Comment l'accès au savoir peut-il être impacté par la technologie ? Il suffit d'observer le virage intenté par les outils de communication au début des années 2000 pour se rendre compte : convergence des médias, pratiques participatives et numérisation massive des données. Dans ce contexte, on imagine que l'accès au savoir tend à se démocratiser. En effet, les individus semblent se réapproprier les espaces de vie, en inversant le modèle de transmission top-down, qui va du producteur vers le consommateur, au profit de processus de transfert basés sur l'intelligence collective. Pourtant, on aurait tort de réduire cette réorganisation à un simple renversement du modèle. Car l'intelligence collective est encline à divers biais cognitifs et socio-cognitifs, amenant parfois vers des situations irrationnelles. Autrefois, on s’accommodait de ces mécaniques sociales aux conséquences limitées, aujourd'hui les savoirs numérisés constituent des ensembles massivement communiquant, donnant naissance à de nouvelles voies d'accès et à de nouveaux clivages. Pourquoi ce savoir qui n'a jamais été aussi massif et ouvert, se révèle-t-il si sélectif ? Je propose d'explorer ce paradoxe. L'enregistrement massif et constant de nos traces numériques et l'hyper-connexion des individus, participent à la construction de structures organisationnelles, où se retrouvent numérisées de manière complexe, une partie des dynamiques sociales. En formalisant de la sorte les voies navigables, ces structures organisationnelles façonnent nos trajectoires. Sur cette base, les informaticiens ont mis au point des algorithmes de parcours individualisés, ayant pour objectifs de prédire et de recommander. Ainsi, on propose d'automatiser l'accès au savoir. Se pose alors la question de la gouvernance des individus, dans un contexte où l'intelligence collective est soumise à l'infrastructure : enregistrement des traces, composition des structures organisationnelles et algorithmes de parcours. / How access to knowledge can be impacted by Information Technology? In the earlier 2000s, communication tools caused a significant turn : media convergence, participative practices and massive data. In this way, free access to knowledge might tend to be democratized. People seem to regain spaces, reversing traditional top-down model, going from producer to consumer, for the benefit of an horizontal model based on collective intelligence. However, it should not automatically be assumed that this leads to a simple model reversing. Collective intelligence is subject to cognitive biases, leading to potential irrational situations. Formerly, those social mechanisms had limited consequences. Nowadays, digital knowledge are massive communicating spaces, giving birth to new access paths and new cleavages. Why this massive and open knowledge, is actually so selective? I propose to explore this paradox. Massive and constant tracking of traces and individuals hyper-connection, these two facts help organizational structures design, where social dynamics are digitalized in a complex way. These structures formalize human trajectories. On this basis, computer scientists set up prediction algorithms and recommender engines. This way, knowledge access is automatized. It can then be asked about people governance, in this context of infrastructure submission: recording traces, designing knowledge structure and automating algorithms.

The intensifying idea that AI soon will be a part of our everyday life allows for dreams about the complex relationship we one day could have with non-biological social intelligence. However, establishing societal and individual acceptance of AI-powered autonomy in disciplines built upon to the reliance to human competence raises a number of pressing challenges. One of them being, what system components will engender respectively counteract cognitive trust in socially oriented AI-automated processes?   This masters thesis tackles the seemingly ambiguous concept of trust in automation by identifying and evaluating system components that affect trust in a confined and contextualised setting. Practically, we design, construct and test an AI-powered chatbot, Ava, that contains socially oriented questions and feedback about study- and vocational guidance. Through a comparative study of different system versions, including both quantitative and qualitative data, we contribute to the framework for identifying and evaluating human trust in AI-Automated service encounters. We show how targeted alterations to design choices constituting the system components transparency, unbiasses and system performance, identified to affect trust, has consequences on the perception of the cognitive trust concepts integrity, benevolence and ability. Our results display a way of conduct for practitioners looking to prioritise and develop trustworthy autonomy. More specifically, we account for how cognitive trust is decreased when system opacity is increased. Moreover, we display even more concerning effects on trust due to micking contextual bias in the conversation agent.

Esta tese realiza um estudo a respeito da confiança do investidor estrangeiro no Brasil, identificando teórica e empiricamente os aspectos jurídicos elementares à sua formação. A pesquisa tem como intuito analisar o papel do Direito tanto na geração quanto na proteção à confiança nutrida pelos investidores no País. Faz-se assim um percurso teórico que discute os pressupostos relacionados à racionalidade do homem econômico, sendo apresentadas algumas linhas críticas do paradigma de escolha racional. Dentre tais linhas, a Economia Comportamental é escolhida como opção metodológica do trabalho por fornecer uma visão alternativa para o estudo de tomada de decisão. Assim, com base no programa pesquisa Heuristics and Biases (H&B), fundado por Daniel Kahneman e Amos Tversky, avalia-se o processo de formação da confiança no Brasil. A revisão de literatura interdisciplinar busca fornecer alicerce teórico para o estudo empreendido, ao explorar a dificuldade e a abstração do conceito. A tese, no campo jurídico, (i) contrapõe as noções de confiança e boa-fé, (ii) discute como se dá a tutela da confiança pelo Direito brasileiro e (iii) destaca aspectos da regulação dos investimentos estrangeiros capazes de tutelar ou promover a confiança. A pesquisa empírica realizada ao final do trabalho aplica o H&B à análise do Direito, destacando as variáveis jurídicas consideradas essenciais à confiança do investidor no Brasil e analisando dissonâncias cognitivas a este respeito entre residentes e não residentes. / This thesis investigates foreign investors trust in Brazil, aiming at identifying theoretically and empirically its elementary aspects. It also intends to analyze the role played by Law at the creation and preservation of investors trust. From a theoretical standpoint, it discusses the rationality assumptions attributed to the economic man and reports alternative approaches for decision making other than rational choice. The work applies Behavioral Economics methodology, more specifically the Heuristics and Biases program, founded by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky. The thesis also reviews interdisciplinary literature on trust, exploring the elusiveness of its concept. In addition, from a legal research perspective, it (i) compares the notions of trust and good-faith; (ii) discusses the legal grounds for trust protection under local law and (iii) points out regulatory mechanisms deemed capable of protecting or promoting trust. The empirical research presented at the end of the thesis illustrates how H&B may be applied to the analysis of Law, by assessing its role at promoting investors trust as well as assessing cognitive dissonances found among resident and non residents.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eduardo Jose da Fonseca Costa.pdf: 1263073 bytes, checksum: 5e0088ac0a9fdf2802c5b0844e006375 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Impartiality is essential to jurisdiction, and among other things, it guarantees the parties and the maintenance of democracy itself. The procedural law systems currently in force in Brazil need to walk in opposite direction to the path they are actually taking in order for it to be minimally guarded, that is, regarding subjective impartiality specifically. These systems have already been feeding the cognitive bias factors of the adjudicative decision-makers and, therefore, feeding a breach of its systemic and unconscious biases. In this sense, the present work proposes a legislative reform, offering a precautionary model of lege ferenda inspired in algorithmic strategies based on the latest findings of a new discipline increasingly thriving in Anglo-Saxon countries, Israel and Western Europe called Behavioral Law and Economics (resulting from a fusion of law, cognitive psychology and behavioral economics). Hence the reason it is a legal enginnering work. Now, assuming that any decision maker is equipped with a bounded rationality (not to be confused with actual irrationality ), these techniques seek to undo or to isolate the effects of the so-called cognitive biases , which are mere shortcuts predictable and therefore, preventable which the human mind develops in order to make decisions from complex information under situations of uncertainty. Thus, the major cognitive illusions which affect the adjudicative decision-makers (representativeness bias, anchoring-and-adjustment bias, confirmation bias and in-group bias) were studied along with the procedural standards better suited to neutralize or eliminate these biases. Nevertheless, the proposed model is open to new discoveries that may occur regarding this matter. However, even in the case of a lege ferenda model, one can from it criticize de lege lata of the Brazilian Positive Law and demonstrate that many of the common biased practices in daily forensic activities could have already been confronted / A imparcialidade, sendo nota essencial à jurisdição, é dentre outras coisas garantia das partes e da própria manutenção da Democracia. No que concerne especificamente à imparcialidade subjetiva, para que seja minimamente resguardada, é preciso que os sistemas de direito processual atualmente vigentes no Brasil caminhem em sentido oposto ao rumo que estão tomando, já que têm alimentado fatores de enviesamento cognitivo dos julgadores e, portanto, uma quebra inconsciente e sistêmica de suas imparcialidades. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho propõe uma reforma legislativa, oferecendo um modelo precaucional de lege ferenda inspirado em estratégias algorítmicas fundadas nas mais recentes descobertas de uma nova disciplina cada vez mais pujante em países anglo-saxões, Israel e Europa Ocidental chamada Behavioral Law & Economics (resultante de uma fusão entre Direito, Psicologia Cognitiva e Economia Comportamental). Daí por que se trata de um trabalho de engenharia jurídica. Ora, partindo da premissa de que todo e qualquer tomador de decisão é provido de uma racionalidade limitada (que não se confunde propriamente com irracionalidade ), essas técnicas buscam desfazer ou isolar os efeitos dos chamados vieses cognitivos , que nada mais são do que atalhos simplificadores previsíveis e, portanto, evitáveis que a mente humana desenvolve para tomar decisões a partir de informações complexas sob situação de incerteza. Assim sendo, estudar-se-ão as principais ilusões cognitivas que acometem os julgadores (viés de representatividade, viés de ancoragem e ajustamento, viés de confirmação e viés de grupo) e as normas processuais mais adequadas à neutralização, mitigação ou à eliminação desses vieses. Não obstante, o modelo proposto é aberto às novas descobertas que vierem porventura a ocorrer nessa matéria. Todavia, ainda que se trate de um modelo de lege ferenda, a partir dele se podem tecer críticas de lege lata ao direito positivo brasileiro e demonstrar que muitas das práticas enviesantes corriqueiras no dia a dia forense já poderiam estar sendo combatidas

Cette thèse comporte quatre essais dont les deux premiers, s’appuyant sur les fondements théoriques de la finance comportementale de l’entreprise, montrent dans quelle mesure les sociétés françaises tirent avantage des erreurs de jugement systématiques des investisseurs. Nous étudions dans le premier essai les conséquences du biais de familiarité sur la structure du capital. En particulier, nous montrons que les entreprises associées à un sentiment de familiarité élevé, notamment parmi les petites capitalisations, ont un actionnariat individuel plus large. Ce résultat souligne l’intérêt économique pour l’entreprise d’augmenter sa visibilité et de consolider sa notoriété dans le temps. Le deuxième essai traite de la politique de dividende sous l’hypothèse des « catering incentives ». Il s’agit de tester si les entreprises sont davantage incitées à distribuer du dividende lorsque les titres payeurs se négocient avec une prime par rapport aux non-payeurs. Nous validons cette hypothèse et mettons en évidence que les dirigeants français font preuve d’un opportunisme court-termiste accru en cas de faible contrôle familial ou de forte participation institutionnelle dans le capital. Les deux derniers essais s’intéressent aux comportements décisionnels des entreprises face aux enjeux du changement climatique. Ils se situent dans un contexte international. Le troisième essai, notamment, teste la pertinence des stratégies d’éco-efficience, via la réduction des émissions de carbone, sur la performance financière à l’occasion d’opérations de fusions-acquisitions. Les résultats tranchent en faveur de la rationalité économique de ces stratégies et affirment la possibilité pour la firme d’envisager une relation gagnant-gagnant avec son environnement. Le quatrième essai, consacré à l’étude de la communication environnementale volontaire, démontre l’intérêt croissant des parties prenantes pour ce type d’information : les entreprises les plus exposées médiatiquement, les plus endettées et celles qui entrent dans le cadre des nouvelles réglementations environnementales sont les plus transparentes en matière de reporting environnemental. De plus, les entreprises les moins éco-efficientes tendent à communiquer davantage sur leur empreinte écologique, traduisant une recherche de légitimité auprès des parties prenantes. / This thesis is composed of four essays. The first two essays draw on behavioral corporate finance and show to what extent French firms can take advantage of investors’ erroneous judgment. We first study the impact of the familiarity bias on ownership. We find that firms with higher notoriety level, mostly small-cap ones, have higher individual ownership. Second, we test the catering hypothesis in dividend policy, in that whether firms are more prone to pay dividend when payers trade at a premium relative to non-payers. The results validate this hypothesis and support short-term opportunistic behavior by French firms, especially when family control is low or institutional ownership is high. The last two essays examine the impact of climate change issues on firms’ decisions, in an international setting. Especially, the third essay demonstrates that eco-efficiency-based strategies significantly matters to the financial outcomes of mergers and acquisitions, which supports the economic rationality underlying carbon reduction investments, and claims for a win-win relationship between corporations and their environment. The fourth essay that deals with the environmental voluntary disclosure, emphasizes the increasing interest of stakeholders toward this kind of information: firms with higher exposure, higher leverage and those that are in the scope of regulators tend to be more transparent in terms of carbon reporting. Moreover, firms that are less eco-efficient show higher probability to report on their environmental performance, suggesting the search for legitimacy.

The study of bacterial evolution is fundamental for addressing current problems of antibiotic resistance and emerging infectious diseases and lays a solid foundation for successful and rational design in biotechnology and synthetic biology. The main aim of this thesis is to test evolutionary hypotheses, largely based on theoretical considerations and sequence analysis, by designing scenarios in a laboratory setting to obtain experimental data. Paper I examines how genomic GC-content can be reduced following a change in mutation rate and spectrum. Transcription-related biases in mutation location were found, but no replicative bias was detected. Paper II explores the distribution of fitness effects of random substitutions in two ribosomal protein genes using a highly sensitive fitness assay. The substitutions had a weakly deleterious effect, with low frequencies of both neutral and inactivating mutations. The surprising finding that synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions have very similar distribution of fitness effects suggests that, at least for these genes, fitness constraints are present mainly on the level of mRNA instead of protein. Paper III examines selective barriers to inter-species gene transfer by constructing mutants with a native gene replaced by an orthologue from another species. Results suggest that the fitness costs of these gene replacements are large enough to provide a barrier to this kind of horizontal gene transfer in nature. The paper also examines possible compensatory mechanisms that can reduce the cost of the poorly functioning alien genes and found that gene amplification acts as a first step to improve the selective contribution after transfer. Paper IV investigates the fitness constraints on horizontal gene transfer by inserting DNA from other species into the Salmonella chromosome. Results suggest that insertion of foreign DNA often is neutral and the manuscript provides new experimental data for theoretical analysis of interspecies genome variation and horizontal gene transfer between species.

A schooling system that claims to offer its students the opportunities to develop their talents and help towards self-determination in their adult lives might be expected to have a career structure itself that demonstrated these virtues, one in which there was equality of the genders in positions of influence and leadership, and no gender stereotyping of roles. Apart from the fairness and consistency of that expectation, it is also reasonable to expect the neutral template of teacher employment and textbook selection in schools. Many children may grow up with few books in their homes but lots of those in their schools. Many of the textbooks used in elementary schools, according to recent studies, contain gender stereotypes. In these, females are rarely found as central characters and when they appear at all, they are often passive figures dependent on male characters. Women are frequently shown in domestic roles / in most textbooks it is assumed that only males &#039 / go out to work&#039 / whereas daughters are the best helpers of their mothers whose sons are allowed to do what they wish. In the light of those allegations, this research is designed as a case study which addresses itself to the aim of looking into stereotyped gender role presentations existing in elementary school textbooks used by the students studying at 1st-5th grades in 2001/2002 academic year of an elementary school placed in Burdur and to see whether these students are affected by the exposure of those stereotyped gender role presentations. For this purpose, the textbooks being studied are analyzed according to pre-set categories to deduce how they include stereotyped gender role presentations and the evaluation of the effects of that exposure on students are made by asking 1st-3rd grade students to draw and 4th-5th grade students to write compositions on a given topic. This study also attempts to find out both whether Turkish elementary school teachers teaching at 1st-5th grades are aware of stereotyped gender role presentations in those textbooks that they use and their own points of view about stereotyped gender role presentations via interviews carried out with them. In conclusion, stereotyped gender role presentations are encountered in those analyzed school textbooks studied at 1st- 5th grades in 2001/2002 academic year of the elementary school placed in Burdur and the perceptions of those presentations are also obtained in the drawn and written productions of the students studied at the same school. Through the teachers&#039 / interviews, various kinds of perceptions towards gender role concept and its stereotyped presentations that take place in those textbooks are observed in their sayings

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No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Carolina Kern.pdf: 6779685 bytes, checksum: 144cc5dc364ecdc5e259325de6c72322 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-17 / Mergers and acquisitions activities, also known in the market as M&A, have been an important strategy adopted by CEOs to ensure domestic and international competitiveness, motivated by many reasons: need for growth, market share increase, entry barriers increase/growth, knowledge acquisition (human capital, tecnology and process), synergies, among others. Even though there are studies about M&A seeking for a better understanding of the problems related to strategy and decision making process alignment, critical success factors, due diligence best practices, valuations and integrations needs during the implementation of a merger or acquisition, only a few have focused on the cognitive biases of a M&A decision making process. In this way, the main purpose of this research is to present a consolidation of the main hidden traps in M&A decision making process. In a complementary manner, this study also sought the following secondary goals: understand the process of mergers and acquisitions, identify the main steps and decision points in the M&A process, analyse the traps regarding a decision making process. Therefore, it was conducted a qualitative research contemplating interviews with 15 profissionals that have had relevant participation on M&A projects of brazilian companies from different industries that have been merged, have acquired or have been acquired by another company, between 2009 and 2015. The informations obtained in the interviews were consolidated and analysed by the discourse analysis methodology. As a result, this research showed that M&A decisions are extremely complex and involve great uncertainty, which implies a bigger risk of decision traps occurrence. Among these hidden traps that have greater influence in M&A decisions, according to this study, contextualization was the one that presented the most dominance, followed by evidence of confirmation and anchoring. / A atividade de fusões e aquisições, também conhecida no mercado como M&A (Mergers and Acquisitions), tem sido uma relevante estratégia adotada pelos CEOs para garantir a competitividade em mercados doméstico e internacional, sendo justificada por diversos fatores, dentre eles: necessidade de crescimento, aumento do market share, criação e/ou aumento de barreiras de entrada, aquisição de conhecimento (capital humano, tecnologia e processos) e busca por sinergias. Ainda que existam estudos sobre M&A visando uma melhor compreensão dos problemas relacionados ao alinhamento entre a estratégia e a tomada de decisão, dos fatores críticos de sucesso, melhores práticas para condução de due diligence (processo de investigação e auditoria), valorações econômicas e integrações na implementação da fusão ou aquisição, poucos se debruçaram em analisar as armadilhas do processo decisório de M&A, no que diz respeito aos vieses psicológicos existentes ao longo da tomada de decisão. Desta forma, o objetivo central da presente pesquisa é apresentar a consolidação da análise das principais armadilhas que interferem no processo decisório de fusões e aquisições. De maneira complementar, também se almejou alcançar os seguintes objetivos intermediários: compreender o processo de fusões e aquisições; identificar as principais etapas e pontos de decisão no processo decisório de fusões e aquisições; analisar as armadilhas inerentes a uma tomada de decisão. Assim, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa que, além de revisão de literatura, contou com a realização de entrevistas com 15 profissionais que tiveram atuação relevante em projetos de M&A de empresas brasileiras que adquiriram, foram adquiridas ou realizaram fusões entre 2009 e 2015, em diversos segmentos da indústria. As informações obtidas foram compiladas e analisadas através da metodologia de Análise de Discurso. Como resultado, esta pesquisa mostrou que decisões de M&A são extremamente complexas e apresentam alto grau de incerteza, o que implica em um maior risco da ocorrência de armadilhas psicológicas. Dentre as armadilhas que exercem maior influência nas decisões de fusões e aquisições, de acordo com este estudo, a contextualização foi a que apresentou maior dominância, seguida pela evidência de confirmação e ancoragem.

Submitted by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-05T20:01:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis finale version.pdf: 527455 bytes, checksum: 835e5bc14bf6752ff6f9c73158e3eb1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-05T20:02:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis finale version.pdf: 527455 bytes, checksum: 835e5bc14bf6752ff6f9c73158e3eb1a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gisele Isaura Hannickel (gisele.hannickel@fgv.br) on 2011-09-05T20:03:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis finale version.pdf: 527455 bytes, checksum: 835e5bc14bf6752ff6f9c73158e3eb1a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-09-06T10:57:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis finale version.pdf: 527455 bytes, checksum: 835e5bc14bf6752ff6f9c73158e3eb1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-08 / Behavioral finance, or behavioral economics, consists of a theoretical field of research stating that consequent psychological and behavioral variables are involved in financial activities such as corporate finance and investment decisions (i.e. asset allocation, portfolio management and so on). This field has known an increasing interest from scholar and financial professionals since episodes of multiple speculative bubbles and financial crises. Indeed, practical incoherencies between economic events and traditional neoclassical financial theories had pushed more and more researchers to look for new and broader models and theories. The purpose of this work is to present the field of research, still ill-known by a vast majority. This work is thus a survey that introduces its origins and its main theories, while contrasting them with traditional finance theories still predominant nowadays. The main question guiding this work would be to see if this area of inquiry is able to provide better explanations for real life market phenomenon. For that purpose, the study will present some market anomalies unsolved by traditional theories, which have been recently addressed by behavioral finance researchers. In addition, it presents a practical application of portfolio management, comparing asset allocation under the traditional Markowitz’s approach to the Black-Litterman model, which incorporates some features of behavioral finance. / Finanças comportamentais, ou economia comportamental, consiste em um campo teórico que justifica que existe importantes variáveis psicológicas e comportamentais que estejam envolvidos em actividades financeiras, tais como decisões de finanças corporativas e de investimentos (alocação de ativos, gestão de portfólios e assim por diante). Este campo tem experimentado um crescente interesse de acadêmicos e profissionais da área financeira desde episódios de várias bolhas especulativas e crises financeiras. Na verdade, incoerências entre os eventos observados no mercado real e a teoria financeira tradicional estão levando mais e mais pesquisadores a olhar para modelos e teorias novos e mais abrangentes. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão do campo de finanças comportamentais, ainda pouco conhecido pela maioria das pessoas. Este trabalho apresentará as suas origens e suas principais teorias, contrastando-as com as teorias tradicionais de finanças. A principal questão que orienta o trabalho é identificar se esta área é capaz de fornecer melhores explicações para os fenômenos reais de mercado. Para esse efeito, o documento vai relatar algumas anomalias anomalias de mercado que não são explicadas pelas teorias tradicionais, que foram atualmente abordadas pelos estudiosos de finanças comportamentais. Além disso, o estudo faz uma aplicação prática para a atividade de gestão de carteiras, comparando a alocação de ativos resultante do modelo tradicional de Markowitz à obtida do modelo de Black e Litterman, que adiciona algumas questões de finanças comportamentais.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-22T20:00:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniel de Paiva Silva - 2014.pdf: 10957994 bytes, checksum: 6f0100ece2bde63eead33101bf358768 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Rejected by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com), reason: Sei que já enviou o comprovante, mas não conta a ata e o TECA não está onde deveria. on 2017-05-25T11:39:37Z (GMT) / Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-25T18:42:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniel de Paiva Silva - 2014.pdf: 10957994 bytes, checksum: 6f0100ece2bde63eead33101bf358768 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-26T14:45:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniel de Paiva Silva - 2014.pdf: 10957994 bytes, checksum: 6f0100ece2bde63eead33101bf358768 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-26T14:45:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Daniel de Paiva Silva - 2014.pdf: 10957994 bytes, checksum: 6f0100ece2bde63eead33101bf358768 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The world we live in faces fast and intense environmental changes, deeply related to human activities, which directly or indirectly are related to the current biodiversity crisis. Thus, the existence of quality biological, ecological, and distributional data is of utmost importance for the support of active conservation practices. Nonetheless, both Linnean (lack of taxonomical data) and Wallacean (lack of distributional data) shortfalls are important setbacks hindering the effectiveness of conservationist decisions. The data harbored in museums and overall collections is excellent to support conservational measures. Nonetheless, usually this data is biased and needs to be adequately filtered before being used. Insect and arthropod species are under sampled, what impedes them to be properly considered under Conservation Biogeography frameworks. In such scenario, even insect groups with relatively known biology and ecology are neglected in practical conservation actions. Despite that, with the advent of new computational tools allied with good theories and good distributional data of insect species, it is possible to contemplate those biological groups in concrete and efficient conservation actions. Therefore, in the first part of this thesis, considering bees from the Megachile genus (Chapter 1) and from the Meliponini tribe (Chapter 2), we evaluated potential biases affecting those data, but also evaluate potential areas for new field surveys. The Wallacean shortfalls are commonly used to justify the implementation of new field surveys. Therefore, in the second part of this thesis, we used the new occurrences of the bee species [Aglae caerulea (Apidae: Eulgossini) – Chapter 3; and the exotic species, Lithurgus huberi (Apidae: Lithurgini) – Chapter 4] allied with distribution modelling to predict these species potential distributions and indicate areas for future new samplings. On the third and last part of the thesis, we considered a regional spatial scale and habitat loss and fragmentation questions to address their effects on the bee biodiversity from the Cerrado biome found within the Goiás state. In Chapter 5, we evaluated the effects of anthropic areas amount and their isolation on two orchid-bee species from the Cerrado (Eulaema nigrita and Eufriesea auriceps), which apparently are not affected by the increase of anthropic areas in this biome. Later, in the last chapter (Chapter 6), we evaluated the response of all bee community we sampled in Cerrado areas within state of Goiás, as well as the sub groups of eusocial and solitary species, to the landscape structure of our sampling areas, considering different local spatial scales. / O mundo vive rápidas e intensas mudanças ambientais intimamente relacionadas às atividades humanas e que, direta ou indiretamente, estão relacionadas à atual crise de biodiversidade. Assim, a existência de dados biológicos, ecológicos e distribucionais de qualidade é de extrema importância dar suporte a tomada de ações práticas de conservação. Entretanto, os déficits Linneanos (falta de dados taxonômicos) e Wallaceanos (falta de dados distribucionais) são importantes problemas que impedem a efetiva tomada de decisões conservacionistas. Neste contexto, dados provenientes de museus e coleções, após cuidadosa filtragem, são excelentes para apoiarem tais ações. Em geral, esta informação é enviesada e necessita de cuidado adequado antes de ser utilizada. Espécies de artrópodes e insetos são sub amostrados, impedindo sua utilização em propostas práticas de conservação utilizadas na Biogeografia da Conservação. Neste cenário, mesmo grupos cuja ecologia e biologia são bem conhecidas, acabam não sendo utilizados. Apesar disso, o advento de novas ferramentas computacionais aliados a boas teorias e bons dados de distribuição das espécies de insetos, é possível a contemplação do uso de vários grupos entomológicos em ações concretas de conservação. Assim, na primeira parte da presente tese, considerando abelhas do gênero Megachile (Capítulo 1) e da tribo Meliponini (Capítulo 2), nós analisamos os eventuais vícios de amostragem existentes nos dados de ocorrência das espécies destes gêneros, descrevendo o estado atual do conhecimento da distribuição destas abelhas e áreas para potenciais amostragens futuras. Os déficits Wallaceanos são frequentemente utilizados como justificativa para a realização de novos inventários biológicos. Deste modo, na segunda parte desta tese, nós utilizamos novas ocorrências de duas espécies de abelhas (Agale caerulea (Apidae: Euglossini) – Capítulo 3; e a espécie invasora Lithurgus huberi (Apidae: Lithurgini) – Capítulo 4) com abordagens de modelagens de distribuição potencial para predizer suas distribuições e indicar locais ideias para novas coletas. Na terceira e última parte desta tese, considerando-se uma escala espacial mais regional, nós consideramos questões de perda de habitats e fragmentação sobre a biodiversidade de abelhas do Cerrado goiano. No capítulo 5, nós avaliamos os efeitos da quantidade de habitat e isolamento sobre duas espécies de abelhas das orquídeas do Cerrado (Elaema nigrita e Eufriesea auriceps), que, aparentemente não são afetadas pelo aumento de áreas antrópicas no bioma. Por fim, no último capítulo (Capítulo 6), nós avaliamos a resposta de toda a comunidade de abelhas coletadas em áreas de Cerrado de Goiás, bem como a resposta das espécies de grupos de abelhas solitárias e eusociais, à estrutura da paisagem dos nossos pontos de coletas, em diferentes escalas espaciais locais.