Submitted by Deidre Raquel Whitfield (deidre.whitfield2015@fgvmail.br) on 2015-01-26T14:28:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CIM Thesis Modification - TNR Discrimination in the Workplace - 29 November 2014.pdf: 6213678 bytes, checksum: c71a107036fdb9510410fef984976165 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2015-01-28T14:08:09Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CIM Thesis Modification - TNR Discrimination in the Workplace - 29 November 2014.pdf: 6213678 bytes, checksum: c71a107036fdb9510410fef984976165 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-02-05T16:21:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CIM Thesis Modification - TNR Discrimination in the Workplace - 29 November 2014.pdf: 6213678 bytes, checksum: c71a107036fdb9510410fef984976165 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-05T16:26:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CIM Thesis Modification - TNR Discrimination in the Workplace - 29 November 2014.pdf: 6213678 bytes, checksum: c71a107036fdb9510410fef984976165 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-29 / Discrimination, in its best form, is a hard concept to fathom as an employee or ordinary citizen. In the workplace, there are times when discrimination is necessary due to extenuating circumstances that revolve around the form or act of discrimination. It could be conveyed to save a life or avoid future conflict. However, it must be clearly stated as a written law that the act is lawful. When unlawful discrimination occurs, it stages an entirely different tone, as it is mainly conducted out of malice, hatred, greed, control, or ignorance. Over the last few decades, discrimination has existed in the workplace, although Federal laws mandate that it does not occur. It does not exist in just one geographical area or is country specific, but covers a wide spectrum, linking countries together from their points of view to creating rifts amongst those who are affected and those who are not, not only from a business perspective, but social humanistic relationships as well. This thesis will use quantitative and qualitative data to support discrimination of sexual harassment, race or color, and gender issues, as well as personal experiences, and how it has and will continue to impact businesses if the acts do not cease, permanently. Leadership, from the Presidents and Heads of Countries, Chief Executive Officers (CEOs), managers, lowest-ranking supervisor, and employees should make it their personal goal to ensure these issues do not continue or arise in their perspective areas of responsibilities. When employees understand that they are valued, will be taken seriously when reporting acts of discrimination, and that some form of action will be taken, performance and productivity will escalate, and morale will increase in the workplace, resulting in higher productivity and subsequently higher profit margins for the company.

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The purpose of this research was to develop a questionnaire to be used to identify barriers and facilitators to women faculty in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) academics. The phenomenon known as the leaky pipeline, a theoretical model describing why women are underrepresented in STEM disciplines, was examined. Women have long been underrepresented in STEM professions despite an increase in the number of women earning STEM degrees, suggesting women are faced with barriers that prevent them from achieving equal representation with men. The literature has identified several potential barriers, both historical and new, such as biological inequalities, family responsibilities, commitment differences, competitive differences, gender stereotypes and implicit biases, work environments, and job preference. Major facilitators included mentors and specific policy/program implementation. Barriers and facilitators to faculty members at Western Kentucky University will be identified objectively through the use of this questionnaire in a future study.

The modeling of financial risk, whose shortcomings came to the fore during the financial crisis, generally understands risk from the history of prices and returns. However, the state space of risk is not fully revealed from the history of prices and returns. In this dissertation, certain cognitive biases were modeled, and the simulation results were quantitatively characterized to reveal risk not revealed from the history of prices and returns. This contribution adds to the extant literature on the modeling of financial risk by showing how to reveal parts of the state space of risk not revealed from other methods in use today.

In this study I examine foul calls by NBA referees alongside the difference in aggressiveness of twelve NBA basketball teams as they compete for the Championship Title. I aim to identify referee biases that increase the likelihood of the NBA Finals ending in a later game due to league revenue incentives. My data consists of 91 individual NBA Finals games played between the 2001 and 2016 NBA Finals. After controlling for changes in play as well as the difference in aggressiveness, I find that NBA referee’s foul calls are more dependent on a call on the opposing team in situations with a larger series score spread. Additionally, I identify a consistent officiating bias towards the home team. My results imply an effort by the NBA to increase the probability of the series ending in a later game, possibly motivated by increased revenues for the league and all parties involved.

Les encours de crédit à la consommation représentent 7 voire 8 % du PIB d'un État. Le cadre règlementaire dans lequel le crédit à la consommation s'inscrit a été profondément modifié par la directive européenne 2008/48/CE et par la loi n°2010-737 dite « loi Lagarde ».Notre travail vise donc à répondre à la question suivante : quel type de relation existe-t-il entre les prêteurs et les emprunteurs sur le marché du crédit à la consommation ? Ces relations sont-elles spécifiques ? Trois objectifs sont proposés, pour chacun d'eux , nous présentons un éclairage côté emprunteur et un côté prêteur. Le premier, en lien avec les évolutions réglementaires, montre que l'information est au cœur de la relation et que tout changement ou évolution de l'information impacte la relation. Le second objectif, plus stratégique, montre que la prise en considération de biais de comportement (biais de sur-confiance et d'optimisme) ou que la mise en place d'une relation durable entre le prêteur et l'emprunteur impacte les décisions d'octroi de crédit. Le troisième objectif, de nature financière, montre que la relation prêteur emprunteur amène à la détermination de voies d'endettement « optimales » pour un ménage mais, également, à la réduction du risque du prêteur dans le cadre de la théorie du portefeuille. Une méthodologie à la fois qualitative et quantitative est utilisée. Nous constatons que l'équilibre est de type mélangeant et que la relation bancaire n'impacte qu'indirectement ce marché. La prise en compte de comportements biaisés pour les emprunteurs conduit à une composition du portefeuille de crédits moins risquée pour le prêteur. La relation prêteur emprunteur est appréhendée à partir de l'analyse des systèmes de partage de l'information des 27 États de l'Union Européenne. / Consumer credit outstanding stands at 7 or 8 per cent of the GDP. The regulation frame of consumption credit was profoundly modified by the Consumer credit directive 2008/48/CE and the « Lagarde Law » n°2010-737. Consequently, the question we address in this research is: what type of relationship exists between lenders and borrowers in consumer credit market? Are these relations specific? Three objectives are proposed. In any case, we present a lender position and a borrower position. The first one, linked to regulation evolutions, shows that information is the cornerstone of such a relation and any information impacting it. The second objective, more strategic, shows those behavioral biases considerations (overconfidence and optimism bias) or the elaboration of a long run relationship banking between lenders and borrowers impacts on the decisions of granting credit. The third objective, more financial, shows that this relationship defines “optimal” ways of household's indebtedness and also reduces the loan portfolio risk of a lender. A methodology both qualitative and quantitative is used. It is shown that the equilibrium is a pooling equilibrium and that the relationship banking indirectly impacts the consumer credit market. A composition involving a behavior bias yields a less risked loan portfolio for the lenders. The lender borrower relationship is analyzed from the information sharing systems in the 27 EU countries.

The present work describes the model of heuristic judgment of Kahneman & Frederick (2002) and two experiments based upon it. According to the model people answer a question with an answer to an easier question when making a heuristic judgment. This process is called the attribute substitution because a target attribute of a question is substituted by an associated and easier accessible heuristic attribute. The first experiment investigated whether two heuristic attributes can be used simultaneously during making of a judgment. A part of participants gave 1 or 4 reasons for one of the statements in Linda problem (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). Numbers of reasons were selected so as to produce a feeling of fluency of disfluency. Although the conjunction fallacy occurred, the writing of the reasons didn't have any influence on the assessment of the probability of the related statement. The second experiment investigated whether the priming of the relation between processing fluency and risk can influence the effect of pronounceability of a food additive name on the assessment of its harmfulness. In accord with previous study (Song & Schwarz, 2009) it was shown that food additives with less pronounceable names were considered as more harmful. The priming didn't have any effect. The present studies...

Allt fler beslut tas i samband med skärmar, bland annat på grund av den ständigt växande e-handeln. När människor tar beslut påverkas de av hur valmiljön är utformad samt av heuristikeroch fördomar, vilka är mentala genvägar. Människor influeras av heuristiker och fördomar dådet ofta är svårt för dem att ta beslut som grundas på all information som presenteras. Knuffarär ett sätt att vägleda människor till att göra specifika val utan att sätta begränsningar för derasfrihet och har företrädesvis använts i icke-digitala kontexter, men har nu även introduceratsinom informatik. För att knuffar ska kunna utvecklas och användas digitalt är det dock viktigtmed kunskap om hur människor gör val samt om den påverkan knuffar har. Även tidigareforskning om digitala knuffar efterfrågar studier om hur digitala knuffar kan designas och omderas påverkan på människors val online. Då knuffar är ett relativt nytt begrepp inom informatik, och att fler studier om ämnetefterfrågas, undersöker denna studie hur digitala knuffar kan designas för att vägledamänniskor till hållbara val på nätet. Studien utfördes med en designorienterad forskningsansatsdär digitala knuffar designades utifrån fyra olika heuristiker och fördomar. Knuffarnaapplicerades sedan på en e-handelssida och testades med hjälp av en prototyp. Processen fördesign och utvärdering av de digitala knuffarna itererades fyra eller fem gånger för attexplorativt testa olika sätt att designa knuffarna på relaterat till forskningsfrågan. Studien bidrarmed ett antal förslag för hur digitala knuffar kan designas utifrån heuristiker och fördomar medfokus på vägledning och hållbarhet. / Decisions are increasingly made in connection with screens, amongst other things due to thecontinuous growth of e-commerce. When people make decisions they are influenced by thechoice environment as well as heuristics and biases, which are mental shortcuts. People areinfluenced by heuristics and biases as it is often difficult for them to make decisions based onall of the information presented. Nudges are a way to guide people to make specific choiceswithout limiting their freedom and have primarily been used in non-digital contexts, but havenow also been introduced in informatics. However, in order for nudges to be able to bedeveloped and used digitally it is important to have knowledge about how people make choicesand the effect nudges have. Previous research on digital nudges also asks for studies on howdigital nudges can be designed and their impact on people's choices online.As nudging is a relatively new term in informatics, as well as research regarding the topic isinquired, this study investigate how digital nudges can be designed to guide people tosustainable choices online. The study was conducted with a design research approach wheredigital nudges were designed based on four different heuristics and biases. The nudges wereapplied on an e-commerce website and tested by means of a prototype. The process fordesigning and evaluating the digital nudges was iterated four or five times to in an exploratoryway test different ways to design the nudges in relation to the research question. The studycontribute with a number of suggestions on how digital nudges can be designed based onheuristics and biases, with guidance and sustainability as focal points.

Les travaux de cette thèse portent sur les conséquences du développement du numérique sur la pratique de recherche en SHS au sens large et en histoire en particulier. L'introduction du numérique bouleverse les pratiques de recherche en histoire en mettant à disposition du chercheur un grand volume de sources numérisées ainsi que de nombreux outils d'analyse et d'écriture. Si ces nouveaux moyens de recherche permettent à la discipline d'adopter de nouvelles approches et de renouveler certains points de vue, ils posent également des questions sur les plans méthodologique et épistémologique. Devant ce constat, nous avons choisi d'étudier plus en détail l'impact des outils de recherche d'information, bibliothèques numériques et moteurs de recherche de sources sur l'activité de recherche en histoire. Ces systèmes offrent un accès à un grand volume de documents historiques mais leur fonctionnement repose sur des traitements informatiques pour la plupart invisibles aux yeux des utilisateurs, qui peuvent ainsi s'apparenter à des boîtes noires. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de donner les moyens aux utilisateurs d'observer et de comprendre ces processus dans l'optique de leur permettre d'en intégrer les effets de bord à leur méthodologie. Afin de mieux positionner notre objet d'étude, nous proposons un cadre conceptuel reposant sur la notion de ressource numérique. Ce concept représente les systèmes numériques que nous étudions au sein de leur contexte d'usage, de production et d'exécution, il fait le lien entre des usages attendus par les utilisateurs et des choix méthodologiques ou techniques issus des présupposés de ces concepteurs. Sur la base de ce cadre conceptuel, nous proposons une analyse des bibliothèques numériques et moteurs de recherche de sources en fonction de chacun des contextes. Ainsi, notre étude propose une analyse des usages de ce type de ressource numérique dans le cadre d'une recherche en histoire en adoptant une démarche expérimentale et en produisant des indicateurs de la pratique. Ces indicateurs sont ensuite croisés avec le fonctionnement du système, dans ces contextes de production et d'exécution, pour en révéler les biais méthodologiques. À l'issue de ces analyses, nous proposons un réinvestissement de ces résultats sous la forme d'un outil logiciel dédié à l'enseignement d'une approche critique de la recherche d'information en ligne pour les apprentis historiens. Ces travaux sont évalués par une démarche expérimentale. Elle est construite sur la base d'un prototype d'observation du comportement des utilisateurs en situation de recherche d'information et des outils de démonstration des biais associés au fonctionnement des processus informatiques impliqués lors des phases de production des contenus et d'exécution du système. Ce prototype a fait l'objet de plusieurs phases d'expérimentation liées à son développement, l'évaluation de ces fonctionnalités et de son impact sur la pratique dans un contexte de formation. / The work of this thesis focuses on the consequences of digital technology development on research practice in the humanities in the broad sense and particularly in history. The introduction of digital technology disrupts historical research practices by making available to the researcher a large volume of digitized sources as well as numerous analysis and writing tools. These new capacities of research allow the discipline to adopt new approaches and renew certain points of view, but they also raise methodological and epistemological questions. Given this observation, we have chosen to study in more detail the impact of information retrieval tools, digital libraries and search engines on historical research activity. These systems offer access to a large volume of historical documents but they depend on computer processes that are mostly invisible to users and acting as black boxes. The main objective of this work is to give users the means to observe and understand these processes in order to allow them to integrate their side effects in a suitable methodology. In order to better position our object of study, we propose a conceptual framework based on the notion of digital resource. This concept represents the digital systems that we study within their contexts of use, production and execution. It connects uses expected by users and methodological or technical choices based on the assumptions of system designers. Based on this conceptual framework, we propose an analysis of digital libraries and historical sources search engines according to each context. Thus, our study proposes an analysis of the uses of this type of digital resource within the framework of a research in history. The study adopts an experimental approach and produces indicators of the practice. These indicators are then crossed with the functioning of the system, in its contexts of production and execution, to reveal the potential methodological biases. Following these analyzes, we propose a reinvestment of these results in the form of a software tool dedicated to teaching a critical approach to online information retrieval for student in history. This work is evaluated by an experimental approach. It is built on the basis of a prototype of observation of the behavior of the users when they are looking for information. Our experimental approach is also based on demonstration tools of the biases associated with the functioning of the computer processes involved during the contexts of production and execution. This prototype has been the subject of several experimental phases related to its development, the evaluation of these features and its impact on practice in a training context.

A superimitação é definida como uma tendência à cópia de todas as ações executadas por um modelo, mesmo as claramente irrelevantes. Os mecanismos motivacionais e a funcionalidade da superimitação ainda são pouco compreendidos, mas um possível sentido adaptativo estaria associado à opacidade causal de boa parte dos comportamentos socialmente aprendidos. Este fenômeno tem sido amplamente replicado em vários contextos e observado no comportamento de crianças de diversas faixas etárias e até mesmo de adultos. Apesar de sua aparente robustez, estudos têm relatado que a superimitação é sensível a algumas características do modelo. Estas evidências são compatíveis com a previsão de modelos teóricos de coevolução genes-cultura de que a aprendizagem social humana é influenciada por um conjunto de vieses cognitivos que permitem que a aquisição de informações ocorra de maneira seletiva, desfavorecendo a aprendizagem de comportamentos maladaptativos que podem estar disponíveis no contexto social. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de informações relacionadas à competência ou incompetência de um modelo adulto sobre a fidelidade da cópia de ações relevantes e irrelevantes observadas por crianças de 5 anos de idade em uma tarefa. Foram testadas as influências de informações declaradas pelo próprio modelo e também por terceiros em uma conversa sobre o modelo. Adicionalmente, foram investigadas diferenças entre os sexos dos participantes quanto à fidelidade da cópia. Os resultados indicam um efeito fraco dos vieses de \"competência autodeclarada\" e de \"prestígio\" do modelo sobre a superimitação. Outras informações, potencialmente mais confiáveis (não manipuladas neste estudo), podem ter sido utilizadas pelas crianças para atribuição de competência ao modelo / Overimitation is defined by a tendency of copying all actions executed by a model, even the clearly irrelevants. The motivational mechanisms and functionality of overimitation still aren\'t well understood, but its possible adaptive meaning would be related to causal opacity of a great part of the socially learned behaviors. This phenomenon has been widely replicated in several contexts and observed in behavior of children of different ages and even in adults. Despite the seeming robustness of overimitation, studies showed that it is sensitive to some characteristics of the model. These evidences are consistent with the prediction of theoretical models of gene-culture coevolution that human social learning is affected by a set of cognitive biases that allow a selective acquisition of information, disadvantaging the learning of maladaptive behaviors that can be socially available. Our work intended to investigate the effect of information about the competence or incompetence of an adult model on the copy fidelity of relevant and irrelevant actions by five-year-old children in a task. We tested the influence of self-declared information about the model and also the same kind of information given by third-parties in a conversation about the model. We also investigate sex differences in copy fidelity. Our results reveal a weak effect of \"self-declared competence\" or \"prestige\" model-based biases on overimitation. Other information, potentially more reliable but not manipulated by us, could be used by the children to assign competence to the model