Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur barnets bästa konstrueras i vårdnadsutredningar där en förälder utövat våld eller uttryckt hot om våld mot någon i familjen. Fokus i studien var vilken betydelse barnets röst ges i bedömningen av barnets bästa. Studiens empiri bestod av tio vårdnadsutredningar som ingått som underlag i tingsrättsdomar under andra hälften av år 2020. Studien utgick från en kritisk diskursanalytisk ansats tillsammans med en förståelse av barn från det barndomssociologiska perspektivet. Analysen av empirin gjordes med Faircloughs tredimensionella modell och ett urval av analysverktyg från den modellen samt utifrån det barndomssociologiska perspektivet. Studien visar att det inte är entydigt hur barnets röst kommer fram i bedömningen av barnets bästa i utredningarna. Barnet tilldelas två positioner i empirin, vilka benämns barnet som subjekt och barnet som objekt. Ofta avgör barnets ålder och mognad om barnet blir subjekt eller objekt. Det framkommer också att ibland skrivs barnets berättelser om våldshändelser om till mildare formuleringar i slutbedömningen. / The aim of this study was to examine how the best interests of the child are constructed in custody investigations where a parent has used violence or expressed threats of violence against someone in the family. The focus of the study was what significance the child’s voice was given in the assessment of the child’s best interests. The study’s empirical data consisted of ten custody investigations that were included as a basis in district court judgements during the second half of 2020. The study was based on a critical discourse analytical approach together with an understanding of children from the childhood sociological perspective. The analysis of empirical data was done using Fairclough's three-dimensional model and a selection of analytical tools from that model as well as from the childhood sociological perspective. The study shows that it is not clear how the child's voice emerges in the assessment of the child's best interests in the investigations. The child is assigned two positions in the empirical data, which are referred to as the child as a subject and the child as an object. Often, the age and maturity of the child determine whether the child becomes a subject or an object. It also emerges that sometimes the child's stories of violent events are rewritten into milder wording in the final assessment.

Placering i familjehem är en vanlig insats när barn och unga inte bedöms kunna få sina behov tillgodosedda i sin ursprungsfamilj, de utgör i Sverige majoriteten av placeringar i samhällsvård. De barn som blir placerade i familjehem för stadigvarande vård och fostran har rätt till en stabil och trygg vård. Trots detta sker sammanbrott vilket kan försätta barnen i ytterligare en utsatt situation. Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie har varit att undersöka socialarbetares tankar om och arbete för att förebygga sammanbrott hos barn som är placerade i familjehem. Frågeställningar i studien har varit: Vilka är orsakerna till att sammanbrott sker? Vilka former av adekvat stöd minskar risken för sammanbrott?I studien genomfördes fem intervjuer med socialsekreterare i två medelstora kommuner i Stockholm. I analysen framkom tre huvudteman;  Matchning, det vill säga hur väl, samt vilka förutsättningar det finns att matcha det placerade barnet med det tilltänkta familjehemmet.  Sammanbrott och omplacering, med det menas att barnet behöver flytta till en ny placering innan att vådbehovet uppfyllts. Nätverkshem, de hem som tar emot barn som de känt sen tidigare, dessa kan vara vänner till familjen eller släktingar.  Den analyserade empirin har sedan tolkats med hjälp av systemteori och tidigare forskning. I studien framgår att den främsta orsaken till sammanbrott är en bristfällig matchning mellan barn och familjehem. Det framkom även att placering av ett barn behöver göras med ett helhetsperspektiv där matchningsprocessen innefattar rätt skolform, ett familjehem som har förstått uppdraget samt rätt stöd från socialsekreterarna. Helhetsperspektivet jämförs i studien med det systemteoretiska synsättet. I studien framgår även att socialsekreterarna på familjehemsenheten inte är huvudansvariga när det kommer till att matcha familjehem och barn utan att det snarare är handläggare på utredningsenheten samt familjehemsrekryterare i samråd med sina chefer som sköter matchningsprocessen. Utredningsenheten är den enhet där barnet och familjens behov först kartläggs. De kan även besluta om andra stödinsatser, exempelvis familjebehandling, kontaktperson etc. Vid de fall ett barn inte bedöms kunna få sina behov tillgodosedda i det egna hemmet fattas beslut om placering i jourhem alternativt familjehem. När barnet placeras i familjehem är tanken att det ska vara en långvarig placering då bedömningen är att det krävs mer jobb i familjen innan barnet kan flytta hem. Oftast är målet en hemflytt till ursprungsfamiljen, det vill säga den biologiska familjen. När barnet blir familjehemsplacerat är det socialsekreterarna (barnhandläggare och familjehemssekreterare) på familjehemsenheten som tar över ansvaret för placeringen. Det framkommer att relationen mellan, handläggare på utredningsenheten och handläggare på familjehemsenheten är kortvarig, de samverkar enbart under överlämningen av ärendet. / Placement in foster care is a common intervention when children and young people are not able to have their needs met in their biological family. Foster homes are the most frequent form of placements in community care in Sweden. Children who are placed in a foster home for permanent care and upbringing have the right to a stable and safe care. Despite this, breakdowns occur, which can put the children in another vulnerable situation. The purpose of this qualitative study has been to investigate how social workers work to prevent breakdowns in the care of children that are placed in foster homes. Questions in the study have been: What are the reasons why breakdowns occur? What forms of adequate support reduce the risk of breakdown? In the study, five interviews were conducted with social workers in two medium-sized municipalities in Stockholm. In the analysis, three main themes emerged:  Matching, namely, how well the social workers can match the child with the foster care homes.  Breakdowns and relocations, when the child has to move before the care needs are fulfilled Network homes, the foster homes that care for someone that they know, it can be the child of a friend or a relative. The analyzed empirical evidence has then been interpreted with the help of systems theory and previous research. The study shows that the main causes of breakdowns are a poor match between children and foster homes. It also emerged that placement of a child needs to be done with a holistic perspective where the matching process includes the right type of school, a foster home that understands the mission and the right support from the social workers. In the study, the holistic perspective is synonymous with general systems theory. The study also shows that the social workers in the family home unit are not primarily responsible when it comes to matching family homes and children, it is rather the investigation unit and foster home recruiters in consultation with their managers. The investigation unit is the unit that charts the families and the children's needs. They can also make decisions regarding if the family need other support efforts, such as contact persons or family treatments. If the family is assessed that the other support efforts are not sufficient, they can decide to put the family in foster care. If the foster care is assessed to take longer time the matter gets transferred to the family unit. In cases where a child is judged not to be able to have their needs met in their own home, a decision is made to place them in an emergency home or a family home. When the child is placed in a family home, the idea is that it should be a long-term placement, as the assessment is that more work is required in the family before the child can move home. Most often, the goal is a move home to the family of origin, namely the biological family. When the child is placed in a family home, it is the social workers (child caseworkers and family home secretary) at the family home unit who take over responsibility for the placement.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child was incorporated into Swedish legislation in 2020 to strengthen the child's best interests and perspective in areas such as asylum law (UNICEFSweden, 2020a). The purpose of this essay is to examine how the individual asylum grounds of unaccompanied children are handled in the asylum process and in what way the child's best interests are actually considered in the asylum process before and after the incorporation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This essay will answer the following question:How has the application of the best interests of the child according to Article 3 in asylum cases for unaccompanied children changed before and after the incorporation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child into Swedish law based on the theory of the best interests of the child as an open concept? Through a qualitative content analysis of judgments, changes and deficiencies in the protection of the rights of unaccompanied children are identified. The study examines how the courts take into account the best interests of the childbased on Schiratzki's (2005) legal theory of the best interests of the child as an open concept.The results of the study have shown that before incorporation, the judgments extensively consider the best interests of the child according to Article 3 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child by highlighting potential consequences upon return. However, after incorporation, the migration court fails in considering the best interests of the child. This is because the concept of 'the best interests of the child' is comprehensive, and the court does not assess this from a holistic perspective, which is important for a fair assessment according to Schiratzki (2005).

The purpose of this study is to study how social workers experience their work with the children's perspective within financial assistance. A qualitative methodological approach has been applied with the aim of collecting empirical data through semi-structured interviews with four social workes in financial assistance. The data collection has in turn been analyzed based on previous research on the subject and Michael Lipsky's theory of street-level bureaucrats and their discretion. The study gives an indication that social workers see the importance of, and have the will to apply a child perspective in their work, but the conditions are not optimal. The results of the study show that factors such as high workload in the form of lack of time, high number of cases and unclear guidelines are the main limitations in the application of the child perspective and thus in the assessments of the best interests of the child.

Neither altruistic nor commercial surrogacy is allowed in Sweden but neither is it forbidden for Swedes to travel abroad for surrogacy arrangements. The debate on allowing altruistic surrogacy in Sweden has grown and changed in recent years, from being seen as an unusual method of reproduction to becoming a major family policy issue. In a 2013 report by the Swedish National Council on Medical Ethics aimed at examining the permissibility of altruistic surrogacy, all members of the council agreed that commercial surrogacy is not ethically justifiable. There are several arguments against commercial surrogacy, including the fact that it takes place under exploitative and coercive conditions. Hence, Sweden would never allow commercial surrogacy. However, the majority considered that altruistic surrogacy could be justifiable under certain conditions. The arguments about whether altruistic surrogacy can violate human rights are not as numerous. This thesis has aimed to examine the arguments for and against allowing altruistic surrogacy in Sweden by analysing debate articles and other argumentative newspaper articles. These arguments have then been assessed against four ethical principles, namely respect for human dignity, self-determination, self-ownership and the principle of the best interests of the child, to determine whether or not altruistic surrogacy should be allowed in Sweden. With the help of argumentation analysis, debate articles from several Swedish newspapers regarding altruistic surrogacy have been analysed and the results show that the pro-surrogacy side claims that a ban on altruistic surrogacy risks limiting women's right to self-determination and self-ownership over their own bodies. While the anti-surrogacy side argues that allowing altruistic surrogacy violates our human dignity, which states that we should be treated as ends and not as means. What emerges is that both sides of the altruistic surrogacy debate see the current Swedish legislation that neither prohibits nor allows surrogacy as problematic. Both sides argue that it risks leading to Swedish citizens continuing to travel abroad to use commercial surrogate mothers who are often mistreated and exploited. But here the pro-surrogacy side argues that the solution is to allow altruistic surrogacy to stop Swedes from travelling abroad. While the anti-surrogacy side argues that allowing it would not reduce the number of trips abroad and a total ban on surrogacy is the solution.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo general proponer modificatorias a la Ley N° 31590 con el fin de prevenir la vulneración del derecho alimentario del menor en casos de tenencia compartida. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se han planteado objetivos específicos que involucran analizar las implicancias de los derechos del menor en situaciones de tenencia compartida, identificar los problemas derivados de la aplicación de la Ley N° 31590 en los derechos del menor y su derecho alimentario, y explicar la necesidad de incorporar mejoras a dicha ley. La metodología utilizada se enmarca en un enfoque cualitativo y se basa en la investigación documental, con la técnica de fichaje para sintetizar la información relevante. Uno de los resultados más destacados es que la Ley N° 31590 promueve la tenencia compartida como opción generalizada en casos de separación o divorcio, pero carece de criterios específicos para distribuir los recursos económicos destinados al bienestar de los hijos en estas situaciones. Además, no aborda adecuadamente el principio del interés superior del niño. El propósito central es analizar este vacío legal y proponer enmiendas que consideren el principio del interés superior del niño, contribuyendo así a una regulación más equitativa y justa de la tenencia compartida en el sistema legal peruano. / The general objective of this research is to propose amendments to Law No. 31590 in order to prevent the violation of the child's right to food in cases of shared custody. In order to achieve this objective, specific objectives have been proposed that involve analyzing the implications of the rights of the minor in situations of shared custody, identifying the problems derived from the application of Law No. 31590 on the rights of the minor and his or her right to food, and explaining the need to incorporate improvements to said law. The methodology used is framed within a qualitative approach and is based on documentary research, with the fiching technique to synthesize relevant information. One of the most outstanding results is that Law No. 31590 promotes shared custody as a generalized option in cases of separation or divorce, but lacks specific criteria for distributing economic resources for the welfare of children in these situations. Furthermore, it does not adequately address the principle of the best interest of the child. The central purpose is to analyze this legal vacuum and propose amendments that consider the principle of the best interests of the child, thus contributing to a more equitable and fairer regulation of shared custody in the Peruvian legal system.

The advent of ARTs has enabled many individuals to have children and build families. Although ARTs have from the start been designated to serve as alternative way for heterosexual infertile individuals and couples to have genetically related children, ARTs are nowadays widely used by gays and lesbians to have even genetically unrelated children and build their families. This study addresses the well-being of children born as a result of ARTs and growing up in homosexual families in South Africa. South Africa has legalised homosexual unions, granting gays and lesbians several rights, including the right to marry, use ARTs to reproduce, and build families in which they raise their children. South Africa has also provided constitutional and statutory protection of children’s rights and has further required that the child’s best interests be considered as paramount in every matter concerning the child. Although ARTs may have allowed people to have children, they have proven to put the child’s interests at risk. ARTs are associated with several physical and psychological problems for resulting children. The legal protection provided for those children seems to be inadequate in respect of their best interests. Unlike Australian statutes that have provided strong protection for the child’s best interests, South African legislations regulating ARTs are far from protecting ART-born children’s interests. The application of the child’s best interests criterion to ART procedures has revealed that in the USA and Australia efforts of the state, ART providers and parents have been centred on the transfer of the custody of the ART-born child to the commissioning parent(s). Although in South Africa the application of the child’s best interests in the context of surrogacy procedures has revealed the protection of the child’s interests, it should be noted that that protection seems to focus on the child’s post-birth period. This situation leaves ART-born children without any protection, especially before their birth. In order to give effect to section 28 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and protect ART-born children’s interests, I make certain proposals for law reform in the final chapter of this thesis. / Private Law / LL. D

Through the centuries the parental authority has dwindled from the absolute power of the father to the rights of autonomy of the child. At present in the South African law the parental authority is still largely determined by the common law and can be described as the sum total of rights and obligations which parents enjoy in relation to their children. Guardianship and custody are the separate incidents of parental authority. The Child Care Act 74 of 1983, The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996, The Guardianship Act 192 of 1993, The Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act 92 of 1996, the ratification of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 by South Africa on 16 June 1995 and case law have contributed to increasing limitations on the exercise of parental authority. A balance needs to be found between the parental authority and the rights of the child to ensure that neither is absolute. Parents need to respect the evolving capacities of the child and children need to respect the guidance of the parents. / Jurisprudence / LL.M

The CRC is an ethical foundation documents to strengthen children's position in the family law process and ensure that both the child's needs and rights are met. According to article 12 all children have the right to participate in processes and decisions that affect them, where their opinions should be given weight in accordance to their age and maturity. Even to meet the child's best interests (article 3) should be the main target at each crucial decision on issues affecting children. The definition of the child's best changes in time and place and leads to individual assessments needs to be made based on the needs of each child, by their individual interests and situation. In practice it may also be deemed to be a dilemma to consider both articles, tension may arise when the child ́s will and the best interests of the child do not correspond. Based on theories of child's status as an actor or non-actor in the assessment through the different perspectives: care logic and legal logic, we want to understand how assessors in different cases of access account to the articles that determine their decisions. Our study has been conducted through a qualitative research with textual analysis of five Swedish cases from District Court and Court of Appeal from the years 2015-2016. The outcome of the study shows that two logics (care logic and legal logic) generates in the assessments of the child ́s best and that their decisions is depending on which one of those thats dominate. The results also shows that the children ́s will depends on its age and maturity which also determine the children ́s influence and status as actors or non-actors in the legal process of access

<p>This by implication would mean that the best way to prevent child abduction is to desist from international marriages and moving abroad.The modern reality is that&nbsp / relationships are being formed internationally. In the same breath, relationships are easily un-formed and the family fractured. The emotional impact of any breakup is usually&nbsp / tense, and it follows by implication that this will be exacerbated if a child is involved. For reasons that will be expounded on in the thesis, many caregivers, usually mothers have&nbsp / opted to abduct their children. Some have opted to apply formally to relocate. Relocation disputes are widely regarded as one of the most controversial and difficult issues in&nbsp / family law internationally. These disputes usually arise pursuant to a relational breakdown, when the resident parent (usually the mother) seeks to relocate with the children&nbsp / either&nbsp / domestically or internationally. This causes a significant impact&nbsp / on contact arrangements with the other parent (usually the father). Depending on the country in which they find themselves and the laws applicable to relocation with the child, mothers are faced with the decision to remove the child either lawfully or wrongfully. International family law&nbsp / jurisprudence has been developed over time to assist with custody and relocation disputes. &lsquo / Much has been written on the Hague Convention &ndash / its flaws and its successes, its&nbsp / effectiveness and utilization. This thesis aims to look specifically at relocation disputes within the context of international parental child abduction / more specifically, it sets out to&nbsp / explore whether there is a link between those phenomena, and whether the Hague Convention is sufficient for dealing with relocation disputes. I hope to make a convincing&nbsp / argument that if there were an international instrument regulating relocation, there would be uniformity and consistency. People&rsquo / s confidence in the legal processes would be&nbsp / restored, motivating them to apply formally to relocate and, in doing so, the incidence of child abductions would be reduced.</p>