The evolution of the present work began with the syntheses of novel bis(alkylimino)acenaphthene (BIAN) ligands. At the outset of this research, despite the presence of dozens of aryl-BIAN ligands in the literature, there were as of yet no reported BIAN ligands bearing alkyl substituents. Given the nearly ubiquitous use of transition metal complexes of alkyl diazabutadiene (DAB) ligands for e.g. catalysis and as ligands for carbene chemistry, interest was generated in developing this emerging field of synthetic chemistry. Initial studies focused on the synthesis of alkyl-BIAN ligands since the traditional synthetic approaches that had been developed for aryl-BIAN ligands were unsuccessful for the alkyl analogues. As an alternate synthetic route, it was decided to employ amino- and imino-alane transfer reagents which had previously proved successful for the conversion of C=O into C=N-R functionalities. While this transfer route had proved successful to synthesize moderate yields of highly fluorinated DAB ligands, it was unknown how or whether this methodology would apply in the case of alkylated BIAN systems. Over the past decade, there has been a surge of interest regarding lanthanide complexes that are capable of undergoing spontaneous electron transfer processes. There are several reports in the literature that describe the ability of Ln(II) ions to undergo spontaneous oxidation, thereby causing one-electron reduction of the coordinated ligand and generally resulting in the corresponding Ln(III) complex. The present work focused on an enhanced understanding of the electronic communication between the lanthanide and the attached ligand. Particular emphasis was placed on defining the resulting oxidation states and the manner in which delocalized electrons of the radical anion species travel over a conjugated system. This fundamental information was gleaned from single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies and magnetic moment measurements that were obtained using the Evans method. Additional insights stemmed from the use of more classical techniques such as IR and NMR spectroscopy. In favorable cases, the presence or absence of spectral peaks can permit assignment of the lanthanide oxidation state. Accordingly, the research plan was to synthesize a series of BIAN-supported decamethyllanthanocene complexes with the goal of learning how to control the spontaneous charge transfer that had been reported in the literature. A longer term goal was to develop a bifunctional ligand of the BIAN type that was capable of accommodating two lanthanide or main group element moieties. Systems with tunable electronic interactions between lanthanide or main group elements are of interest because they offer the prospect of extended delocalization of electron density. Systems of this type have potential applications as e.g. molecular wires and single-molecule magnets. Indeed, such systems have been investigated by using bis(bipyridyl) and bis(terpyridyl) ligands to support two redox-active moieties. However, in the present work, it was recognized that a bifunctional BIAN-type ligand might be of considerable interest as the supporting structure for studying the communication between lanthanide or main group element moieties. A synthesis of variously substituted tetrakis(imino)pyracene (TIP) ligands was therefore undertaken. The flat, rigid nature of the TIP ligands rendered them ideal scaffolds for studying the redox behavior and electronic communication between lanthanide or main group element centers. The new TIP ligand class also proved to be useful for the assembly of the first example of a metallopolymer based on a BIAN-type ligand. / text

The use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) as ligands in catalysis is one of the most significant developments in modern catalysis and organometallic chemistry. One way to extend the scope of NHC ligand tuning is by means of annulation of carbocyclic and heterocyclic rings to the NHC backbone. The bis(imino)acenaphthene-supported N-heterocyclic carbene [IPr(BIAN)] has been synthesized and can be regarded as originating from the fusion of a naphthalene ring to an NHC. Several metal complexes of IPr(BIAN), including those incorporating copper(I), silver(I), gold(I), or iridium(I) have been synthesized and characterized, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The doncity of IPr(BIAN) was investigated using the Tolmen Electronic Parameter (TEP) method. A TEP value of 2042 cm-1 was calculated for the IPr(BIAN) ligand using the Ir(CO)2Cl complex which indicates that IPr(BIAN) is a relatively strong electron donating NHC ligand. The well-behaved redox chemistry of the BIAN ligand class rendered IPr(BIAN) an excellent candidate for exploration of the relationship between ligand charge and carbene donicity. The electrochemical reduction of IPr(BIAN) was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in a THF solution and a reversible reduction wave was detected at - 1.79 V vs SCE. Spectroelectrochemical IR studies were also undertaken to further characterize the nature of the reduced state. IPr(BIAN) was found to be a stronger electron donating ligand in the reduced state in comparison with the neutral state of the ligand. IPr(BIAN) was also chemically reduced using potassium graphite and the resulting radical anion was studied by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) techniques. An isotropic EPR signal was observed at a g value of 2.0112. Due to the known antimicrobial activities of silver and gold NHCs, the activities of the silver and gold complexes of IPr(BIAN) and the imidazolium salts of several BIAN ligands were investigated using the minimum inhibitory concentration test. The silver(I) and gold(I) complexes of IPr(BIAN) were found to be moderately active. The most active compounds were found to be the imidazolium salts, with MIC values ranging between < 0.6 μg/mL and 78 μg/mL for the diisopropylphenyl(BIAN) and the mesityl(BIAN) imidazolium chlorides against S. aureas, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. The preparation of nanofibers impregnated with IPr(BIAN)AuCl by the process of electrospinning was also explored. The antimicrobial activities of the resulting nanofiber mats were determined on the basis of the inhibition zone test, and a localized antimicrobial activity was observed for the Gram-positive bacteria M. leuteus. / text

The reactions of the "clamshell" 1,2-bis(imino)acenaphthene (BIAN) ligand with decamethyleuropocene, boron triiodide, phosphorus triiodide, and tellurium tetraiodide have been investigated. The "clamshell" ligand undergoes one-electron reduction with decamethyleuropocene while treatment of this ligand with boron triiodide generates a BIAN-supported boron monoiodide via two-electron reduction. The reaction of the "clamshell" ligand with phosphorus triiodide involves a two-electron reduction of the BIAN backbone while that with tellurium tetraiodide yields a TeI2 complex without intermolecular charge transfer. / text

abstract: This dissertation argues that scholars need to re-evaluate the place of miscellany in the textual tradition. Through a dynamic close-reading of Zhuang Chuo’s 莊綽 (fl. 1126) Jilei bian 雞肋編 (Chicken Rib Chronicles), using its preface as a guide, this project demonstrates that the value of this text lies not in its historical truth, but in the author’s analyses of historical themes, spoken word, and personal experiences alongside his engagement with the textual tradition and intellectual discourses in the wider scholarly community. Rethinking the way that Song dynasty authors of miscellany create meaning and also the purpose of this corpus allows readers to approach them holistically and creates the potential for multiple readings. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Asian Languages and Civilizations 2016

El aumento de cartera pesada de clientes es un problema que se presenta en las empresas del sector microfinanciero, considerándose como una de las razones por las cuales muchas microfinancieras pequeñas entran en bancarrota y terminan traspasando sus deudas a otras con mayor poder adquisitivo. Existen algunas soluciones para el problema de cartera pesada, pero en su mayoría usan términos y conceptos de Economía, que no toman en cuenta la interacción o integración de los procesos principales de las microfinancieras, como la colocación de productos crediticios, iniciando por el diseño y elaboración de estos hasta la cobranza. Este trabajo propone una arquitectura empresarial como respuesta al aumento de cartera pesada. Es por ello por lo que se usarán los artefactos del marco de trabajo TOGAF, siguiendo su metodología ADM para el desarrollo de la arquitectura. Asimismo, se considerará el modelo de procesos presentes en el estándar BIAN para verificar su aplicabilidad en las microfinancieras al momento de establecer los procesos base. Como resultado final se obtuvo que la venta de cartera pesada se reduzca significativamente, debido a un mayor control del proceso y el uso de sistemas que permiten gestionar y conocer mejor a las personas que solicitan créditos, evitando futuros endeudamientos. / The increase in the heavy portfolio of clients is a problem that occurs in companies in the microfinance sector, considered as one of the reasons why many small microfinance institutions go bankrupt and end up transferring their debts to other institutions with greater purchasing power. There are some solutions for the heavy portfolio problem, but they deal more with the economic issue than the technological or business processes, not taking into account the interaction or integration of the main processes of the microfinance, such as the placement of credit products, starting with the design and elaboration of these until collection. This paper proposes a business architecture in response to the heavy portfolio increase. It is for this reason that the TOGAF frameworks will be used, following its ADM methodology for the development of architecture. Likewise, the model of processes present in the BIAN standard will be considered to verify its applicability in microfinance institutions when establishing the starting processes. The final result was that the sale of the heavy portfolio was significantly reduced, due to a greater control of the process and the use of systems that allow managing and getting to know the people who apply for loans, avoiding future indebtedness. / Tesis

This thesis is focused on the competence of Enterprise Architecture, which is discussed in the introductory theoretical part as a comprehensive practice and subsequently in the relation between Enterprise Architecture and a specific aspect that is used in the EA initiatives - the reference models is discussed. In relation to the set objective the basic definitions of Enterprise Architecture are discussed and analyzed in the Chapter 2, and brief look at the description of the architectures along with the key business drivers and benefits of EA is also provided. In the Chapter 3 the content evolution of architectural disciplines is presented, particularly in terms of the scope of EA and maturity in the enterprises. A general analysis of the Enterprise Architecture is completed in the Chapter 4 where is addressed a crucial aspect of Enterprise Architecture - the architectural frameworks. The second part focuses on the key objectives of the thesis related to the reference models. The criterial evaluation system of reference models and the classification scheme for reference models are introduced as the key proposed approaches. In chapter 5.3 is also provided the structural analysis of five selected reference models that are evaluated on the basis of the predefined criteria and classified in the proposed scheme at the end. Both proposed approaches, the criterial evaluation system and the classification scheme for reference models, are in the chapter 5.6 assessed and verified by the subject matter experts in the field of EA.

本研究主要目的有二：一是探討陳水扁支持者（扁迷）對阿扁之情感與認同，二是檢討傳統迷文化理論和Laclau與Mouffe論述理論在分析扁迷現象時的可能缺失，並提出一個新的整合性理論架構。以深度訪談作為方法、傳統迷文化理論作為背景理論，本研究發現扁迷們透過身體實踐，表達自己對阿扁本人與其背後符號意義的支持；這些意義包括台灣國族意識、公平正義、偶像特質與青年認同。除上述意義之外，「為了自己」、「為了社群」是扁迷支持阿扁更核心的驅力；前者顯現在扁迷的各種認同與防衛機制上，後者則展現在其政治理念成形時的親身傳播中。然而，傳統迷文化理論卻無法解釋阿扁符號意義與扁迷情感／認同的變遷過程，Laclau與Mouffe的空符徵架構雖然得以適切說明意義與認同改變時遭遇的符號與自我分裂，但亦無法真正指出符號變遷時的關鍵因子。本研究認為，唯有整合此二理論、強調符號論述的開放性與主體之能動性，並體認符號文本、個體與社群三者缺一不可的緊密相關性，才能真正完整地說明、解釋此一政治迷（扁迷）現象。同時考量上述條件，我們將獲得一個新的、三重三元性（3 x 3）的整合式理論架構；而任何得以此架構解釋分析之個體行為，我們稱之為「道德實踐」。這不僅強調個體進行道德抉擇的能動性，亦強調其背後以各種符號秩序中介的社群規範。扁迷作為一種道德實踐，並不在正當化扁迷所認同之價值體系為一普遍性道德「內容」，而在說明扁迷，在本質上，即為一種道德實踐「形式」。 / Two aims the present research has. The first is to investigate the feelings and identifications of President Chen Shui-Bian’s (A-Bian) supporters (Bian’s fans). The second is to discuss the suitability of applying traditional fan culture theory and Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory in explaining this political-cult phenomenon, and to propose a novel, integrated one. Using in-depth interview as research method and fan culture theory as base, the present research suggests that through body practices, Bian’s fans actualize their support toward A-Bian and various symbolic meanings behind him. These symbolic meanings include Taiwan nationalism, justice, idol characteristics and youth identifications. Besides these meanings, ‘for self’ and ‘for the community’ are more the core motives of supporting A-Bian. The former could be observed in the identifications and defense mechanisms of Bian’s fans, while the latter is concluded both from the importance of interpersonal communication, and from the role of communities in the political-ideas modeling of Bian’s fans. As for the theoretical discussion, traditional fan culture theory fails to explain the conversion of A-Bian symbols and that of Bian’s fans’ identifications. Although Laclau and Mouffe’s idea of empty signifier can properly illustrate the symbolic and self divisions in those conversions, it still fails to designate the key element triggering this process. The present research suggests that only combining these two theories (that is, stressing not only on the openness of structures as Laclau’s discourse theory does, but also on the agency of subjects like fan culture theory does), and recognizing the intimate connection among symbols, subjects and communities, can we thoroughly and really understand this political-cults phenomenon. Considering the principles above, we shall eventually infer a new, integrated, triple-triplets (3 x 3) theory. Every action explainable by this frame could be termed as ‘moral practice’ not only for stressing on the agency in subject’s moral decision making, but also for emphasizing the significant role of social norms behind it. Regarding being Bian’s fans as a moral practice is not justifying the values they hold to any universal ethic contents, but illustrating that being Bian’s fans is essentially a form of moral practicing.

No description available.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

相較過去冷戰時期的輝煌，台灣現今的國際地位黯然失色許多。自從台灣退出聯合國，與美國斷交後，台灣 (中華民國)的外交地位已漸漸在政治上被孤立。當戒嚴末期，台灣迫切地想重返過去的外交榮景。然而，面對中華人民共和國的威脅時，台灣在國際社會上極為艱困地維繫自己的主權。台灣的領導人透過積極參與國際組織與互動，尤其是聯合國與美國對台軍售，來打破如此艱困的外交處境。 在三屆的總統任期中，台灣對聯合國與對美軍售策略已漸漸形成雛形。在初步研究下，美國對台軍售有可能對台灣加入聯合國政策出現影響。換言之，購得有力的武器，台灣加入聯合國的策略就越顯積極。 回顧美國與台灣政府的文獻資料，台灣領導人訪談紀錄，報章雜誌和其他官方文件與紀錄，此研究旨在檢視在三位總統(李登輝、陳水扁、馬英九)任期內 (1990 到 2014年)，美國同意對台軍售與台灣加入聯合國的策略。研究結果指出美國對台軍售的武器打擊能力與台灣加入聯合國政策相關的可能性。 / Taiwan’s present international status has degraded considerably since its former glory days during the Cold War era. With its ejection out of the United Nations (UN) and a diplomatic severance with its most vital ally, the United States, Taiwan (ROC) has slowly slipped into political limbo. The island has frantically strived to pull itself back into the world community since the end of martial law. However, it has struggled to maintain its sovereignty and international status in the face of constant threat from the PRC (People’s Republic of China) . Taiwan’s leaders have sought alternative strategies to combat such adverse diplomatic conditions through increasing its membership or participation in various global organizations—particularly the United Nations, and continued arms purchases from the US. Within the span of three presidencies, there appears to be a pattern between Taiwan’s UN strategies and US approved arms sales. Upon initial research, US weapons sales appear to have an effect on UN policy. That is, the more significant the arms sale, the more aggressive Taiwan’s methods for UN participation becomes. Drawing from US and Taiwanese government records, Taiwanese presidential interviews, newspaper articles and other official documents and transcripts, this dissertation aims to examine US approved arms sales and UN strategies under three Taiwanese presidents: Lee Teng Hui, Chen Shui-Bian and Ma Ying Jeou from 1990 to 2014. The findings indicate a possible indirect correlation. Considering the weapons’ strategic capability, Taiwan’s UN strategy fluctuates accordingly.