A presente pesquisa investiga o conceito de modelo de ação, um dos elementos que configuram a proposta de Bertolt Brecht para o exercício com suas peças didáticas. Para isso, em um primeiro capítulo, são contextualizados os aspectos que fundamentam essa proposta por meio de uma análise da situação em que tais ideias foram elaboradas. No capítulo seguinte, analisa-se com maior detalhamento as considerações do dramaturgo alemão referentes ao conceito de modelo de ação. Ainda neste capítulo, um experimento denominado Sete vezes Sr. Schmitt é abordado como possibilidade na prática com a peça didática. Por fim, no terceiro capítulo, descreve-se e examina-se os procedimentos artísticos e a encenação intitulada BadenBaden, tanto nos âmbitos das premissas que embasaram esse trabalho quanto nas repercussões desse processo para os artistas envolvidos. Dessa forma, especula-se acerca dos vínculos entre a proposta brechtiana das peças didáticas e a prática de encenação contemporânea, no campo da Pedagogia do Teatro. / The current research aims at investigating the concept of action model, one of the elements that constitutes Bertolt Brecht\'s proposal for the exercise with his own learning plays. In the first chapter, the founding aspects of his proposal are contextualized through an analysis of the context in which those ideas were conceived. The next chapter analyzes with more specific details the German dramaturge\'s considerations referring to the concept of action model; in the same chapter, the experiment called \"Seven times Mr. Schmitt\" is described as a possibility in the practice with the learning play. Finally, in the third chapter, the artistic procedures are described and analyzed, and the staging entitled BadenBaden, both in the premises that justify this research, as well as the repercussion of this process for the artists involved. Thus, the connections between Brecht\'s proposal for the learning plays and the contemporary staging practice are evaluated, in the context of the Theater Pedagogy.

O trabalho de Flávio Império representa uma ruptura com o teatro paulistano entre os anos 1950 e 1970, caracterizado pela opulência no figurino e pela montagem de obras de dramaturgos estrangeiros. Partindo do diferencial e relevância desse cenógrafo e figurinista, o presente estudo tem como objetivo pesquisar e analisar a linguagem visual do figurino dele nos espetáculos do Teatro de Arena de São Paulo, particularmente Os fuzis da mãe Carrar e Arena conta Zumbi , que fizeram referência ao teatro épico de Bertolt Brecht. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, este trabalho tem uma abordagem qualitativa de caráter exploratório, sendo utilizada pesquisa bibliográfica e documental / Flávio Império\'s work is a rupture with the theater of São Paulo between the years 50 and 70, characterized by opulence in the costume and the mounting of foreign playwrights plays. Based on the differential and relevance of this set designer and costume designer, this study aims to research and analyze Flávio Impérios visual language of costumes in presentations on the Teatro de Arena, in particular in the plays Os fuzis da mãe Carrar and Arena conta Zumbi, which had references to Bertolt Brechts theater. Regarding the methodological procedures, this study is characterized as qualitative, exploratory, bibliographical and documentary

Cette thèse de doctorat de philosophie, initiée en 2005, a pour objet d’étude l’œuvre poétique de l’écrivain allemand Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956). Par son titre (« Le poème instrument »), elle entend désigner une contradiction consubstantielle à tout art politique et singulièrement radicalisée dans l’écriture poétique : celle qui oppose la pratique d’un art lyrique, valant pour lui-même, et la revendication d’une utilité sociale de l’écriture, qui la soumet à une finalité extérieure. En assumant dans son écriture cette exigence instrumentale, le poète s’expose en effet au risque de succomber à la fonctionnalisation de la langue, telle que justement la raison marchande la soutient et à laquelle il s’agit cependant de s’opposer. Comment la poésie peut-elle se définir comme instrument sans abolir la teneur proprement artistique de sa production ? Comment maintenir dans un même geste la consistance poétique et l’efficacité politique ?Cette thèse étudie le corpus des poèmes brechtiens écrits depuis le milieu des années 1920 jusqu’à la fin des années 1940 avec pour ambition de repérer les opérations formelles que le poète mobilise dans chacun des moments politiques qu’il rencontre : la République de Weimar (la poésie cynique), le Troisième Reich (la poésie anti-fasciste), la seconde Guerre mondiale (la poésie d’exil). Nous entendons montrer la façon dont un matérialisme singulier s’y élabore, dans un rapport à la fois inventif et dissident à l’égard la tradition dialectique marxiste. / Initiated in 2005, this doctoral thesis in philosophy aims to study the poetry of the German writer Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956). By its title ("The poem instrument"), it means to explain a contradiction inherent in any political art, and especially emphasized in poetical writing: the one between the practice of lyrical arts, valuable per se, and the claim for a social purpose of writing, which submits it to an outside finality. By undertaking this instrumental necessity in his writing, the poet expose himself to the functionalisation of language, this very functionalisation that is supported by the market means which the poet however intends to deal with. How can poetry define itself as a tool, without abolishing the specifically artistic content of its production? How to maintain poetic consistency and political efficiency simultaneously ?This thesis examines the corpus of Brechtian poems written from the mid-1920s until the late 1940s. It aims at identifying the formal operations that the poet engages for each political moments he faces : the Weimar Republic (cynical poetry), the Third Reich (anti-fascist poetry), the second World War (the poetry of exile). We intend to show how a specific materialism is being developed, in a both inventive and dissent relation to the traditional Marxist dialectic.

Este trabalho analisa a recepção de Georg Büchner (1813-1837) por Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) enfocando a sua fase criativa inicial. Especificamente analisa-se a abordagem da recepção do drama Woyzeck em Tambores na Noite e da narrativa Lenz, de Büchner, em Baal de Brecht. As duas obras de Büchner, como a maior parte de seus trabalhos, foram publicadas postumamente: Lenz, em 1837, e Woyzeck, em 1878. Esta última estreou em 1913. A obra do autor, quase desconhecida em sua época, encontrou ressonância no Realismo e no Naturalismo, mas o auge da recepção se deu na virada do século XIX para o XX, com a Modernidade e os expressionistas. A presente análise investiga a repercussão de Woyzeck e de Lenz como formas específicas da recepção de Büchner por Brecht. Os dois escritores são importantes por refletirem posições críticas quanto à política e quanto ao ideário de suas épocas, na Alemanha. Brecht usou ambas as obras de Büchner como inspiração para pôr em evidência a posição do indivíduo frente a uma época em decadência, que se caracteriza ademais pela política autoritária na Alemanha, bem como pela falta de liberdade individual. A análise baseia-se na pesquisa hermenêutica de Hans Gadamer e nas premissas acerca da estética da recepção de Hans Robert Jauss. Partindo da estética da recepção, os dramas Tambores na Noite e Baal são examinados quanto à sua intertextualidade com o drama Woyzeck e a narrativa Lenz de Büchner, com auxílio de reflexões elaboradas por Broich e Pfister, num método que permite analisar as relações históricas e textuais entre obras literárias. Neste trabalho, procuramos estabelecer uma relação intertextual direta entre Woyzeck e Tambores na Noite e também entre Lenz e Baal, algo negligenciado na pesquisa literária até o presente momento. / This work analyzes the reception of Georg Büchner (1813-1837) by Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956), focusing Brechts initial creative phase. In particular, the reception of the drama Woyzeck in Drums in the Night and of the novel Lenz, from Büchner, in Baal, from Brecht, is analyzed. Both works of Büchner, as is also the case for the majority of his remaining texts, were published posthumously: Lenz, in 1837, and Woyzeck, in 1878; the drama had its premiere only in November 1913. His works, close to unknown at his time, obtained some resonance in realism and in naturalism but the peak of the reception of his works occurred only in the beginning of the XXth century, with modernism and the expressionists. The present analysis investigates the impact of Woyzeck and Lenz and the specific form of Brechts reception of Büchner. Both these authors are important since they reflect critical positions within the political and ideological scenarios of their times, in Germany. Brecht used both works from Büchner as inspiration to put in evidence the position of the individual in a time of decadence, which, moreover was characterized by an authoritarian and repressive politics in Germany, as well as the lack of individual freedom. This analysis is based in the literary hermeneutics of Hans Gadamer, and the premises of the reader-response criticism of Hans Robert Jauss. The dramas Drums in the Night and Baal are examined taking into account the intertextuality with the drama Woyzeck and narrative Lenz of Büchner, with the help of reflections elaborated by Broich and Pfister, a method which allows to clarify the historic and textual relations of literary works. In this thesis we attempt to establish a direct intertextual relation between the dramas Woyzeck and Drums in the Night and also of Lenz and Baal, which had not been previously identified in literary research up to now.

When Bertolt Brecht flees Nazi Germany in 1933 he spends fourteen years in exile where he writes some of his most significant works, among them, Leben des Galilei. In his Leben des Galilei, Brecht explores the relationship between the individual and society. Using the historical Galileo Galilei as context, Brecht elucidates the responsibility that scientists must accept for how their discoveries are put to use. With his Galilei figur, Brecht expresses his belief that scientific advancement should be employed for the societal advancement of the common person. Brecht wrote three versions of his Galilei work, each showing significant parallels to Brecht's experiences during the corresponding time period of his exile. This thesis will illustrate these parallels. It will first show that the Galilei thematic is to be found in the very first years of Brecht's exile. It then deals with the influences surrounding the writing of the first version while Brecht is in Denmark. The second part of the thesis focuses on Brecht's exile in America and the resulting second version of his Galilei work. Here, working with Charles Laughton on an English translation of the work, Brecht's Galilei undergoes a fundamental change. Brecht attempts to alter the positive perception of the first version's Galileo who cleverly outwits the Inquisition and secretly has his work the Discorsi smuggled out of Italy. Brecht now wants to portray Galileo as a traitor of the people, who missed his chance to help the common people overcome the suppression they were subjected to. This change is strongly influenced by Brecht's experiences in America and the dawning of the Atomic Age. The last section of the thesis deals with Brecht's return to Europe and the third version of Leben des Galilei written in East Berlin. This is a result of translating the American version into German and the addition of scenes and individual elements cut from the first version to make it more appropriate for American audiences. Brecht maintains and tries to heighten the negative portrayal of Galileo as traitor of the common people.

Makala haya yanalenga kuchambua fani na maudhui, muundo na dhamira za tamthilia za Kiswahili zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI, hasa tamthilia kutoka Tanzania, na uhusiano baina ya VVU/UKIMWI na mila za jadi kama sherehe za jando na unyago. Dhamira muhimu ya kujadili ugonjwa katika kazi za fasihi barani Afrika ilichimbuka katika sanaa za maonyesho ya jadi ya Kiafrika yaani katika shughuli za ngoma na miviga ya kidini kama matambiko kwa miungu, kumtolea Mungu kafara ili mgonjwa apate dawa au kupona. Maudhui yanayohusu ugonjwa yameingia katika tamthilia mamboleo kwa nia ya kuoanisha tamthilia ya kigeni na ngoma ya kijadi, hasa baada ya miaka ya 1980 (ling. Mlama 1983; Hussein 1983). Katika tamthilia za Tanzania za kisasa magonjwa yanayozungumziwa ni mengi, lakini kuanzia miaka ya themanini ugonjwa mpya, yaani VVU/UKIMWI, unachukua nafasi ya dhamira kuu katika kazi nyingi. Lengo kuu la makala haya ni kuchambua na kuhakiki tamthilia teule sita zihusuzo VVU/UKIMWI na kuandikwa zote na waandishi wa kutoka Tanzania. Ninachambua vipengele mbalimbali vya fani na maudhui nikiangalia uhusiano baina ya sifa za kimapokeo na za mamboleo. Ninafafanua pia athari za kimagharibi kutoka tamthilia ya Wayunani yaani vigezo vya Aristotle na dhana ya tanzia. Kwa kuunganisha nadharia za kale za Kimagharibi na za kisasa kutoka Afrika Mashariki, nitatumia pia nadharia ya korasi (Mutembei 2012), na vilevile kuchambua athari za ki-Brecht yaani ukengeushi ambazo zimekuwa na umuhimu mkubwa kwa tamthilia ya kutoka nchini kwingi Afrika na ulimwenguni kote.

Trata-se aqui de uma pesquisa intercultural e interdisciplinar envolvendo teatro e literatura em que foram aproximados os romances Os anos de aprendizagem de Wilhelm Meister (1795-6), de Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), e Grande Sertão: Veredas (1956), de João Guimarães Rosa (1908-1967), por meio de uma ideia de formação desenvolvida a partir da relação entre Bildung e uma tradição intelectual brasileira de ensaios de formação. Aliaram-se a esse estudo as teorias sobre o Teatro de Aprendizagem de Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956). Esse aparato teórico é utilizado para analisar uma oficina teatral baseada em uma adaptação de Grande Sertão: Veredas, oficina realizada em diversos locais do Brasil e da Europa entre 2004 e 2006. Através do desenvolvimento e aprofundamento de elementos estéticos e teóricos presentes nessa oficina, intitulada atores da violência atores do diálogo, juntamente com a análise de sua recepção, buscou-se entender e organizar essa experiência cênica com vistas à proposição de um método pedagógico. / This text is the result of an intercultural and interdisciplinary research involving theater and literature in which an approach has been made between the novels Wilhelm Meister Apprenticeship (1795-6), by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832), and Grande Sertão: Veredas (1956), by João Guimarães Rosa (1908-1967), using the formation concept developed from the relationship between Bildung and the Brazilian intellectual tradition of formation essays. Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) theories about his Learning Theater have been allied to this study. This theoretical apparatus is used to analyze a theatrical workshop based on a Grande Sertão: Veredas adaptation. This workshop was performed in several places in Brazil and Europe between 2004 and 2006. Through the development and deepening of theoretical and aesthetic elements presented in this workshop, with the title actors of violence actors of dialogue, along with the analysis of its reception, we sought to understand and organize this theatrical experience targeting the proposition of a pedagogical method.

O objetivo deste trabalho é questionar a imagem cristalizada da ficção de Camilo Castelo Branco, usualmente polarizada em passional-satírico, lágrima-riso, sério-cômico, ou, em termos camilianos, coração-estômago, procurando mostrar que romances de classificações distintas podem ter mais semelhanças do que aparentam. Para isso, analisaremos a mais famosa obra de Camilo e principal representante da chamada tendência passional, Amor de Perdição, e um dos mais importantes exemplares da tendência satírica, Coração, Cabeça e Estômago, além de uma obra menos conhecida e de definição controversa, O Que Fazem Mulheres, ressaltando neles a mistura do sério e do cômico. Assim, buscaremos enfocar no que acreditamos ser uma característica comum nos três romances: o diálogo crítico de Camilo com os discursos ideológico-culturais e literários de seu tempo, construído através da paródia e do comentário metaliterário. Dessa forma, tencionamos propor uma reflexão sobre a estética camiliana, cujos recursos literários que produzem a quebra da tensão dramática podem ser aproximados do efeito de distanciamento utilizado por Bertolt Brecht em seu teatro épico. Finalmente, é nosso intuito discutir que, devido ao seu olhar distanciado, Camilo pode ser associado à tradição da sátira menipéia, cujos meios e fins são distintos da sátira de cunho moral. / The objective of this work is to question the crystallized image of Camilo Castelo Brancos fiction, usually polarized in passionate-satirical, tear-laughter, serious-comic, or, in camilian terms, heart-stomach, trying to show that novels of distinct classifications may have more similarities than they look like. In order to show it, we will analyze the Camilos most famous work and main representative of the so-called passionate tendency, Amor de Perdição, and one of the most important exemplars of the satirical tendency, Coração, Cabeça e Estômago, and also a less known work, of controversial definition, O Que Fazem Mulheres, giving prominence to the mixture of the serious and the comic at them. Thus, we will attempt to focus in what we believe that is a common characteristic in the three novels: Camilos critical dialogue with the ideological-cultural and literary discourses of his time, constructed through parody and metaliterary comment. Therefore, we intend to propose a reflection about the camilian aesthetics, which literary resources that produce the break of dramatic tension may be approximated to the estrangement effect used by Bertolt Brecht in his epic theater. Finally, it is our aim to discuss that, due to his distanced gaze, Camilo may be associated to the tradition of menippean satire, which means and ends are distinct of the moral type satire.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo verificar, nos filmes e na obra escrita de Glauber Rocha, a presença de elementos da estética de Bertolt Brecht. Foram selecionadas seqüências de O dragão da maldade contra o santo guerreiro e de Der leone have sept cabezas para análises mais detidas, passando-se em seguida a uma observação mais geral dos procedimentos e conceitos brechtianos na obra de Glauber Rocha. A análise dos filmes levou ao encontro da história do Brasil, da América Latina em sua relação com a África, da guerrilha, do pensamento político e da figura mítica de Che Guevara. A observação de recursos do teatro épico em uma obra cinematográfica gerou a apreciação das especificidades do cinema na busca por uma participação reflexiva e crítica do espectador, e o aprofundamento na compreensão da relação entre cinema e teatro. / This research is an attempt at finding, in the films and written work of Glauber Rocha, elements of Bertolt Brecht`s aesthetics. Scenes from O dragão da maldade contra o santo guerreiro and Der leone have sept cabezas were selected for deeper analysis, then moving on to a broader observation of brechtian concepts and procedures in Glauber Rocha`s work. The film analyses have led to the study of Brazillian history, Latin American history and their ties with Africa, with gerrilla warfare tactics and the mythical character of Che Guevara, whose political thoughts are also looked into in this study. By observing epic theatre techniques at work in a film, we could better appreciate cinema`s specific traits employed in its search for the reflexive and critical participation of its viewer, leading to a deeper understanding of the relationship between cinema and theatre.

O objetivo deste trabalho é questionar a imagem cristalizada da ficção de Camilo Castelo Branco, usualmente polarizada em passional-satírico, lágrima-riso, sério-cômico, ou, em termos camilianos, coração-estômago, procurando mostrar que romances de classificações distintas podem ter mais semelhanças do que aparentam. Para isso, analisaremos a mais famosa obra de Camilo e principal representante da chamada tendência passional, Amor de Perdição, e um dos mais importantes exemplares da tendência satírica, Coração, Cabeça e Estômago, além de uma obra menos conhecida e de definição controversa, O Que Fazem Mulheres, ressaltando neles a mistura do sério e do cômico. Assim, buscaremos enfocar no que acreditamos ser uma característica comum nos três romances: o diálogo crítico de Camilo com os discursos ideológico-culturais e literários de seu tempo, construído através da paródia e do comentário metaliterário. Dessa forma, tencionamos propor uma reflexão sobre a estética camiliana, cujos recursos literários que produzem a quebra da tensão dramática podem ser aproximados do efeito de distanciamento utilizado por Bertolt Brecht em seu teatro épico. Finalmente, é nosso intuito discutir que, devido ao seu olhar distanciado, Camilo pode ser associado à tradição da sátira menipéia, cujos meios e fins são distintos da sátira de cunho moral. / The objective of this work is to question the crystallized image of Camilo Castelo Brancos fiction, usually polarized in passionate-satirical, tear-laughter, serious-comic, or, in camilian terms, heart-stomach, trying to show that novels of distinct classifications may have more similarities than they look like. In order to show it, we will analyze the Camilos most famous work and main representative of the so-called passionate tendency, Amor de Perdição, and one of the most important exemplars of the satirical tendency, Coração, Cabeça e Estômago, and also a less known work, of controversial definition, O Que Fazem Mulheres, giving prominence to the mixture of the serious and the comic at them. Thus, we will attempt to focus in what we believe that is a common characteristic in the three novels: Camilos critical dialogue with the ideological-cultural and literary discourses of his time, constructed through parody and metaliterary comment. Therefore, we intend to propose a reflection about the camilian aesthetics, which literary resources that produce the break of dramatic tension may be approximated to the estrangement effect used by Bertolt Brecht in his epic theater. Finally, it is our aim to discuss that, due to his distanced gaze, Camilo may be associated to the tradition of menippean satire, which means and ends are distinct of the moral type satire.