=0,008), 65% av 1RM (K= -1, I= +40, P=0,26) samt 75% av 1RM (K= -18, I= +30, P=0,14). (Watt, medelvärde) Diskussion: Studien visade ingen signifikant förändring mellan före och eftertesterna mellan de två testgrupperna, varken i 1RM testet eller power-velocitytestet efter de 6 träningsveckorna. Interventionsgruppen visade en större ökning än kontrollgruppen i power-velocitytestet på 55% av 1RM men eftersom effect size är så låg kan resultaten inte anses som signifikanta. Statistiken visar att större testgrupper och/eller längre träningsperiod behövs för att PAP hypotesen skall kunna testas.

Title: The anthopometric relation to bench press performance and sticking region Objectives: The aim of the thesis is to determine the influence of anthropometric parameters on the performance in bench press and its critical phase of motion. Another objective of this work is to determine the differences of influence anthropometry between 1 RM, 4 RM, 8 RM and 12 RM as well as anthropometric impact on the area occurring before the critical phase of motion and on the area after the critical phase of motion. Methods: This is a quantitative research based on the comparison of measured anthropometric parameters with performance and kinematics by bench press analysis. For experimental methods it was used laboratory conditions and it was used methods of analysis to evaluate the acquired data. Results: The results of the work show that anthropometric parameters affect the performance especially at 1 RM and 12 RM. Overall, the forearm has the greatest impact, reaching a strong negative correlation r = -0.69. Lower arm abduction at 12 RM has a large correlation coefficient r = 0.68, and the chest ratio with upper limb length has a mean positive correlation r = 0.55 for 1 RM and 12 RM. The influence of anthropometry on the critical phase of motion has not been confirmed. Only the correlation between...

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