1 Abstract This thesis with the subject "The forms of custody for underage children in the times after split-up or divorce of their parents" is dealing with possible types of arrangements of custody for a child after the break up of his parents. This topic is currently very live in the Czech Republic, as well as in other advanced countries, because the amount of divorces is rising. According to the valid legislation it is possible to entrust the child, after the divorce of his parents, to either the custody of one of the parents, shared custody of both parents, joint custody or, if deemed necessary in regards to the needs of the child, to the custody of another person. The aim of this thesis is to create an overview which will acquaint the readers with all options of arrangements of the custody for children after the divorce of their parents which are established in the section § 907 of Act no. 89/2012 Coll., Civil Code. The increased attention is paid to the shared custody because of several recent breakthrough jurisprudences of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic concerning this legal institute. This thesis is split into 5 chapters, excluding introduction and conclusion. In the first chapter I concern with historical development of the legislation of decision making regarding the entrusting of...

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vårdnadsdomar och vårdnadsutredningar från tingsrätt och familjerätt där beslut och förslag till beslut inte är lika. Studien ämnar undersöka på vilket sätt domaren/domarna (juristen) anser sig ha ett bättre beslut i vårdnadsmålen jämfört med familjerättssekreterarens (socionomens) och hur detta kan avläsas i de domar där de två professionerna inte tycker lika. Är det rena juridiska felbedömningar som familjerättssekreteraren har gjort eller är det andra rekvisit och tolkningar som förekommer? Har en domare bättre kunskap att bedöma barns bästa än familjerättssekreteraren? Hur utmärker sig de två professionerna i det skrivna språket kring sitt egna handlingsutrymme? Studien har analyserat domar och vårdnadsutredningar med diskursanalys som metod för att belysa den professionsproblematik som studien syftar till att undersöka. Tre olika vårdnadsfall med tingsrättsdomar och vårdnadsutredningar har granskats. I ett fall finns även en hovrättsdom. De slutsatser som kommer fram i jämförelserna av empirin är att det råder en starkare självsäkerhet hos juristen i handlingsutrymmet kring att utföra sin profession, jämfört med socionomen. Det skrivna språket behandlas på olika sätt och med olika grader av självförtroende och säkerhet i påståenden, beroende på profession. / The aim of this study is to analyse the child custody enquiry with the custody judgements form the family law department and the court when the proposition for resolution and the decision is not concistent. The study aim to examine in what way the judge (lawyer) consider themselves to have a better decision in the family cases than the family law caseworker (the social worker) when the two professions do not agree. Is it the judicial intepretation done by the family law caseworker that is wrong, or is it the necessary prerequisite and other legal opinions which occours in the texts? Does the judge have better knowledge to assess the best interests of children than the family law caseworker? How do the two professions in the written language distinguish themselves about their own space of action? The study has analyzed judgments and custody enquires with discourse analysis as a method of highlighting the professional problem that the study aims to investigate. Three different custody enquires with district court cases have been examined. In one case there is also a judgement from the court of appeal. The conclusions that emerge in the comparisons of the material are that there is greater self-assurance of the lawyer in the action room in pursuit of his or her profession, in comparison with the social worker. The written language is treated in different ways and with different degrees of self-esteem and security in claims, depending on the profession.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_ee_me_fran.pdf: 1166112 bytes, checksum: 50bb801bae0a247e4b4b9954a611e568 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho tem por base o estudo do instituto da guarda compartilhada de filhos à luz do sistema normativo brasileiro vigente, averiguando sua compatibilidade com o princípio do melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente, como forma de proporcionar uma responsabilização conjunta entre os pais na criação e educação dos filhos menores de idade e não emancipados. Em razão das transformações enfrentadas pela sociedade, torna-se cada vez mais corriqueiro a ruptura dos vínculos conjugais, muitas vezes, abarcada por conflitos envolvendo mágoas e ressentimentos entre os cônjuges; entretanto, vale destacar que a separação refere-se apenas à conjugalidade e jamais à parentalidade. Assim sendo, a autoridade parental, que diz respeito aos direitos e deveres inerentes aos genitores em relação aos filhos, permanecerá com ambos os pais mesmo que algum destes não resida junto à prole. Diante destas situações, faz-se necessária a aplicação da guarda judicial que poderá ser unilateral, ou seja, é designado apenas um dos pais como guardião, que se responsabilizará pelo cotidiano dos filhos, residindo com eles; ou a guarda compartilhada, que consiste na responsabilização conjunta dos genitores para com seus filhos, mantendo a residência destes no lar que melhor lhes convier. Existem dificuldades na aplicação da guarda compartilhada, em especial, no que se refere à obrigatoriedade desta, após o advento da lei n. 13.058/2014. Para que ocorra a correta aplicabilidade da guarda conjunta é imperioso um mínimo de respeito e comunicação adequada entre os guardiões, pois, todas as decisões à respeito da prole deverão ser tomadas em conjunto. Ademais, as modificações conduzidas pela legislação provocaram diversidade de opiniões entre a doutrina e a jurisprudência, ao mencionar que o tempo de convívio entre pais e filhos deverá ser equilibrado, remetendo a uma confusão com a guarda alternada, em que ocorre a divisão da guarda física dos filhos, considerada perniciosa à criança/adolescente. Destarte, requer-se uma análise aprofundada do instituto da guarda compartilhada, buscando a sua aplicabilidade e efetividade, através da implementação e execução de políticas públicas na busca do consenso parental, tais como a mediação familiar, que procura transformar o conflito existente entre o casal conjugal, propiciando assim, o restabelecimento do diálogo entre eles. No mais, outros institutos também são merecedores de maior atenção, como a transmediação, a coordenação de parentalidade e as oficinas de parentalidade. Ressaltando que o princípio da proteção e melhor interesse dos filhos sempre deverá ser colocado em primeiro lugar. / The present study is based on the study of the shared guardianship of children in the light of the brazilian normative system in force, ascertaining its compatibility with the principle of the best interest of the child and the adolescent, as a way of providing a joint responsibility between the parents in the creation and education of minor and non-emancipated children. Due to the transformations faced by society, it is becoming increasingly common to break marital ties, often involving conflicts involving grievances and resentments between the spouses; however, it is worth noting that the separation refers only to conjugality and never to parenthood. Thus, parental authority, which concerns the rights and duties inherent to the parents in relation to the children, will remain with both parents even if one of them does not reside with the offspring. In view of these situations, it is necessary to apply the judicial custody that may be unilateral, that is, only one of the parents is designated as guardian, who will be responsible for the daily life of the children, residing with them; Or shared custody, which consists of the joint responsibility of the parents to their children, keeping their residence in the home that suits them best. There are difficulties in the application of shared custody, especially with regard to its obligation, after the advent of law n. 13.058/2014. In order for the correct application of joint custody to occur, a minimum of respect and proper communication among the guardians is imperative, since all decisions, regarding offspring must be taken together. In addition, the changes made by the legislation provoked a diversity of opinions between the doctrine and the jurisprudence, when mentioning that the time of conviviality between parents and children should be balanced, referring to a confusion with the alternating custody, in which division of the physical guard of children, considered harmful to the child/teenager. Therefore, an in-depth analysis of the shared custody institute is required, seeking its applicability and effectiveness, through the implementation and execution of public policies in the search for parental consent, such as family mediation, which seeks to transform the existing conflict between the couple marriage, thus facilitating the reestablishment of dialogue between them. No more, other institutes also deserve more attention, such as transmediation, parenting coordination, and parenting workshops. Emphasizing that the principle of protection and best interests of children should always be put first.

La France et la Turquie organisent différemment leurs administrations de protection de l'enfance. Les modèles appliqués à l'administration de la protection de l'enfance diffèrent quant à leur partage des compétences entre, d'une part, l'administration et la justice et, d'autre part, l’État central et l’État décentralisé. La France préfère un système décentralisé alors que la Turquie opte pour un système centralisé et déconcentré. En principe, la protection judiciaire en France n'est que subsidiaire par rapport à la protection administrative, tandis qu'en Turquie, en règle générale, la décision judiciaire est obligatoire pour toute mesure de protection. Bien que les différents modèles lui soient appliqués, les administrations respectives de la protection de l'enfance des deux pays portent les mêmes défauts essentiels. Il s'agit de la protection d'un nombre insuffisant d'enfants en danger et de la satisfaction insuffisante des besoins des enfants pris en charge par l'administration. Alors que le modèle administratif de la protection de l'enfance conserve son importance, il faut se concentrer d'abord sur les éléments constitutifs de l'administration qui sont la philosophie, l'infrastructure juridique, les institutions et les politiques de l'administration de la protection de l'enfance. Cette étude analyse les administrations respectives de la protection de l'enfance de la France et de la Turquie en se penchant sur leur conformité à l'intérêt de l'enfant à partir de ces éléments constitutifs. / France and Turkey organize differently their child protection administrations. The models applied to the child protection administration differ in their division of powers between administration and justice on the one hand and the central and decentralized State on the other. France prefers a decentralized system while Turkey opts for a centralization and deconcentration. In principle, judicial protection in France is subsidiary to administrative protection, whereas in Turkey, as a general rule, judicial decision is compulsory for ail protection measures. Although the different models are applied to it, the respective child protection administrations of the two countries share the same basic shortcomings. These are the protection of an insufficient number of children in danger and insufficient satisfaction of the needs of the children in the care of the administration. While the administrative model of child protection retains its importance, it is necessary to focus first on the constituent elements of administration that are the philosophy, legal infrastructure, institutions and policies of the administration of chi Id protection. This study analyzes the respective child protection administrations of France and Turkey by examining their conformity with the interests of the child on the basis of these constituent elements.

Old age – and particularly the increasing numbers of older people globally and within the United Kingdom - is becoming a social and political phenomenon. Yet despite this, very little has been written on how the law – and especially mental disability law – intersects with old age. This is notwithstanding the fact that many older people may encounter conditions that impact their mental or cognitive abilities, and proportionally, may therefore be greatly affected by this area of law. By drawing on a number of theories – sometimes termed ‘relational’ theories – which are derived predominantly from feminist theory, this thesis seeks to explore the adequacy of mental disability law for safeguarding health and welfare-related decision-making of older adults in three areas; where an older person has been subjected to ageism, where they have been the victim of interpersonal abuse, and where they have dementia and may lack mental capacity. Within this broader goal, this thesis has two specific aims. First, to explicitly critique and challenge the adequacy of the law as it is applied in these circumstances. It is suggested in particular that a deeper analysis of the law in both its previous and current forms betrays the liberal and unduly individualistic roots of the legislative framework. These are roots that are predicated on non-interference, and an idealistic paradigm of the rational, autonomous, and healthy bodied individual. This – it is contended throughout – is an unsuitable philosophy to underpin the law, particularly where the law engages with older adults. Second, this thesis aims to navigate a more suitable pathway within the law as it currently exists. While operating as a tool to critique the legislative framework and its underpinning philosophy, it is argued that the theories drawn upon throughout the thesis also have the potential to highlight how the law could be implemented in such a way so as to emphasise the importance of the realities of the lived experiences of old age, and particularly the experience of ageism, abuse, and dementia. Crucially, it is also suggested that such theories can help the law pay greater attention to the complex web of relationships – both positive and negative; personal and societal – that an older person may find themselves embedded within, and that frequently take on an added significance in old age.

Magister Legum - LLM / In this research, I sought to investigate the extent to which South Africa recognises international surrogacy agreements. I examined Chapter 19 of the Children's Act as the first legislation to afford surrogate motherhood agreements legal recognition in South Africa. Section 292(1)(b)-(e) of the Children's Act sets out the requirements for the validity of a surrogate agreement. The validity of the agreement is governed by South African law if it was concluded in South Africa, and at least one of the commissioning parents and the surrogate mother and her husband or partner must be domiciled in South Africa at the time of entering into the agreement. I explored South African legislation that may be applicable to the children born of commissioning parents (whether the commissioning parents are South Africans or foreign nationals) who entered into international surrogacy agreements. I concluded that the main issue that relates to international surrogacy are the implications that rise from registering a surrogate born child’s birth in South Africa and in other countries. I further concluded that the current position of South African law will result in a surrogate born child being left stateless and parentless. I considered the criminal aspect of international surrogacy agreements as a consequence of a null and void international surrogacy agreement. Furthermore, I referred to the legal difficulties of international surrogacy and potential rights infringed on or denied to the child born of an international surrogacy by examining international case law. I concluded that South African courts do not have precedents, guidelines or legislation governing international surrogacy agreements and thus it is important to examine international case law. I further concluded that, it is important for South African authorities and courts to consider the possibility of international surrogacy occurring in South Africa. I hope that the South African courts take a child-centered approach, building on the views established in the international case law, and that courts do not adopt a strict interpretation of our current laws. Lastly, I suggested recommendations for the appropriate manner in which to legislate international surrogacy agreements in South Africa. I submitted that judicial and administrative authorities could inspect the international surrogacy agreement and ensure that the terms do not harm the child and that the child is recognised as the legal child of the commissioning parents. The courts should first look at the suitability of the commissioning parents and finally consider the best interest of the child as being of paramount importance, before ordering the international surrogacy agreement null and void. I further suggested that a statutory regulation that contemplates international surrogacy should be formulated, as a source of reference, which will assist a court when faced with determining the issue of the parentage of a surrogate born child, and consequently, his or her nationality. I concluded that the South African Parliament should either re-draft or provide clearer guidelines regarding surrogacy and the possibility of international surrogacy agreements.

Syftet med studien var att undersöka utredande socialsekreterares förståelse av och förhållningssätt till principen om barnets bästa. Tidigare forskning visar på att barnets bästa som begrepp är svårdefinierat, att hög arbetsbelastning och tidsbrist kan påverka bedömningar om barnets bästa och att tillit samt en förtroendefull relation mellan socialsekreteraren och barnet kan främja delaktigheten. Resultatet analyserades utifrån Bronfenbrenners utvecklingsekologiska teori och handlingsutrymme som teoretiskt begrepp. Studien har använt sig av en kvalitativ metod bestående av sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det empiriska materialet analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys för att finna teman. Socialsekreterarna upplever sig ha ett stort handlingsutrymme för att göra egna bedömningar om barnet bästa. Trots att resultatet visade att begreppet var svårt att definiera var socialsekreterarna relativt eniga om hur de förstår barnets bästa och vad de väger in i bedömningen. Resultatet visade även att socialsekreterarna för det mesta hinner träffa barnen vid endast ett tillfälle under utredningsprocessen på grund av hög arbetsbelastning och brist på tid. Verksamhetens ekonomiska förutsättningar visade sig även ha en inverkan på socialsekreterarnas handlingsutrymme när det gäller att bedöma barnets bästa. / The aim of this study was to examine investigative social workers understanding of and approach to the principle of the best interests of the child. Previous research shows that it’s difficult to define the best interests of the child. Research also shows that a high workload and lack of time can affect assessments of the child’s best interests, and that a trusting relationship between the social worker and the child can promote participation. The theoretical background is based on Bronfenbrenner’s developmental ecology theory and room for maneuver as a theoretical concept. A qualitative method has been used and the empirical material was analyzed using a thematic analysis. Social workers feel that they have a large margin of maneuver to make assessments. Although the result showed that the concept was difficult to define, the social workers had a similar understanding on how they understood the concept and what they take in consideration in the assessment. However, the social workers have for the most part only time to meet the children at one point during the investigation process. Financial conditions also turned out to have an impact on their room for maneuver when it comes to assessing the child’s best interests.

Thesis ( LLM.) --University of Limpopo, 2019 / The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 provides that a child’s best interests should be of primary consideration in any matter concerning him or her. Contrary to this value, and thereby excluding protection of child victims, section 154(3) of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 simply focusses on anonymity protection of child offenders and witness involved in criminal proceedings. It currently expressly prohibits the publication of the identities of child offenders and witnesses when the media makes publications on the relevant criminal proceedings. However, this protection terminates once such child offenders and witnesses attain majority, therefore arbitrarily stripping them of the identity protection. As a result, media houses are not only at liberty to publish on criminal proceedings identifying child victims, but also to expose the identities of child offenders and witnesses upon attaining majority. Such publications have proved to impede on children’s rights, as well as to contribute to the psychological challenges faced by the children whenever they are exposed to the criminal justice system. In this study the constitutional validity of section 154(3) is investigated and it is argued that it is unconstitutional in all respects. The section contradicts the specific right afforded to all children in the Bill of Rights, as well as other ancillary rights, which ought to ensure the progressive realisation of the protection afforded in terms of section 154(3). It is recommended, firstly, that section 154(3) be declared unconstitutional, and be amended to include child victims within the ambit of its protection. Secondly, the protection should extend beyond the age of 18, in respect of all children involved in criminal proceedings. / National Research Foundation

Surrogacy in case law of the Supreme and Constitutional Court Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the phenomenon of surrogacy and places the topic and its aspects into the context of up-to-date social background, legal theory and practice and case law of the Supreme and Constitutional Court. The aim of this thesis is to provide a summary of all available theoretical and practical understanding of the matter, analysis of relevant case law and illustration of both legal and factual issues concerning surrogacy in the Czech republic for the reader to be able to form a comprehensive understanding of the matter, taking into account its interdisciplinarity. Keywords Surrogacy, surrogate motherhood, assisted reproduction, parenthood, best interests of the child, right to family and family life

När ett barn inte kan bo kvar hos sina biologiska föräldrar måste samhället ingripa för att trygga barnet, ansvaret vilar då på socialtjänsten. En vanlig åtgärd är att barnet blir placerat i ett familjehem, dock är det fortsatt socialtjänsten som ansvarar för att barnets behov blir tillgodosedda under placeringen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka familjehemsföräldrars upplevelse av socialtjänstens stöd och kontakt i relation till barnets bästa. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats med semistrukturerade intervjuer som metod och materialet har transkribets, kodats, samt tematiserats i enlighet med Interpretativ fenomenologisk analys. Studien utgår ifrån utvecklingsekologin och anknytningsteorin vid tolkningen av materialet. Resultatet visar att familjehemmen upplever att socialtjänstens stöd brister när det gäller kontakten och kontinuiteten i stödet. Det framgår även att organisatoriska svårigheter som exempelvis handläggarbyten är en bidragande faktor till att stödet upplevs som bristande. Det resultat som var mest framträdande är att familjehemmen önskar ett större fokus på matchning och kemi från socialtjänstens håll för att de ska få de bästa förutsättningarna för en lyckad placering. Information och möjligheten att träffa barnet innan placeringen är två faktorer som identifieras som essentiella för att kunna förbereda sig inför en placering. Därför betonas vikten av en välgrundad placering för att minska risken att barnet behöver omplaceras på grund av att familjehemmet inte har kapaciteten att ta hand om barnet efter barnets behov. Att de biologiska föräldrarnas rätt ofta går före barnets rätt är även ett genomgripande problem inom arbetet med familjehemsplaceringar placerade barn, enligt deltagarna. Familjehemsföräldrarna upplever därför att det behöver ske ett förbättringsarbete inom socialtjänsten för att alltid tillgodose familjehemmen med stöd i from av kontinuerlig kontakt och information om barnets behov samt tillgodose barnets bästa genom att lyssna på barnet vid beslut och se till barnets bästa i främsta rum.